relevance theory, 271, 272
religion, 46; absent among Pirahãs, 125; Wilson on, 319, 319n1. See also atheism/atheists; Christians/Christianity; theists
Rembrandt, 98–99. See also art
rhyming, 248
Riau, 216–27. See also Pirahãs
Richardson, Don, Eternity in Their Hearts, 46–47
Richardson, Robert C., 314–15
Rimrock study, 85–88, 91
rituals, 83–84. See also anthropology; religion
Rizzolatti, Giacomo, 241
Robbins, Marty, 193–96
Rokeach, Milton, 85, 88, 90
roles, cultural vs. natural basis of, 113–14. See also culture(s); nature
rules, 102, 172, 207–8, 238, 273; grammatical, 201–2, 293n6; on Hindus’ farming; as innate language, 34; language as, 58; phonological, 299–300; in Pirahã language, 207–11; prescriptive, 113. See also culture(s); language(s); linguistics
Ryle, Gilbert, 27, 138, 140
Sahih Muslim. See Islam/Muslims
Sapir, Edward, 4, 6, 9, 55–57, 70–71, 110, 135, 198, 202, 203, 204, 292; on gestures, 234; The Psychology of Culture, 56–57. See also anthropology; Chomsky, Noam; linguistics
Sateré (tribe), 134
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 168, 176, 199, 237. See also language(s); linguistics
“scaffolding” (Berent), 302. See also phonological core knowledge
Schama, Simon: on cultural value(s), 70; The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age, 70
scheme(s), conceptual, 89; of generalizations, 114
scholar(s): biblical, 263–64; research by, 45, 231–34, 251–54. See also Bible; and individual names
Schweder, Richard, on culture, 66n2. See also culture(s)
science, 41, 68, 86, 102; cognitive, 54; and culture, 69; dark matter and, 150–57; vs. God, 104; linguistics as, 291–92; vs. philosophy, 49. See also biology; linguistics; philosophy; religion
self, 5, 8, 10, 16, 25, 66; construction of, 18, 122, 126; Hinduism on (atman), 318, 319; image of, 138, 142; vs. other, 109. See also individual; non-self
semantics, 202–3; cultural, 94, 119, 260–70; generative, 202–3; not instinctive, 304–5; and translation, 262–65. See also Chomsky, Noam; language(s); linguistics
Semitic (languages), 299–300. See also language(s)
sensation(s), in Hinduism, 319. See also Hinduism/Hindus; perception
sensory experience, 38, 131. See also blindness; gesture(s); perception; vision
sentence(s), 206, 237, 289; as foundation of grammar, 204, 205, 253. See also Chomsky, Noam; discourse(s); linguistics; syntax
Septuagint, 262–63. See also Bible
sex: attraction precedes, 14; among Pirahãs, 113, 130–31, 195; among Samoans, 325. See also Pirahãs
Shannon, Claude, 89
“shareability” (Freyd), 247
shared design (Berent), 301
Sheldon, Steven, 212
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 248
sign language. See homesigns (sign language)
signs: symbols and, 176–77, 198–202, 255–56; three types of (Peirce), 176–77. See also linguistics; symbols
Silbo, 222
silence, required of women in church, 139–40. See also religion; women
silent language, 4. See also language(s)
Silverstein, Michael, 17; on grammar, 198–99; on indexicals, 177. See also linguistics
skandhas (self), 13, 16. See also self
Skinner, B. F., 48. See also Chomsky, Noam; psychology
“sloppy phoneme effect” (Everett), 211
slotting, 32–33, 235, 244–45
smell, as perception, 16. See also perception
smoking, 137
smothering, 82–83. See also family; nurture
social roles, in academe, 81, 92–93, 94. See also scholar(s)
society: Pirahã concept of, 191, 192; as type of grammar, 93; Vygotsky vs. Piaget on language and, 131. See also anthropology; culture(s); language(s); linguistics; Pirahãs
sociobiology, 320. See also biology
sociolinguistics, 75, 177, 248. See also language(s); linguistics
Socrates, 35. See also philosophy; Plato
“solution space” (Chomsky), 48, 324–25
son(s), learn from fathers, 206. See also children; men
sonority, Berent on, 293–304, 294. See also phoneme(s)
Sontag, Susan, 138, 268, 270. See also translation
speech: contains grammar, 237; forms of, among Pirahãs, 132, 210; gestures and, 228–30, 237, 241–43; male vs. female, among Pirahãs, 177, 208, 208, 209–10; pantomime repels, 244; Sapir on, 203. See also channels; language(s); linguistics; Pirahãs; and individual categories
Sperber, Dan, 271
SSG (universal sonority sequencing generalization), 293–304, 294, 294n8, 294n9, 295. See also phoneme; sonority
Stapert, Eugenie, 97
stereotypes, 136–37
Stich, Stephen, 286
stimulus, poverty of, 275
Story Listening System (SLS) (Cassell), 252. See also children
storytelling: language and, 269; among Pirahãs, 132–33, 161–70. See also knowledge; language(s)
structuralism, 205, 233; Chomskyan, 205–6. See also linguistics; sentence(s); structure(s)
structure(s): as grammar of society/culture, 91–94, 93, 95; hierarchical, 96. See also culture; grammar; language(s); linguistics
subject-verb-object/subject-object-verb (SVO/SOV), 257. See also grammar; language(s); linguistics; syntax
supervenience, 214. See also culture; language; symbiosis
syllable(s), 293, 293n7; Berent on sounds in, 293–96; Ohala on, 297; in Pirahã, 33, 138, 210. See also grammar; Pirahãs
syllogism, 150–51. See also philosophy
symbiosis, 214; between culture and grammar, 214–26; between grammar and gestures, 227–58; between language and culture, 270. See also culture(s); gesture(s); grammar; language(s)
symbols: of (Dutch) culture, 98–99; of freedom, 196; “logos,” 144; as type of sign, 176–77, 198–202, 255–56; visual, 144, 150. See also culture(s); photography; signs
syntagmeme(s), 248. See also C-syntagmeme
syntax: Chomskyan theory of, 69, 86, 202–3; evolution of, 248–49; of Pirahãs, 198–226; and recursion, 215–16. See also Chomsky, Noam; language(s); linguistics; sentence(s)
tabula rasa (blank slate), 12, 42, 52–53, 323. See also Aristotle
tacit knowledge, 7, 7n4, 8, 11, 16, 32, 40; acquired vs. innate, 56–57; Aristotle rejects, 52; Bastian on, 41; Chomsky on, 24, 34–35, 48–49, 48n8; concepts of, 34–50; Freud on, 43; gestures as, 108; Locke rejects, 52; music as, 80–81; Polanyi on, 57–58; sources of, 24–25. See also dark matter; knowledge
tacit language, 6, 7, 15; of grammar, 47. See also dark matter; knowledge; language(s); linguistics; tacit knowledge
Takelma, 292
talent, vs. instinct(s), 108, 284. See also instinct(s)
taste, as perception, 15–16. See also perception
teachers, of Pirahã language, 185, 213, 278. See also language(s); linguistics; Pirahãs; teaching; translation
teaching, 15; English (Everett), 278; nonverbal, 206–7. See also teachers
texts, 105; implicit knowledge in, 174–76; implicit values in, 161–70; of Pirahãs, 107, 178–93, 212–14. See also Pirahãs
theft, of Brazil nuts, 182–84, 185, 189, 190, 193
theist(s), 46. See also atheism/atheists; religion
theory: of dark matter, 157; grammatical, summed up, 290n2. See also Chomsky, Noam; knowledge; languages(s); linguistics; relevance theory
Thomason, Sarah Grey, 249–50
Tillohash, Tony, 57, 292
tonality, of Pirahã language, 209. See also language(s); linguistics; music; Pirahãs
Tooby, John, 286–87; definition of “culture,” 68–70, 69n3, 75
tools: conceptual, 114–15; as “congealed culture,” 1
04–5; of identity construction, 122; language as, 105, 122. See also language(s)
Torás. See Pirahãs
totemism, xiii, 130, 131. See also religion(s)
Tower of Babel, 249. See also Bible; language(s)
translation, 245, 259–79, 266n4, 271; of Bible, 262–64; controversies over, 262–64; difficulties, 264–67; dynamic, 268–69, 270; genres of, 267–70; importance of accurate, 190; impossible, 270–71, 276–78; ineffective, 224, 261–62; literal, 262; other-directed, 261–62; of Pirahã, 266–67, 270–71, 274–78; problems of, 274–78; of Quran, 267–68; radical, 274–78; self-directed, 260–61; Sontag on, 268, 270; von Martius’s, 266–67; word-for-word, 262, 264. See also language(s); linguistics
transliteration, 264. See also mistranslation; Pirahãs; translation
Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek, 63–64, 67–68, 94
Trilling, Lionel, on culture, 66n2
Trudgill, Peter, 250
Turing, Alan, 58, 101
Turkana (tribe), 241
Tylor, Edward, definition of culture, 76–77. See also culture(s)
unconscious, 6. See also dark matter
“unique design” (Berent), 303. See also phonological core knowledge
universal base hypothesis (UBH), 203. See also semantics
universal grammar (UG), 34–35, 47–48; Chomskyan, 86n5, 156–57, 205; Greenbergian, 86n5, 156–57; refuted, 310–11, 310n13. See also Chomsky, Noam; grammar; language(s); linguistics
universalism, 87. See also values
universality, 300–301, 305
universals (linguistic). See Chomsky, Noam
universal sonority sequencing generalization (SSG), innate in humans (Berent), 293–304
Upanishads, 318. See also Bible; Hindu/Hinduism; religion
ur-language, 249. See also Chomsky, Noam; humans; language(s); universality
value ranking(s), 82–83, 84, 88–90. See also values
values: American vs. Pirahã, 161–70; biological, 79–80, 85, 88; of dark matter, 157, 161–70; within family, 82; immanent, 85; implicit, 161–70; instrumental, 84–85; methodological requirements for, 85–99; national, 106; orientations, 86–87; ranked, 84–90; and sense of mission, 106; terminal, 84–85; universal, 87, 88, 89. See also dark matter; ranking
“values study.” See Rimrock study
van Dyck, Anthony, 99. See also art
van Rijn, Rembrandt. See Rembrandt
Van Valin, Robert D., 220, 220n7
Van Veen, Stuyvesant, 231, 231n4
variation, 25
viewpoint: of character (CVPT), 243; of observer (OVPT), 243. See also gesture(s); speech
virgin, controversy over translation of. See New Testament; translation
vision: blindness, 239, 240; etics/emics of, 142; of photographic images, 142–44, 143, 144n4, 145n6. See also perception; photography
voice-onset timing (VOT), 31–32. See also linguistics
von Martius, Karl, translations by, 266–67. See also translation
Vygotsky, Lev S., 235; vs. Piaget on language and society, 131. See also language(s)
Wall Street Journal, on hippie culture as exemplified by Woodstock festival, 161–66
Wari’, 153–54
warranted true belief, 15–16
wealth: caboclos vs. Christian attitudes toward, 325; earned from trading by caboclos, 185–86
weapons: among Brazilian tribes, 134, 207; Pirahã arrows, 178–81. See also individual categories
“whistle speech”: on Canary Islands, 222, 223; among Pirahã children, 132; among Pirahãs, 210. See also language(s); speech; and individual categories
Whorf, Benjamin, 199, 324
Wilkins, D., 240–41
Wilson, Deirdre, 271
Wilson, E. O., on human nature, 319, 320; On Human Nature, 319; on instincts, 321–22; Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, 320. See also human nature; instinct(s); religion
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 7, 198, 287; Blue Book, 289; Philosophical Investigations, 288; Tractatus Logic-Philosophicus, 288–89. See also philosophy
“Wittgenstein’s shift,” 287. See also Wittgenstein, Ludwig
women: Aboriginal sand art by, 252–53; Apostle Paul on, 139–40; and marital infidelity, 90, 187, 195–96, 195n7; Pirahã, 123–24, 177, 180, 208, 209; as property, 140; texts on Brazilian, 212–13. See also art; men; Pirahãs; sex; speech
Woodstock music festival (1969), 161–68. See also music
xenophobia, among Pirahãs, 125–26, 186. See also Pirahãs
Yang, Charles, 316
Yanomami (tribe), 124, 325
“yell speech”: among Pirahã children, 132; among Pirahãs, 209. See also Pirahãs; speech; and individual categories
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