The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England
Page 64
The documents relating to Richard’s deposition are to be found in English Historical Documents vol. 3 (see above). Sources concerning the great rebellion and much else about Richard’s reign can be found in The Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 by R. B. Dobson (2nd ed 1983). Other chronicles of Richard’s reign include Thomas Walsingham (see above), Knighton’s Chronicle, 1337–1396, ed. G. H. Martin (1995), and The Chronicle of Adam of Usk, 1377–1421, ed. and trans. C. Given-Wilson (1997). The sympathetic Chronicque de la traïson et mort de Richart Deux roy Dengleterre, published by the English Historical Society (1846), gives many personal details of Richard’s deposition.
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Abagha Khan, 291
Aberystwyth castle, 303, 311–12
Acre: Frankish rule, 291; siege (1191), 119–22, 126, 131, 597
Adam of Domerham, 304
Adam of Usk: on Bolingbroke’s forces, 580; on Cheshire looting, 581; on Cheshire men, 574; on John of Gaunt’s funeral, 577; on Richard II, 501, 566; on Richard II’s death, 591; on Richard II’s fall, 589–90; on visit to Richard II in Tower, 583–5
Adelard of Bath, 22
Adèle of Champagne, 73
Adeliza of Louvain, 10
Adrian IV, Pope, 52, 53, 79, 599
Aethelred, king of England, 220
Agincourt, battle (1415), 598
Aiguillon, siege (1346), 473, 474
Aimery de Thouars, 163, 179, 205
Albert of Bavaria, 575
Alexander II, king of Scotland, 197
Alexander III, king of Scotland, 324–5, 425
Alexander III, Pope, 62, 65, 68–70, 79, 80
Alexander IV, Pope, 255, 257, 265
Alfonso VII, king of Castile, 481
Alfonso VIII, king of Castile, 84, 94, 175, 179
Alfonso XI, king of Castile, 480–1, 488, 511
Alfonso, son of Edward I, 313
Alice of France, 75, 105–6, 116–17, 131, 132
Alice de Lacy, 405
Alix, countess of Blois, 29, 31
Alnwick, battle (1174), 90
Amadeus, count of Savoy, 488
Amaury de Montfort, 242
Amicia, daughter of Robert Beaumont, 185, 239
Andreas of Marchiennes, 155
Andrew of Wyntoun, 325
Angers: capture (1202), 163; capture (1214), 206
Angevins, 12
Anglesey, 302, 307, 308, 310, 314, 334
Anglo–Saxon Chronicle, 1, 10, 20
Angoulême: county of, 74, 145, 158–9, 179; overlordship, 140
Anjou: barons, 151; Breton–French attacks, 154, 159; castles, 95; Geoffrey’s rebellion (1156), 51; Henry II’s control of, 31, 470; Henry II’s homage to Louis VII, 52; Henry II’s will, 99; Henry the Young King’s inheritance, 83; Henry the Young King’s position, 91; Henry III’s renunciation of, 264; John’s defence of, 154; John’s losses, 163, 164–5, 169, 174; Montmirail peace, 76; Plantagenet patrimony, 31, 74, 149, 250; Plantagenet sovereignty, 498; relationship with Normandy, 8, 12; Richard’s rebellion, 107–8
Annalist of St Paul’s, 363
Anne of Bohemia, 540–1, 542, 555, 560, 561, 595
Anonimalle Chronicle: on Edward II, 357, 359; on letter to London citizens, 413; on parliament (1376), 520, 522–3; on Peasants’ Revolt, 533–4, 537, 538
Antioch, 291
Appellant, Lords, 551–5
Aquitaine: barons, 27–8, 74, 102, 103; Black Prince’s rule, 506, 508, 512, 514–15; castles, 95; culture, 28; duchy, 26–7, 29, 31, 52, 54, 144, 209, 557; Edward III’s control of, 493; Edward III’s homage for, 424; English invasions (1372), 519; fiefdom of France, 264; French occupation (1369), 515, 519; government, 27–8; Henry II’s control of, 470; Henry II’s disposal of, 84; Henry II’s homage to Louis VII, 52; John’s position, 169, 175, 180; John’s succession, 152, 156; losses, 226; Plantagenet patrimony, 31, 149, 250; rebellions, 72, 76, 102, 164; relationship with French Crown, 28, 52, 75–6, 102, 447; Richard’s inheritance, 75, 85; territory, 27
Ardres, peace celebrations (1396), 563, 564
Arlot, papal envoy, 259
Arques, lordship, 140
Arthur, King: birthplace, 162; development of cult, 595–6; Edward I’s vision of, 298–9, 304, 309, 312, 313, 329, 351–2, 453, 486, 559, 596; Edward III’s vision of, 442–3, 486, 490, 559; Glastonbury tomb, 239, 298, 304, 442; Henry II’s view of, 298; legend, 297–8; Mortimer’s pose, 428–9; Nine Worthies, 442; sword, 115; unified kingdom of Britain, 598; Welsh dimension of legend, 298, 299, 304, 312
Arthur of Brittany: betrothal, 159; captured by John, 161; character, 150; childhood, 106, 142–3, 162; death, 166–7, 174, 192, 194, 215, 377; duchy of Brittany, 162; imprisonment, 161–5, 166; inheritance issues, 124–5, 149–50, 154, 162; John’s order for his blinding and castration, 164; knighthood, 159; relationship with Philip II, 142–3, 145, 154, 159, 162; reports of his death, 164–5; siege of grandmother Eleanor, 158, 159–60; submission to John, 154–5 ‘Articles of the Barons’, 213
Artois, 139, 144
Arundel, Edmund Fitzalan, earl of: death, 417; Edward II’s coronation, 363; Gaveston’s capture and death, 375, 376; Gaveston’s return, 368; pardoned by Edward II, 382; Scottish campaign issue, 383, 386; support for Edward II, 398, 404
Arundel, Richard I Fitzalan, earl of, 343
Arundel, Richard II Fitzalan, earl of, 495
Arundel, Richard III Fitzalan, earl of: Appellant, 552, 565, 566; death, 568, 571, 579, 583; imprisonment, 566–7; lands, 574, 578; pardon revoked, 568; relationship with Richard II, 543, 547, 561, 564; trial and sentence, 568, 573
Arundel, Thomas, bishop of Ely, archbishop of Canterbury, 547, 557, 568, 585, 587, 589
Assassins, 128
Assize of Arms (1181), 98–9
Assize of Clarendon (1166), 96–7
Assize of Northampton (1176), 96–7
Audley, Hugh the elder, 399, 403
Audley, Hugh the younger, earl of Gloucester: earldom, 451; favourite of Edward II, 390–1, 398; imprisonment, 403; opposition to Despensers, 394, 396, 397; rebellion, 394, 397, 398–9; royal grants to, 390–1
Avignon, peace conference (1354–5), 495
Aymer de Valence, bishop of Winchester, 252–3, 259, 261
Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke: death, 405; Edward II’s coronation, 364; at Gaveston’s burial, 388; Gaveston’s capture and death, 374–7; government role, 389; nicknamed by Gaveston, 368; opposition to Edward II, 365, 397; Paris visit (1313), 379; relationship with king’s favourites, 391–2; Scottish campaign (1314), 383, 385; Scottish expedition (1307), 352; support for Edward II, 398, 403–4
Badlesmere, Bartholomew, 388, 391–2, 397, 398, 402
Bagot, Sir William, 578
Bakewell, Sir John, 362
Baldock, Robert, 416
Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, 111–12
Baldwin, count of Flanders, 143, 144, 154, 155
Baldwin, count of Hainault, 101
Baldwin II of Constantinople, 236
Ball, John, 532–3, 537, 583
Ballan, peace (1189), 108, 109
Balliol, Edward, 445, 446–7
Balliol, John, king John of Scotland, 327–9, 331, 332, 335, 339–40
Bannockburn, battle (1314), 384–6, 445, 446, 476, 597
Bardi family, bankers, 426, 429, 461, 471
Barfleur: Henry II in, 88, 91; John in, 168–9; Richard I in, 138–9; White Ship, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 168–9
Basilius, Peter, 146, 147
Basset, Ralph, 281
Battle Abbey chronicler, 65, 81
Baybars, Mamluk sultan, 288, 291–2
Beatrice of Savoy, 238
Beauchamp, Sir John, 542, 555
Beauchamp, Sir William, 583
Beauchamp earls, see Warwick
Beaufort, John, earl of Somerse
t, marquis of Dorset, 569
Beaugency castle, 95
Beaumaris castle, 312, 314, 334
Beaumont, Henry, 379, 388, 409, 445, 446
Beaumont, Louis, bishop–elect of Durham, 391
Becket, Thomas: appearance, 61, 64; archbishop of Canterbury, 64–5; blessed martyr, 88–9, 350; career, 60, 61, 64; character, 59, 64; death, 78–9, 89, 377; education, 61; excommunications, 78; exile in France, 71–2, 74, 392–3; flight to France, 70; Henry’s penance for murder, 89–90; lifestyle, 61–2; Montmirail conference, 76–7; Paris mission, 59–60; relationship with Henry II, 58, 60, 62, 76–8, 466; relics, 392–3, 589; shrine, 95, 245, 493, 524, 596; Toulouse campaign, 55, 56, 57
Béhuchet, Nicolas, 459
Bek, Anthony, bishop of Durham, 325, 332, 347, 350, 370
Bereford, Simon, 436–7
Berengaria of Navarre, 116–19, 142, 149
Berkeley, Sir Maurice de, 399
Berkeley castle, 399, 426, 427, 438
Bermondsey, palace of, 47
Bernard of Clairvaux, 28
Berners, James, 542, 555
Berry, 106, 107, 142, 156
Berry, duke of, 518
Bertrand de Born, 43
Berwick: battle (1296), 337–9; siege (1333), 446
Bigod, Hugh, earl of Norfolk, 86, 88
Bigod, Hugh, justiciar of England, 262
Bigod, Roger, 4th earl of Norfolk, 258, 260
Bigod, Roger, 5th earl of Norfolk, 343, 344, 347, 348, 350, 358
Birgham, treaty (1290), 325, 328
Bishop’s Waltham, council (1182), 99
Black Death, 481–4, 485, 490, 493, 505, 535, 600
Black Prince, see Edward of Woodstock
Blanche of Artois, 371
Blanche of Castile, 159
Blanche of Lancaster, 508
Blois, county, 155
Blondel, minstrel, 134
Bohun, Edward, 436
Bohun, William, see Northampton
Bohun family, see also de Bohun
Boniface, marquis of Montferrat, 155
Boniface VIIII, Pope, 342
Boniface of Savoy, archbishop of Canterbury, 240–1, 253
Bonmoulins, peace conference, 107
Bordeaux: in Aquitaine, 27; Black Death, 481–3; Black Prince at, 495, 506, 514; French raids, 456; French threat to, 531; Joan’s arrival and death, 481–2, 483; Plantagenet territory, 209, 226, 424; revenues, 289; Richard II’s birth, 512–13; shipping, 493; wine trade, 454
Boroughbridge, battle (1322), 400, 405, 412
Boulogne, county of, 14, 15, 154, 156, 173, 498
Bourges, 156
Bouvines, battle (1214), 207–8, 211, 597
Bowes castle, 95
Brabant: county of, 173, 173; duchy of, 362, 373, 455–6, 508
Bracton, Henry de, 97
Bradeston, Sir Thomas, 479
Brembre, Nicholas, 552, 554–5
Brétigny, treaty (1360), 499–500, 503
Brian FitzCount, 17
Bridgnorth, capture (1321), 398
Brinton, Thomas, bishop of Rochester, 530
Briouze, Matilda de, 191, 192, 194
Briouze, William de, 166, 191–4
Briouze family, 191–4, 200
Bristol, siege (1326), 414–15
Brittany: defences, 523; duchy, 53, 75, 91, 102, 104, 106, 142; Edward III’s control of, 493; English mercenaries, 500, 512; English victories, 493; feudal relationship with French Crown, 76, 106; French control, 519; Henry II’s campaigns, 72, 76; Henry II’s control of, 75, 470; Henry III’s campaign (1232), 232; John’s campaign (1214), 206; Philip II’s position, 165; Plantagenet overlordship, 495, 498; pro–English faction, 471; rebellion, 91; revenues, 91; war, 470–1, 477, 487, 493
Bruce, David, see David II, king of Scots
Bruce, Edward, 389, 395
Bruce, Robert the elder, 327, 340, 350
Bruce, Robert I, king of Scots:
Bannockburn victory (1314), 384–6; coronation (1306), 351; defection to English (1301–2), 350, 351; Edinburgh–Northampton treaty (1328), 425; Edward I’s dismissal of his claim to the throne, 340; Edward I’s hunt for, 348, 352; Edward II’s hunt for, 370; Edward II’s oath of revenge (1306), 351–2; invasion of England (1311), 370; murder of Comyn, 351; negotiations with (1323), 405; son’s betrothal, 425; threat of invasion, 381
Bruce family, 470
Bruges treaty (1375), 520, 522 Brut chronicle, 9, 404, 413, 437
Builth castle, 303, 311
Burghersh, Henry, bishop of Lincoln, 436–7
Burgundy, duke of, 499, 508, 509, 544
Burley, Sir Simon, 529, 530, 531, 542, 555
Burnell, Robert, bishop of Bath and Wells, 295, 304–5, 314, 315
Bury, Adam, 523
Busdraghi of Lucca, bankers, 461
Bushy, Sir John, 568, 573–4, 580
Cade, Jack, 594
Caen: castle, 95, 161, 473; English sack, 473
Caernarfon castle, 312–13
Caerphilly castle, 405, 415
Caesarea, 291
Calais: county of, 509; defence (1350), 491; English position (1380s), 543; siege (1346–7), 477–8; Staple, 521, 522
Callendar Wood, battle, see Falkirk
Cantelupe, Thomas de, bishop of Hereford, 321
Canterbury, archbishopric, 188
Canterbury Cathedral, 63, 78, 89–90, 245, 524
Carlisle: battle (1173), 87; burned (1385), 545
Castel y Bere, siege (1283), 308
Castle Rising, 438
castles: costs, 314, 334; destruction of illegal, 39, 50; Edward I’s building programme, 309, 310–13; English castles in Wales, 303; royal, 200–1
Châlus–Chabrol, siege (1199), 145–7, 148, 191–2, 597
Chandos, Sir John, 513
Chandos Herald, 505
Channel Islands, 180
Charles IV, king of France: accession, 408; coronation of wife Jeanne, 413; death, 424, 454; Edward II’s coronation, 362; knighted, 379; relationship with sister Isabella, 409–11, 413
Charles V, dauphin, king of France: accession, 511; Aquitaine invasion, 514–15; Castilian treaty, 515; Castilian war of succession, 511–12, 513; death, 543; flight from Paris, 497; military strategy, 499, 513; Navarre plot, 496
Charles VI, king of France, 543–4, 545–6, 563, 564, 580
Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, 290
Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, 496, 497
Charles of Blois, 470, 477
Charter of the Forest, 227–9, 230, 265, 286, 344, 346
Charter of Liberties, 210, 235
Château Gaillard, 143–4, 155–6, 168, 447, 597
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 504, 558, 601
Chester: castle, 581, 582, 583; earldom, 549, 550, 574; palatinate of, 201
Chinon castle: Eleanor’s imprisonment, 85, 92; fall (1205), 178; held for John, 174; Henry II’s death, 108; Isabella’s rescue, 164; John’s seizure of royal treasure, 151; strategic importance, 83; wedding gift to John, 83
Christine de Pisan, 559
Christopher, ship, 458
Chronicque de la Traison et Mort de Richart Deux roy Dengleterre, 566, 580, 581, 585–6, 590
Cinque Ports, 285, 307, 330, 345, 402
Clanvowe, Sir John, 558
Clarence, duchy of, 507
Clarendon: Navarre talks (1356), 496; palace of, 49, 69, 266
Clement VI, Pope, 471, 541
Clifford, Robert, Lord, 338
Clifford, Roger (d.1285?), 276, 301, 306
Clifford, Sir Roger de (d.1314), 375, 382, 383, 385
Clifford, Roger (d.1322), 397, 400, 402
Clifford, Rosamund, 84
Clinton, William, see Huntingdon
Close Rolls, 415
coinage: Edward I’s, 301, 316, 320; Edward III’s, 441, 470–1; French franc, 500; Henry III’s, 244, 251, 266, 316; John’s, 176, 183, 195, 203; Stephen’s, 40
Compromise of Avranches, 80–1
Comyn, John,
lord of Badenoch, 351
Conan IV, duke of Brittany, 75
Conches, 167
Connaught, lord of, 245
Conrad of Montferrat, 122, 127–8, 131
Constance of Brittany, 75, 91, 142, 143, 149, 154–5
Constance of Castile, 512, 544
Constance of France, 37
Constitutions of Clarendon, 66, 69–70, 71, 77, 80
Conwy castle, 312, 333, 334, 580–1
Corfe castle, 161, 164, 194, 196, 430
Cornwall, duchy of, 451
Cornwall, earldom of, 360, 451
Corpus Christi, feast of, 247
Cotteril gang, 444
Court of King’s Bench, 98
Courtenay, William, archbishop of Canterbury, 543
Crac des Chevaliers, 291
Crécy, battle (1346), 474–7, 479, 598
Cross of Gneth, 489
crusades: Barons’ Crusade, 242; crusader shipwrecks, 118; crusading obligations, 80; Edward I’s policy, 288–9, 290–3, 321–2, 324, 332; Edward II’s policy, 380–1; Edward III’s policy, 454; First Crusade, 110; Fourth Crusade, 155; funding, 113, 133, 191, 209, 250, 254, 264, 289, 321–2; Henry II’s policy, 94, 100, 113, 191; Henry III’s policy, 247, 254–6, 264; Henry the Young King’s vow, 103; John’s policy, 210; Louis IX’s policy, 250, 254, 288–9, 290, 291; Philip II’s policy, 113, 122–3, 133; Richard I’s involvement, 106, 110, 113–15, 121, 126–9, 131, 598; Second Crusade, 28–9; Sixth Crusade, 254; term ‘crusade’, 598; Third Crusade, 110, 112, 121–3, 129, 197, 255, 256, 302, 460, 598
Cusington, Stephen, 513
Cynan ap Maredudd, 333
Cyprus, 118–19, 131
Dafydd ap Gruffudd, 300, 303, 306–9
Dafydd ap Llywelyn, ruler of Gwynedd, 243, 245
Dagworth, Sir Thomas, 477, 488
d’Alspaye, Gerard, 407–8
Damme, naval battle (1213), 203–4
Damory, Hugh, 394
Damory, Roger, 390–2, 394, 396, 397, 398, 399
d’Angle, Guichard, see Huntingdon