Gettysburg

  14. Elwood Christ, The Struggle for the Bliss Farm at Gettysburg, 67–75; July 20, Fiske, Mr. Dunn Browne’s Experiences, 127; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 250–51; Hitchcockto Bachelder, Jan. 20, 1886, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 2:1183–84.

  15. Bennett, Days of “Uncertainty and Dread,” 24, 58–59. Although history knows her as Jennie Wade, “Ginnie” is how she signed her name: Frassanito, Early Photography at Gettysburg, 121.

  16. D. C. Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 319–20, 523–24; Seymour, Civil War Memoirs, 79; Gordon, Reminiscences, 157.

  17. Longacre, Cavalry at Gettysburg, 200–201, 220–22, 232–33; McClellan, Life and Campaigns of Stuart, 337; C. H. Parsons, “Farnsworth’s Charge and Death,” Battles and Leaders, 3:393.

  18. Battle strength figures are from Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg, and (for Pickett) Harrison and Busey, Nothing But Glory: Pickett’s Division at Gettysburg, 170. The Third Corps losses subtracted for July 1 are estimates, as Confederate losses were not broken down day by day.

  19. Alexander, Military Memoirs, 420–22; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 253–55.

  20. Schurz, Reminiscences, 3:27; William Frassanito, Early Photography at Gettysburg, 233. Battle strength figures are from Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg, with subtractions (some estimated) for July 2 losses.

  21. Gibbon, Personal Recollections, 146; Haskell, Haskell of Gettysburg, 145–47.

  22. Owen, In Camp and Battle with the Washington Artillery, 248; Jacobs, Notes on the Rebel Invasion, 41; Biddle to his wife, July 4, Rosenbach Museum and Library; Hirst to his wife, Oct. 1863, in Gallagher, ed., Third Day at Gettysburg, 140.

  23. Gibbon, Personal Recollections, 146–47.

  24. July 3, Wainwright, Diary of Battle, 249; Hunt, “Third Day at Gettysburg,” Battles and Leaders, 3:373–74; Walker, History of the Second Army Corps, 292; Matthew Marvin diary, July 3, Minnesota Historical Society; Elisha Hunt Rhodes, All for the Union: A History of the 2nd Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry, ed. Robert Hunt Rhodes (Lincoln, R.I.: Andrew Mowbray, 1985), 116; Tyler report, OR 27.1:874.

  25. New York Times, July 6; Meade, Life and Letters, 2:106–7; Gen. Meade to Bachelder, Dec. 4, 1869, Capt. Meade to Bachelder, May 6, 1882, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:379, 3:852–53.

  26. Shields to Bachelder, Aug. 27, 1884, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 2:1067–68; Gibbon, Personal Recollections, 149; Haskell, Haskell of Gettysburg, 154; Francis A. Walker, General Hancock (New York: Appleton, 1894), 97.

  27. John Geary to Henry J. Hunt, July 17, 1879, Patrick Hart to Hunt, Aug. 27, 1879, Hunt Papers, Library of Congress; Francis A. Walker in Battles and Leaders, 3:386; Hart to Bachelder, Feb. 23, 1891, Hunt to Bachelder, Jan. 20, 1873, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 3:1798, 1:432–33; Rollins, “Failure of Confederate Artillery,” North & South, 3:4 (2000), 35–36.

  28. Earl J. Hess, Pickett’s Charge— The Last Attack at Gettysburg, 141–45; Devereux report, OR 27.1:443; John H. Rhodes, “The Gettysburg Gun,” Rhode Island MOLLUS, Personal Narratives of the Rebellion (7: 1892), 38:394–98; Francis M. Wafer diary, July 3, Queens University Library, cited in Richard Rollins, ed., Pickett’s Charge: Eyewitness Accounts, 134; Christopher Smith in Buffalo Evening News, May 29, 1894, cited in Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 143; Gibbon, Personal Recollections, 149; Frederick Fuger recollections, Webb Papers, Yale University Library.

  29. Thomas W. Osborn, The Eleventh Corps Artillery at Gettysburg, 32; Jesse Bowman Young, The Battle of Gettysburg (New York: Harper, 1913), 295–96.

  30. Haskell, Haskell of Gettysburg, 149, 151; Webb to his wife, July 6, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:18; John D. S. Cook, “Personal Reminiscences of Gettysburg,” Kansas MOLLUS, War Talks in Kansas (1:1906), 15:333–34.

  31. Kemper to E. P. Alexander, Sept. 20, 1869, Dearborn Collection, Harvard University; Joseph C. Mayo, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” SHSP, 34 (1906), 34:330; Henry T. Owen, “Pickett’s Division,” Owen Papers, Library of Virginia; Benjamin L. Farinholt to John W. Daniel, Apr. 15, 1905, Daniel Papers, University of Virginia.

  32. Alexander, Military Memoirs, 422–24; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 258–61.

  33. Osborn, “The Artillery at Gettysburg,” Philadelphia Weekly Times, May 31, 1879; Osborn, Eleventh Corps Artillery, 39; Hunt, “Third Day at Gettysburg,” Battles and Leaders, 3:374; John B. Bachelder in Philadelphia Weekly Times, Dec. 15, 1877; Richard A. Sauers, “‘Rarely Has More Skill, Vigor, or Wisdom Been Shown’: George G. Meade on July 3 at Gettysburg,” Gallagher, ed., Three Days at Gettysburg, 239; Coddington, Gettysburg Campaign, 531.

  34. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 260–61.

  13. The Grand Charge

  1. Edmund Rice in Battles and Leaders, 3:387; Haskell, Haskell of Gettysburg, 158; Abbott to his father, July 6, Abbott, Fallen Leaves, 188; Charles W. Belknap diary, July 3, Brake Collection, U.S. Army Military History Institute; McCrae to Bachelder, Mar. 30, 1904, Gettysburg National Military Park.

  2. Capt. Winfield Scott, “Pickett’s Charge as Seen from the Front Line,” California MOLLUS, Civil War Papers (1888), 60:9; Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 198; George R. Stewart, Pickett’s Charge, 165–66; John L. Brady to Bachelder, May 24, 1886, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 3:1398.

  3. Gibbon to his wife, June 30, Gibbon Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; W. L. Curry report, OR 27.1:434–35; Abbott to his father, July 6, Abbott, Fallen Leaves, 186; Roland E. Bowen, From Ball’s Bluff to Gettysburg … and Beyond: The Civil War Letters of Private Roland E. Bowen, 15th Massachusetts Infantry, 1861–1864, ed. Gregory A. Coco (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 1994), 201.

  4. Stannard diary, June 29, in Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:52.

  5. Shultz, “Double Canister at Ten Yards,” 24, 31–33, 37; Cowen to Bachelder, Aug. 26, 1866, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:281–82; Hazard report, OR 27.1:480.

  6. Krick, “Three Confederate Disasters,” Gallagher, ed., Three Days at Gettysburg, 91; John D. Imboden, “The Confederate Retreat from Gettysburg,” Battles and Leaders, 3:421. Distance measurements on the Gettysburg battlefield are derived primarily from David Shultz and Richard Rollins, “Measuring Pickett’s Charge,” Gettysburg Magazine, 17 (1997), 108–17.

  7. Randolph A. Shotwell, “Virginia and North Carolina in the Battle of Gettysburg,” Our Living and Our Dead, 4 (1876), 90; D. E. Johnston, The Story of a Confederate Boy in the Civil War (Portland, Ore., 1914), 205–6; Robert Tyler Jones in Confederate Veteran, 2 (1894), 271; John H. Lewis, Recollections from 1860 to 1865 (Washington, 1895), 83.

  8. Jacobs, Notes on the Rebel Invasion, 41; Alexander, Military Memoirs, 423–24. This timetable allows some 50 minutes for the back-and-forth of decision-making and for Pickett to get his troops in motion.

  9. Wert, Gettysburg: Day Three, 189, 191; D. E. Johnston, Story of a Confederate Boy in the Civil War (Portland, Ore., 1914), 204–5.

  10. Wert, Gettysburg: Day Three, 191–92; Longstreet report, OR 27.2:359. Hess (Pickett’s Charge, 59) disputes Pettigrew’s double-line formation, but in his report Longstreet seems clear on the point. He described Pickett’s formation as “two brigades in the front line,” but said Pettigrew’s four-brigade command “was arranged in two lines,” supported by Trimble’s command.

  11. Fry to Bachelder, Dec. 27, 1877, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:518; Thomas J. Cureton to John R. Lane, June 22, 1890, OR Supplement 5:427, 429; John T. Jones report, OR Supplement 5:411.

  12. Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 183, 186; Young, “Pettigrew’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” Clark, North Carolina Regiments, 5:125; Christian to John W. Daniel, Oct. 24, 1904, Daniel Papers, University of Virginia.

  13. Trimble in SHSP, 9 (1881), 31–32; Lane report, OR 27.2:666.

  14. Joseph Graham to William A. Graham, June 30, Graham, The Papers of William Alexander Graham, eds. Max R. Williams and J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton (Ral
eigh: North Carolina Office of Archives and History, 1973), 5:514; Edmund Berkeley reminiscence, OR Supplement 5:311–12; James I. Robertson, Jr., Eighteenth Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, Va.: H. E. Howard, 1984), 21; E. H. Compton reminiscence, U.S. Army Military History Institute; John E. Dooley, John Dooley, Confederate Soldier: His War Journal, ed. Joseph T. Durkin (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1945), 104.

  15. Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 175–76.

  16. B. F. Rittenhouse, “The Battle of Gettysburg as Seen from Little Round Top,” District of Columbia MOLLUS, War Papers (1: 1897), 42:43.

  17. Shultz, “Double Canister at Ten Yards,” 37–40; Franklin Sawyer, A Military History of the 8th Regiment Ohio Vol. Inf’y (Cleveland, 1881), 131; Schurz, Reminiscences, 3:31.

  18. Sawyer report, OR 27.1:461–62; Lowrance report, OR 27.2:671; Sawyer reminiscence, cited in D. H. Daggett, “Those Whom You Left Behind You,” Minnesota MOLLUS, Glimpses of the Nation’s Struggle (5: 1903), 30:360; Galway to Bachelder, May 19, 1882, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 2:870.

  19. Shultz, “Double Canister at Ten Yards,” 75–77; Elijah D. Taft letter, n.d., Gettysburg National Military Park; Edgell report, OR 27.1:893; A. H. Moore in Southern Bivouac, 3:9 (1885), 391; Davis report, OR 27.2:651.

  20. McGilvery report, OR 27.1:884; B. L. Farinholt memoir, Virginia Historical Society; Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 172; John H. Smith reminiscence, John W. Daniel Papers, University of Virginia; Edwin B. Dow letter, n.d., Gettysburg National Military Park.

  21. R. H. Irvine in Confederate Veteran, 23 (1915), 391; Kemperto W. H. Swallow, Feb. 4, 1886, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 2:1192; Thomas R. Friend to Charles Pickett, Dec. 10, 1894, Virginia Historical Society; Robert A. Bright in SHSP, 31 (1903), 231.

  22. Shultz, “Double Canister at Ten Yards,” 43; Hart report, OR 27.1:888; George G. Benedict, Vermont at Gettysburg (Burlington: Free Press, 1870), 16; James T. Carter in Confederate Veteran, 10(1902), 263.

  23. Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 78; John H. Moore in Military Annals of Tennessee, Confederate, ed. John Berrien Lindsley (Nashville, 1886), 250; Shultz, “Double Canister at Ten Yards,” 53–54; Fry to Bachelder, Dec. 27, 1877, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:519; Fite memoir, Tennessee State Library and Archives.

  24. Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 210–11; W. H. Swallow in Southern Bivouac. 4:9 (1886), 572; Hirst to his wife, July 5, in Gallagher, ed., Third Day at Gettysburg, 137; Theodore G. Ellis to Bachelder, Nov. 3, 1870, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:408; Richard S. Thompson, “A Scrap of Gettysburg,” Illinois MOLLUS, Military Essays and Recollections (3: 1899), 12:105–6.

  25. Trimble in SHSP, 9 (1881), 33; Sawyer, A Military History of the 8th Regiment Ohio Vol. Infy (Cleveland, 1881), 131; William Peel memoir, in Rollins, ed., Pickett’s Charge: Eyewitness Accounts, 275; Wiley P. Heflin, Blind Man “On the Warpath,” cited in Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 208; Young, “Pettigrew’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” Clark, North Carolina Regiments, 5:126.

  26. Shultz, “Double Canister at Ten Yards,” 56–57; Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 203–5; Weir, “Recollections of the 3rd Day at Gettysburg with Battery C,” cited in Rollins, ed., Pickett’s Charge: Eyewitness Accounts, 326; R. Lee Hadden, “The Deadly Embrace,” Gettysburg Magazine, 5 (1991), 32n.

  27. Thomas M. Aldrich, The History of Battery A, First Rhode Island Light Artillery, in the War to Preserve the Union, 1861–1865 (Providence, 1904), 217; Samuel Toombs, New Jersey Troops in the Gettysburg Campaign from June 5 to July 31, 1863 (Orange, N.J., 1888), 300; Louis G. Young to William J. Baker, Feb. 10, 1864, OR Supplement 5:421.

  28. Young, “Pettigrew’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” Clark, North Carolina Regiments, 5:127–28; Lane report, OR 27.2:666; Lowrance report, OR 27.2:671–72; Moore letter, Nov. 6, 1877, OR Supplement 5:468–69.

  29. Shultz, “Double Canister at Ten Yards,” 54; John L. Brady, Clinton D. MacDougall, S. C. Armstrong in Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 3:1398, 3:1762–63, 2:1002; Clinton D. MacDougall to Charles Richardson, June 30, 1886, cited in Eric Campbell, “Remember Harper’s Ferry,” Part 2, Gettysburg Magazine, 8 (1993), 110.

  30. Anonymous, July 4, in George T. Fleming, ed., Life and Letters of Alexander Hays (Pittsburgh, 1919), 442–43.

  31. Haskell, Haskell of Gettysburg, 159; D. Scott Hartwig, “It Struck Horror to Us All,” Gettysburg Magazine, 4 (1991), 96; Frederick Fuger recollections, Webb Papers, Yale University Library.

  32. Coddington, Gettysburg Campaign, 511.

  33. George H. Scott, “Vermont at Gettysburg,” Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society, 1:2 (1930), 70–71; Stannard to Abner Doubleday, Sept. 3, 1865, Doubleday Papers, New-York Historical Society; Arthur F. Devereux, “Some Account of Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” Magazine of American History, 18 (1887), 16. For the dispute over who originated the Vermont brigade’s maneuver, see Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 237–38.

  34. George G. Benedict, July 14, in Benedict, Army Life in Virginia: Letters from the Twelfth Vermont Regiment (Burlington: Free Press, 1895), 182–84; Charles H. Morgan statement, George J. Stannard diary, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 3:1363–64, 1:56; Gibbon, Personal Recollections, 152–53.

  35. Henry T. Owen to H. A. Carrington, Jan. 27, 1878, Virginia State Library.

  36. Shultz, “Double Canister at Ten Yards,” 48, 51–52; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 262–63; Alexander to Bachelder, May 3, 1876, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:490; History of the Fifth Massachusetts Battery (Boston, 1902), 652.

  37. James A. Wright memoir, Minnesota Historical Society; Edward Walker letter, July 29, cited in Richard Moe, The Last Full Measure: The Life and Death of the First Minnesota Volunteers (New York: Holt, 1993), 289; Gates report, OR 27.1:322; Abbott to his father, July 6, Abbott to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., July 28, Abbott, Fallen Leaves, 188, 194; Abbott report, OR 27.1:445.

  38. William Nathaniel Wood, Reminiscences of Big I, ed. Bell Irvin Wiley (Jackson, Tenn.: McCowat-Mercer, 1956), 46; Gibbon, Gettysburg sketch, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Randolph A. Shotwell, The Papers of Randolph Abbott Shotwell, ed. J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton (Raleigh: North Carolina Historical Commission, 1929–36), 2:13.

  39. Veazey to George G. Benedict, July 11, 1864, Vermont Historical Society; Edward P. Reeve reminiscence, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina; Henry T. Owen to H. A. Carrington, Jan. 27, 1878, Virginia State Library.

  40. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 265–66; Robert A. Bright in SHSP, 31 (1903), 231–32; Longstreet to McLaws, July 25, 1873, McLaws Papers, Southern Historical Collection; Anderson report, OR 27.2:614–15; Longstreet, “The Mistakes of Gettysburg,” Annals of the War, 627.

  41. Gary G. Lash, “The Philadelphia Brigade at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine, 7 (1992), 104; Haskell, Haskell of Gettysburg, 162.

  42. Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 242; John H. Smith reminiscence, John W. Daniel Papers, University of Virginia; Andrew Cowan to Bachelder, Aug. 26, 1866, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:282–83; Longacre, The Man Behind the Guns, 176–77; Hunt to his wife, July 4, Hunt Papers, Library of Congress.

  43. Cowan to Bachelder, Aug. 26, 1866, Dec. 2, 1885, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:282, 2:1156–57; Cyril Tyler to his father, July 7, Gettysburg National Military Park; Shultz, ” Double Canister at Ten Yards,” 57.

  44. D. Scott Hartwig, “It Struck Horror to Us All,” Gettysburg Magazine, 4 (1991), 89, 97–99; William Davis report, OR 27.1:431; Buckley to Bachelder, n.d., Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 3:1403; Peyton report, OR 27.2:386; Kemper to W. H. Swallow, Feb. 4, 1886, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 2:1192.

  45. McDermott to Bachelder, June 2, 1886, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 3:1410; Frederick Fuger recollections, Webb Papers, Yale University Library; Christopher Smith account, Buffalo Evening News (1894), cited in Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 246. For an analysis of Confederate numbers at this point in the battle, see Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 232�
��33. That Cushing’s initial wounding occurred during the bombardment rather than the charge is evident from Andrew Cowan to Bachelder, Dec. 2, 1885, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 2:1157.

  46. James Carter in Confederate Veteran, 10 (1902), 263; W. H. Swallow in Southern Bivouac, 4:9 (1886), 569; Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 261–63; Webb to his wife, July 6, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:19; Webb testimony (1891), cited in Rollins, Pickett’s Charge: Eyewitness Accounts, 317; D. B. Easley in Confederate Veteran, 20 (1912), 379.

  47. Ernest L. Waitt, History of the Nineteenth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1861–1865 (Salem, Mass., 1906), 242; Joseph McKeever testimony (1891), cited in Hartwig, “It Struck Horror to Us All,” Gettysburg Magazine, 4 (1991), 98; JohnH. Smith reminiscence, John W. Daniel Papers, University of Virginia; July 4, Wainwright, Diary of Battle, 252; R. H. Irvine in Confederate Veteran, 23 (1915), 391.

  48. Arthur F. Devereux to Bachelder, July 22, 1889, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 3:1609–10; Haskell, Haskell of Gettysburg, 165–67; Francis Heath cited in Silas Adams, “The Nineteenth Maine at Gettysburg,” Maine MOLLUS, War Papers (4: 1915), 19:262; Charles H. Banes testimony (1890) in Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 3:1709; Edmund Rice, Apr. 19, 1887, Doubleday Papers, New-York Historical Society; Rice in Battles and Leaders, 3:389.

  49. Trimble to John W. Daniel, Nov. 24, 1875, SHSP, 9 (1881), 35;“Another Witness: Gettysburg,” Our Living and Our Dead, 3 (1875), 463; Abbottto his father, July 6, Abbott, Fallen Leaves, 188.

  50. Schurz, Reminiscences, 3:33; David Lang to Bachelder, Oct. 16, 1893, Lang Papers, Florida State Archives; Herbert to Porter Alexander, Aug. 18, 1903, Alexander Papers, Southern Historical Collection; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 265.

  51. Shultz, “Double Canister at Ten Yards,” 59–60; Lang, Wilcox reports, OR 2:632, 620; E. H. Shore to his wife, Aug. 16, Shore Papers, Emory University; Randolph A. Shotwell, The Papers of Randolph Abbott Shotwell, ed. J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton (Raleigh: North Carolina Historical Commission, 1929–36), 2:15.