To Be a Slave
Bok, Francis. Escape from Slavery. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2003.
Personal interview with Francis Buk (also known as Bok), July 23, 2009.
Chapter 1, Kings, Pharaohs, and Prophets: The Ancient Near East
Major Sources
Carmichael, Calum. "Bible: An Overview." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 104-107. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
___ , "Bible: Biblical Law." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 110-112. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
Leprohon, Ronald J. "Egypt: Ancient Egypt." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 280-282. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
Loprieno, Antonio. "Slaves." In The Egyptians, edited by Sergio Donadoni, pp. 185-217. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
Mendelsohn, Isaac. Slavery in the Ancient Near East. New York: Oxford University Press, 1949.
Snell, Daniel C. "Ancient Middle East." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 63-67. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
Other Sources
Berman, Joshua A. Created Equal: How the Bible Broke with Ancient Political Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Kramer, Samuel Noah. The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963.
Meltzer, Milton. Slavery: A World History. Updated edition. New York: Da Capo Press, 1993.
Mendelsohn, Isaac. "Slavery in the Old Testament." In The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, vol. 4, pp. 383-391. New York: Abingdon Press, 1962.
Mitchell, Stephen. Gilgamesh: A New English Version. New York: Free Press, 2004.
Sacks, Jonathan. Rabbi Jonathan Sacks's Haggadah: Hebrew and English text with New Essays and Commentary. New York: Continuum, 2006.
Sarna, Nahum. Exploring Exodus: The Origins of Biblical Israel. New York: Schocken, 1996.
Silver, Abba Hillel. Where Judaism Differed. New York: Macmillan, 1956.
Walzer, Michael. Exodus and Revolution. New York: Basic Books, 1985.
Chapter 2, Rebellion and Revenge: Ancient Greece and Rome
Major Sources
Finley, Moses I. Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology. Edited by Brent D. Shaw. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 1998.
___. The Ancient Greeks: An Introduction to Their Life and Thought. New York: Viking, 1963.
___. Slavery in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge: W. Heffer, 1968. Veyne, Paul. The Roman Empire. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1997.
Other Sources
Baker, Alan. The Gladiators: The Secret History of Rome's Warrior Slaves. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2001.
Bradley, K. R. Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire: A Study in Social Control. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Byrne, Joseph P. "Greco-Roman Women as Slaves." In Chronology of World Slavery, edited by Junius P. Rodriguez, pp. 18-19. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1999.
Cahill, Thomas. Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea: Why the Greeks Matter. New York: Anchor Books, 2003.
Flacelière, Peter. Daily Life in Greece at the Time of Pericles. New York: Macmillan, 1959.
Meltzer, Milton. Slavery: A World History. Updated edition. New York: Da Capo Press, 1993.
Pereus Digital Library operated by Tufts University at www.perseus.tufts.edu.
Plutarch. Caesar. Translated by John Dryden. The Internet Classics Archive.
Winks, Robin W., ed. Slavery: A Comparative Perspective: Readings on Slavery from Ancient Times to the Present. New York: New York University Press, 1972.
Chapter 3, Saints and Vikings: Europe in the Middle Ages
Major Sources
Hanson, R. P. C. Life and Writings of the Historical Saint Patrick. New York: Seabury Press, 1983.
Karras, Ruth Mazo. Slavery and Society in Medieval Scandinavia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
Origo, Iris. "The Domestic Enemy: The Eastern Slaves in Tuscany in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries." Speculum: A Journal of Mediaeval Studies, vol. 30, no. 3, July 1955, pp. 321-366.
Sawyer, Peter, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Other Sources
Adam of Bremen. History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen. Translated by Francis J. Tschan. New York: Columbia University Press, 1959.
Bloch, Marc. Feudal Society. Translated by L. A. Manyon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.
Blum, Jerome. Lord and Peasant in Russia: From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961.
Brower, Daniel, and Susan Layton. "Liberation through Captivity: Nikolai Shipov's Adventures in the Imperial Borderlands." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, vol. 6, no. 2, spring 2005, pp. 259-279.
Hall, Richard. World of the Vikings. New York: Thames 8 Hudson, 2007.
Haywood. John. Encyclopedia of the Viking Age. New York: Thames 8 Hudson, 2000.
Kolchin, Peter. Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1987.
MacKay, John. "And Hold the Bondman Still: Biogeography and Utopia in Slave and Serf Narratives." Biography, vol. 25, no. 1, Winter 2002, 110-129.
Montgomery, James E., trans. "Ibn Fadlan and the Russiyah." Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, vol. 3, 2000.
Oxenstierna, Count Eric. The Norsemen. Translated and edited by Catherine Hutter. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society Publishers, 1965.
Patterson, Orlando. Freedom in the Making of Western Culture, vol. 1 of Freedom. New York: Basic Books, 1991.
Rimbert: Life of Anskar, the Apostle of the North, 801-865. With introduction by Charles H. Robinson.
Ritchie, Anna. Loot and Land. BBC "Ancient History in Depth."
Roesdahl, Else. The Vikings. Translated by Susan M. Margeson and Kirsten Williams. New York: Viking Penguin, 1987.
Stuard, Susan Mosher. "Ancillary Evidence for the Decline of Medieval Slavery." Past and Present, vol. 149, no. 1, spring 1995, pp. 3-28.
Websites
The Lay of Rig is available on many websites. See, for example, an edited version by D. L. Ashliman and the translation by Olive Bray.
Chapter 4, In the Realm of the Qu'ran: Slavery under Islam
Major Sources
Lewis, Bernard. Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Segal, Ronald. Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001.
Toledano, Ehud R. As if Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.
Other Sources
Baepler, Paul, ed. White Slaves, African Masters: An Anthology of American Barbary Captivity Narratives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
Davis, David Brion. Slavery and Human Progress. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Everett, Susanne. History of Slavery. London: Bison Books, 1978.
Friedman, Ellen G. "Christian Captives at "Hard Labor" in Algiers, 16th-18th Centuries." The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 13, no. 4, 1980, pp. 616-632.
Furlonge, Nigel D. "Revisiting the Zanj and Re-Visioning Revolt: Complexities of the Zanj Conflict (868-883 AD)." Negro History Bulletin, vol. 62, no. 4, 1999, pp. 7-14.
Gordon, Murray. Slavery in the Arab World. New York: New Amsterdam Books, 1989.
Hitti, Philip K. The Arabs: A Short History, 2nd rev. paperback ed. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 1970.
Karsh, Efraim. Islamic Imperialism: A History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.
Lewis, Bernard. The Arabs in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 19
93.
Meltzer, Milton. Slavery: A World History, Updated edition. New York: Da Capo Press, 1993.
Phillips, William D., Jr. Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985.
Toledano, Ehud R. Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998.
Chapter 5, Caravans, Canoes, and Captives: Africa
Major Sources
Ewald, Janet J. "Africa: East Africa." In Drescher, Seymour, and Stanley L. Engerman, eds. A Historical Guide to World Slavery, pp. 41-46. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Klein, Martin A. "Africa: West Africa." In A Historical Guide to World Slavery, edited by Seymour Drescher and Stanley L. Engerman, pp. 32-37. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Mandala, Elias. "Africa: Central Africa." In A Historical Guide to World Slavery, edited by Seymour Drescher and Stanley L. Engerman, pp. 37-41. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Scully, Pamela. "Africa: Southern Africa." In A Historical Guide to World Slavery, edited by Seymour Drescher and Stanley L. Engerman, pp. 46-50. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Segal, Ronald. Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001.
Thornton, John K. "Africa: An Overview." In A Historical Guide to World Slavery, edited by Seymour Drescher and Stanley L. Engerman, pp. 27-32. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Wright, Marcia. Strategies of Slaves 8 Women: Life Stories from East/Central Africa. Washington, DC: Lilian Barber Press, 1993. Used with permission.
Other Sources
Curtin, Philip D., ed. Africa Remembered: Narratives by West Africans from the Era of the Slave Trade. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.
Everett, Susanne. History of Slavery. London: Bison Books, 1978.
Ewald, Janet J. "Slavery in Africa and the Slave Trades from Africa." The American Historical Review, vol. 97, no. 2, April, 1992, pp. 465-485.
Fisher, H. J. "The Eastern Maghrib and the Central Sudan." In The Cambridge History of Africa, volume 3, from c. 1050 to c. 1600, edited by Roland Oliver, p. 273. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
Hamdun, Said, and Noel King. Ibn Battuta in Black Africa. London: Rex Collings, 1975.
Hochschild, Adam. King Leopold's Ghost. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998.
Kennedy, Pagan. Black Livingstone: A True Tale of Adventure in the Nineteenth-Century Congo. New York: Viking, 2002.
Klein, Martin A. "The Wolof and Sereer." In Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives, edited by Suzanne Miers and Igor Kopytoff, pp. 335-362. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977.
Lovejoy, Paul E. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Mackintosh-Smith, Tim, ed. The Travels of Ibn Battutah. London: Macmillan, 2002.
Manning, Patrick. "Slavery and African Life." In Slavery, edited by Stanley Engerman, Seymour Drescher, and Robert Paquette, pp. 413-418. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Miller, Joseph C. "Africa: A Thematic and Synoptic Overview." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 28-34. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
Röschenthaler, Ute. "Memories of the Slave Trade in the Cross River Region." Presented at the conference Tales of Slavery: Narratives of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Enslavement in Africa. Toronto: May 20-23, 2009.
Sparks, Randy J. The Two Princes of Calabar: An Eighteenth-Century Atlantic Odyssey. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 2008.
Chapter 6, Explorers, Laborers, Warriors, Chiefs: The Americas
Major Sources
Driver, Harold E. Indians of North America. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
Jewitt, John Rodgers. The Adventures of John R. Jewitt Only Survivor of the Crew of the Ship Boston, During a Captivity of Nearly Three Years among the Indians of Nookta Sound, in Vancouver Island. Middletown, CT: Seth Richards, 1815. Available online from Google Books.
Patterson, Orlando. Freedom in the Making of Western Culture, vol. 1 of Freedom. New York: Basic Books, 1991.
Wilford, John Noble. The Mysterious History of Columbus: An Exploration of the Man, the Myth, the Legend. New York: Knopf, 1991.
Other Sources
Ames, Kenneth M. "Slaves, Chiefs and Labour on the Northern Northwest Coast." World Archaeology, vol. 33, no. 1, June 2001, pp. 1-17.
Beauchamp, W. M. "Iroquois Women." Journal of American Folklore, vol. 13, no. 49, April-June 1900, pp. 81-91.
Clendinnen, Inga. "The Cost of Courage in Aztec Society." Past and Present, vol. 107, no. 1, May 1985, pp. 44-89.
Cook, Noble David. "Starvation and Death in Early Hispaniola." Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 32, no. 3, winter 2002, pp. 349-386.
Crocitti, John J. "Bartolomé de Las Casas." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 473-474. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
Cuello, José. "The Persistence of Indian Slavery and Encomienda in the Northeast of Colonial Mexico, 1577-1723." Journal of Social History, vol. 21, no. 4, summer 1998, pp. 683-700.
Perdue, Theda. "Clan and Court: Another Look at the Early Cherokee Republic." American Indian Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 4, autumn 2000, pp. 562-569.
___. Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society, 1540-1866. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1979.
Sherman, William H. "Distant Relations: Letters from America, 1492-1677." The Huntington Library Quarterly, vol. 66, no. 3/4, Studies in the Cultural History of Letter Writing, 2003, pp. 225-245.
Starna, William A., and Ralph Watkins. "Northern Iroquoian Slavery." Ethnohistory, vol. 38, no. 1, winter 1991, pp. 34-57.
Websites
A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies by Bartolomé de Las Casas is available online at the Project Gutenberg website.
Chapter 7, The Treacherous Triangle: South America and the Caribbean
Major Sources
Baquaqua, Mahommah Gardo. The Biography of Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua: His Passage from Slavery to Freedom in Africa and America. Edited by Robin Law and Paul E. Lovejoy. Princeton, N.J. Markus Wiener, 2001. Also see Documenting the American South under Websites, below.
Forster, Elborg, and Robert Forster, eds. and trans. Sugar and Slavery, Family and Race: The Letters and Diary of Pierre Dessalles, Planter in Martinique, 1808-1856. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
Harms, Robert. The Diligent: A Voyage Through the Worlds of the Slave Trade. New York: Basic Books, 2002.
Klein, Herbert S. African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Price, Richard, and Sally Price, eds. Stedman's Surinam: Life in an Eighteenth-Century Slave Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.
Prince, Mary. "The History of Mary Prince: A West Indian Slave Related by Herself." In The Classic Slave Narratives, edited by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., pp. 249-316. New York: Signet, 2002. Also see Documenting the American South under Websites, below.
Robin John, Ancona Robin, and Little Ephraim Robin John. Letters from the Rylands Collection at the University of Manchester.
Sparks, Randy J. The Two Princes of Calabar: An Eighteenth-Century Atlantic Odyssey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004.
Walvin, James. A Short History of Slavery. New York: Penguin, 2007.
Other Sources
Beckles, Hilary McD. "Caribbean Region: English Colonies." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 154-159. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
Behrendt, Stephen D. "Crew Mortality in the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Eighteenth Century." Slavery 8 Abolition, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 49 -71.
Conrad, Robert. "Brazil: Central and Southern Brazil." In Macmilla
n Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 127-129. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
Costanzo, Angelo. "The Narrative of Archibald Monteith, a Jamaican Slave." Callaloo, vol. 13, no. 1, winter 1990, pp. 115-130.
Davis, Natalie Zemon. "Stedman's Suriname Book in Sweden." In Vänskap over gränser: en festskrift till Eva Österberg, edited by Kenneth Johansson and Marie Lindstedt Cronberg. 2007.
Everett, Susanne. History of Slavery. London: Bison Books, 1978.
Garland, Charles, and Herbert S. Klein. "The Allotment of Space for Slaves aboard Eighteenth-Century British Slave Ships." The William and Mary Quarterly, third series, vol. 42, no. 2, April 1985, pp. 238-248.
Geggus, David. "Caribbean Region: French Colonies." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 159-163. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
___. "Caribbean Region: An Overview." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 146-154. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
Handler, Jerome S. "Survivors of the Middle Passage: Life Histories of Enslaved Africans in British America." Slavery 8 Abolition, vol. 23, no. 1, 2002, pp. 25-56.
Jones, Neil. "The Zong: Legal, Social and Historical Dimensions." The Journal of Legal History, vol. 28, no. 3, December 2007, p. 283.
Karasch, Mary. "Brazil: An Overview." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 116-125. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
Lewis, Andrew. "Martin Dockray and the Zong: a Tribute in the Form of a Chronology." The Journal of Legal History, vol. 28, no. 3, December 2007, pp. 357-370.
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