Mortensen, Reid. "Slaving in Australian Courts: Blackbirding Cases, 1869-1871." Journal of South Pacific Law, vol. 4, 2000.
Nowak, Barbara S., and Singan Knən Muntil. "Btsisi’, Blandas, and Malays: Ethnicity and Identity in the Malay Peninsula Based on Btsisi’ Folklore and Ethnohistory." Asian Folklore Studies, vol. 63, 2004, pp. 303-323.
Palmer, George. Kidnapping in the South Seas: Being a Narrative of a Three Months’ Cruise of H.M.S. Rosario. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1871. Available online from Google Books.
Patnaik, Utsa. "Asia: South Asia." In Drescher, Seymour, and Stanley L. Engerman, eds. A Historical Guide to World Slavery, pp. 78-80. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Pearn, John Helmsley. "Courage and Curiosity: Surgeon Explorers in Australia and New Zealand. Part 1: Discovery and Bridgehead." ANZ Journal of Surgery, vol. 62, no. 3, 1992, pp. 219-234.
Pieters, C. Z. "Adventures of C. Z. Pieters Among the Pirates of Magindanao." Journal of the Indian Archipelago and East Asia, edited by James Richardson Logan, vol. 2, pp. 301-312. Available online from Google Books.
Pulleyblank, E. G., "The Origins and Nature of Chattel Slavery in China." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 1, no. 2, April, 1958, pp. 185-220.
Reid, Anthony. "Notes on Slavery and Bondage in Southeast Asian History." In Slavery, Bondage and Dependency in Southeast Asia, edited by Anthony Reid, pp. 2-33. Queensland: University of Queensland Press, 1983.
Schottenhammer, Angela. "Slaves and Forms of Slavery in Late Imperial China (Seventeenth to Early Twentieth Centuries)." In Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia, edited by Gwyn Campbell, pp. 142-152. London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2004.
Simon, Lady Kathleen. Slavery. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1929.
Wang, Xi. "China." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 179-180. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
Ward, Kerry, and Nigel Worden. "Indonesia." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 427-428. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
Warren, James P. "Southeast Asia." In Drescher, Seymour, and Stanley L. Engerman, eds. A Historical Guide to World Slavery, pp. 80-87. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
___. Iranun and Balangingi: Globalization, Maritime Raiding and the Birth of Ethnicity. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2002.
___. Pirates, Prostitutes, and Pullers: Explorations in the Ethnohistory and Social History of Southeast Asia. Crawley: University of Western Australia Press, 2007.
___. "Slave Markets and Exchange in the Malay World: The Sulu Sultinate, 1770-1878." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, vol. 8, no. 2, September 1977, pp. 162-175.
___. "Who Were the Balangingi Samal? Slave Raiding and Ethnogenesis in Nineteenth-Century Sulu." Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 37, no. 3, May 1978, pp. 477-490.
Worden, Nigel, and Kerry Ward, "Slave Trade: Southeast Asia." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 849-851. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
Xiarong, Han. "Slave Trade: China," and "Slave Trade: Coolie Trade." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 846-849. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
Other Sources
Chappell, David A. "Blackbirding in the Pacific Islands." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 113-115. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
Elmslie, Ronald. "The Colonial Career of James Patrick Murray." ANZ Journal of Surgery, vol. 49, no. 1, February 1979, 154-162.
Patterson, Orlando. Slavery and Social Death. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Segal, Ronald. Islam’s Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001.
Stewart, P. J. "New Zealand and the Pacific Labor Traffic, 1870-1874." The Pacific Historical Review, vol. 30, no. 1, Feb. 1961, 47-59.
Websites
A translation of the story of the slave girl Kali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu is at the Access to Insight website on the webpage "Kakacupama Sutta: The Simile of the Saw."
Chapter 12, Slavery Is Not History: The World Today
Major Sources
Bales, Kevin. Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000.
___. Ending Slavery: How We Free Today's Slaves. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007.
Sage, Jesse, and Liora Kasten, eds. Enslaved: True Stories of Modern Day Slavery. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Other Sources
Anti-Slavery International. The Cocoa Industry in West Africa: A History of Exploitation, 2004.
___ . Information on Mauritania, Compliance with ILO Convention No.29 on Forced Labour (ratified in 1961), July 2008.
Bales, Kevin. New Slavery: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2000.
Bales, Kevin, and Zoe Trodd. To Plead Our Own Cause: Personal Stories by Today's Slaves. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008.
Beah, Ishmael. A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Child Soldier. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007.
Bowe, John. "Annals of Labor: Nobodies." The New Yorker, April 21, 2003.
Callimachi, Rukmini. "Child Maid Trafficking Spreads from Africa to US." Huffington Post, Dec. 29, 2008.
Coalition of Immokalee Workers. Materials in Support of the Testimony of the Coalition of Immokalee Workers Before the Inter-American Commission, March 3, 2005.
Cotton, Samuel. Silent Terror: A Journey Into Contemporary African Slavery. New York: Writers and Readers Publishing, 1998.
Domestic Human Trafficking: An Internal Issue, December 2008. U.S. Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center.
Dowd, Patrick S. "Nazi Slavery." In A Historical Guide to World Slavery, edited by Seymour Drescher and Stanley L. Engerman, pp. 297-300. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Estabrook, Barry. "Politics of the Plate: Florida's Slave Trade." Gourmet, March 2, 2009.
Fernando, Beatrice. Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives, March 9, 2005. Available online at the website for the Indigenous People of Africa and America magazine.
Hardesty, Greg. "Domestic Prisoner Prevails." Orange County Register, October 24, 2006.
___ . "A Loving Home at Last." Orange County Register, May 23, 2007.
Indian Claims Commission Findings of Fact, June 9, 1978, and Interlocutory Order, June 9, 1978.
Jones, Dorothy Knee. A Century of Servitude: Pribilof Aleuts Under U.S. Rule. Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1980.
Karay, Felicja, Death Comes in Yellow: Skarzysko-Kamienna Slave Labor Camp. Translated by Sara Kitai. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1996.
Kielburger, Craig. Free the Children: Special 10th Anniversary Edition. Toronto: Free the Children, 2005.
Kuklin, Susan. Iqbal Masih and the Crusaders Against Child Slavery, 1st edition. New York: H. Holt, 1998.
LaFraniere, Sharon. "Africa's World of Forced Labor, in a 6-Year-Old's Eyes." New York Times, October 29, 2006.
Laogai Research Foundation. Laogai Handbook, 2007-2008. Washington, DC: 2008.
"Slaves of the Fur Seal Harvest." Cascadia Times, Winter 2005.
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander. One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. Translated by Max Hayward and Ronald Hingley. New York: Bantam Books, 1990.
Wimberg, Ellen M. "Forced Labor: Soviet Union." In A Historical Guide to World Slavery, edited by Seymour Drescher and Stanley L. Engerman, pp. 210-212. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Zagier, Alan Scher. "Laborers-turned-activists win RFK Human Rights Award," Boston.com, November 19, 2003.
Websites
Information about the Pribilof Islands, including an article by Helen D. Corbett and G. S. Winer, is available on the Amiq Ins
titute website.
The website for the Laogai Research Foundation provide information about Chinese laogai prison camps.
An interview with Chinese dissident and founder of the Laogai Research Foundation, Harry Wu, can be located at the website Speak Truth to Power.
Forced labor in North Korea is exposed at the website of the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. The Executive Summary is on pp. 10-14.
The story of Luis Alberto Ferrándiz Alfaro and his wife can be found in chapter IX, "Labor Rights: Prison Labor," in the report "Cuba's Repressive Machinery: Human Rights Forty Years After the Revolution," 1999, at the website of Human Rights Watch.
More information about child soldiers is available from three organizations that are working to end the practice throughout the world. At the UNICEF website, on the page Children and Armed Conflict, the organization offers protocols and guidelines on the proper use of children, posts a fact sheet, defines child soldiers, and offers links to other organizations, including Human Rights Watch and the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers.
The website for Free the Children offers information about child slavery throughout the world.
The International Cocoa Initiative's website provides details about its mandate and ongoing programs in preventing slave labor on cocoa farms.
The organizations Challenging Heights and Free the Slaves provide information about James Kofi Annan. An interview with James Kofi Annan is on the website of Essence magazine.
The Coalition for Immokalee Workers' website provides information about the organization. Further information about the Coalition, including a transcript of testimony before the U.S. Congress by Lucas Benitez on October 28, 2004, is available at the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights website.
The U.S. Department of State's annual Trafficking in Persons Report offers information on the problem throughout the world. The State Department's 2009 report was helpful in this chapter.
To Be Free
Bok, Francis. Escape from Slavery. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2003.
Personal interview with Francis Buk (also known as Bok), July 23, 2009.
PHOTO SOURCES
1.1: Standard of Ur, “War” © The Trustees of the British Museum. 1.2: Head of a Prisoner. Courtesy of the Saint Louis Art Museum. 1.3: Hagar and the Angel in the Desert by James Tissot. Courtesy of The Jewish Museum, NY / Art Resource, NY. 1.4: Hebrews building cities. Courtesy of Eric Lessing / Art Resource, NY. 2.1: Mosaic with circus scene: fighting with leopards. Courtesy of Snark / Art Resource, NY. 2.2: Sparticus’s Death by Hermann Vogel. Courtesy of the Picture Collection, New York Public Library. 2.3: Pompeiian ladies with their slave hairdresser. Courtesy of the Schomberg Center / Art Resource, NY. 2.4: Two-handled jar © 2011 by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 3.1: Statue of Saint Patrick © 2003 by Bernd Biege. 3.2: Burying plague victims of Tournai. From Annals of Gilles de Muisit. Courtesy of Snark / Art Resource, NY. 3.3: Catherine, the Mulatto Woman. Courtesy of Scala / Ministero per I Beni e le Attivita culturali / Art Resource, NY. 3.4: Supplice du Grand Knout. From Voyage en Siberie by Jean Chappe D’Auteroche & Stepan Petroviˆc, pg. 371. 1770. 4.1: Mihrasb and Tahrusiyye watching Darab fighting the Zanjis. From Race and Slavery in the Middle East by Bernard Lewis, pg. 24. 1580-1585. 4.2: Slave Market of Cairo. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 4.3: Christian Slavery in Barbary. Courtesy of Schomburg Center / Art Resource, NY. 4.4: Slavery in Zanzibar © National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. 4.5: Slaves taken from a Dhow captured by HMS Undine. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 5.1: Funerary Carving of African in European Dress © National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. 5.2: Enslaved Africans transported by canoe, Congo, 1880s. Courtesy of Making of America Collection, Cornell University. 5.3: Two mutilated children. Courtesy of http://revcom.us/i/172/Amputated_Congolese_youth.jpg. 6.1: Landing of Columbus. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 6.2: Sacrificial offering. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 6.3: Bartolomé de la Casas by Constantino Brumidi. Courtesy of the Architect of the Capitol, Washington, DC. 7.1: Mahommah Baquaqua article. Courtesy of the New York Public Library. 7.2: Slavery/Shipboard Scene. Courtesy of Mary Evans Picture Library. 7.3: Porters d’Eau. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 7.4: Chatiments Domestiques. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 7.5: Treadmill Scene in Jamaica. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 7.6: Spiritual Healer. Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, Rhode Island. 7.7: The Celebrated Graman Quacy. Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, Rhode Island. 8.1: Granville Sharp. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 8.2: Thomas Clarkson. Courtesy of the Wisbech and Fenland Museum, Cambridge, UK. 8.3: Diagram of slave ship Brookes. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 8.4: Anti-Slavery Medallion by Josiah Wedgwood, c. 1787 © The Trustees of the British Museum; Photo courtesy of Uncle Tom’s Cabin Historic Site. 8.6: Sugar basins advert. Courtesy of The Religious Society of Friends in Britain. 8.7: Phillis Wheatley. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 8.8: Slave with Iron Muzzle. Courtesy of Hill Collection of Pacific Voyages, University of California, San Diego; Gustavus Vassa. Courtesy of the New York Public Library. 8.9: Gustavus Vassa. Courtesy of the New York Public Library. 8.10: Toussaint L’Ouverture. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 9.1: Landing Negroes at Jamestown. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 9.2: Gravestone of Venture Smith © Eric Rennie. 9.3: “To be sold” sign. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 9.4: Band of the Jaw-Bone John-Canoe. Courtesy of the Yale Center for British Art / Paul Mellon Collection. 9.5: The Life of George Washington – the Farmer by Junius Stearns. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 9.6: Black-and-white revolutionary soldiers. From http://americanrevolution.org/blk.html. 9.7: The Horrid Massacre. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 10.1: Joseph Cinquez article. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 10.2: Frederick Douglass. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 10.3: Sojourner Truth. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 10.4: Uncle Tom’s Cabin Jigsaw Puzzle. Courtesy of Mary Schlosser, collector. 10.5: The Resurrection of Henry “Box” Brown. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 10.6: Harriet Tubman. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 10.7: Harpers Ferry Insurrection. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 10.8: Recruitment poster. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 11.1: Balangingi garay. Rafael Mouleon, Construccion Navales: bajo un aspecto artistico por el restangador del Museo Naval, Catalogo descriptivo dos tomos. 3 vols. Madrid, 1890. 11.2: Iranun Warrior. Frank Marryat, Borneo and the Indian Archipelago, 1848. 11.3: South Sea islanders on the deck of a ship arriving at Bundaberg, 1895. Courtesy of the State Library of Queensland. 11.4: Mui-Tsai. Courtesy of Anti-Slavery International, London. 12.1: Gut Parka: Fishing from kayak, 1872. Courtesy of the Alaska Native Collection, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. 12.2: Prisoners work at Belbaltlag, a Soviet Gulag camp. Courtesy of Central Russian Film and Photo Archive. 12.3: Prisoner from a Nazi slave labor camp. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 12.4: Mark Kwadwo On Lake Volta in Ghana by Joao Silva © The New York Times. 12.5: Iqbal Masih. Courtesy of Corbis Canada.
INDEX
Page numbers in italics are references to sidebars and captions.
abolitionism
in Ancient Israel
in Britain
in St-Domingue (Haiti)
in United States
modern, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, bm1.1
Adams, John Quincy
Africa
export of slaves from, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1
slavery in, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5
Akkad
Aleutian Islands, see Pribilof Islands
Al-Yaqubi
American Revolution
Amistad
Annan, James Kofi
Anskar, Saint
anti-slavery organizations
American Anti-Slavery Group, bm1.1, bm1.2
American Anti-Slavery Society, 10.1, 10.2
Anti-Slavery International, 12.1, bm1.1
Coalition of Immokalee Workers
Free the Children, 3.1, bm1.1
Free the Slaves
Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade
SOS Esclaves
Assyria
Auld, Hugh and Sophia
Australia, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Aztecs, 6.1, 6.2
Babylonia
Bailey, Frederick, see Douglass, Frederick
Balangingi
Ball, Charles
Baquaqua, Mahommah Gardo, 7.1, 7.2
Barbary Coast
Beah, Ishmael
Belgium
Benezet, Anthony
Bible, Hebrew, 1.1, 4.1, 9.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2
Birkett, Mary
blackbirding
Blackburn, Thornton and Lucie
Bok, Francis, fm3.1, bm1.1
Borneo
Brazil, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7
Broteer, see Smith, Venture
Brown, John, see revolts, trials
Brown, William Wells, 9.1, 9.2
Buddhism
Buk, Francis, see Bok, Francis
Caesar, Julius
Canada, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1
Carleton, Sir Guy
Catholic Church, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1
child soldiers
Child Soldiers Protocol
Children’s Crusade
China, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 12.1
chocolate, see cocoa
Christian slaves
Barbary Coast
boy soldiers
Middle Ages
Christianity, 4.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Cinqué
civil rights, U.S.
Civil War, American
Clarkson, Thomas, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6
cocoa
International Cocoa Initiative
Coffin, Levi and Catherine
Five Thousand Years of Slavery Page 23