Book Read Free

Makers of Ancient Strategy: From the Persian Wars to the Fall of Rome

Page 40

by Victor Davis Hanson


  Constantine I, 229, 231, 233–34

  satrap system and, 125; self-promotion of,

  Constantius II, 229–32, 237

  18–19; Xerxes and, 26

  Corcyra, 141–42, 146, 156, 157

  Darius III, 100, 119, 133

  Corinth, 53–54, 68–69, 71, 119, 139, 147

  Datis, 24

  Corinthian Gulf, 188

  decarchies, 68

  Corinthian War, 70–71, 76

  Decelea, 188

  corona civica (gallantry award), 209

  defenses. See fortifications

  cosmic order, 17–19

  Delbrück, 10

  counterinsurgency, 7; banditry and, 168–71;

  Delian League, 31–34, 43, 45

  Bar-Kokhba and, 165–67, 169, 172; defining,

  Delion, 3, 97

  178; established provinces and, 165–66;

  Delium, 103

  frontier defense and, 227–42; Gaul and,

  Delos, 32, 35, 45, 188

  165–66; genocide and, 167; Herod Agrippa

  Delphi, 37

  II and, 173, 176; Herod the Great and, 173,

  Demainetos, 88n51

  175–76; Illyricum and, 167; Judaea and, 166,

  Demeter, 194

  168; mass deportation and, 167; modern,

  democracy: Arcadia and, 106–7; Argives

  178–79; mutilation and, 167; opportunists

  and, 66; Athenians and, 34, 40–41, 94;

  and, 166; perceived ability to punish and,

  Boeotia and, 94–99; class issues and,

  167–68; psychological strategy and, 167–68;

  40–41; coercive, 5–6; diplomacy and, 215;

  Rome and, 163–69; ruling class and, 166;

  Epaminondas and, 6, 94; fortifications and,

  slave wars and, 196–202; taxes and, 165

  66–67, 70, 76, 85n41; Greece and, 21–23, 26;

  Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 198–99, 210–12, 217,

  Julius Caesar and, 207; Long Walls and,

  219

  59; military and, 207; oligarchy and, 95–96;

  Crete, 186, 199

  Pericles and, 94; preemption and, 110; rev-

  Crixus, 190

  enues for, 38; Thebes and, 94; Thucydides

  Cromwell, Oliver, 207

  and, 94

  crosses, 132, 185, 200

  dêmokratia, 106–7

  Curio, 219

  demos (the people), 21–22

  cursus honorum, 209–10

  dictators: Augustus and, 223–24; Julius Caesar

  Cyanean rocks, 41

  and, 207–8, 219, 222; military and, 206–7,

  Cyclopean masonry, 59

  223–24; Sulla and, 223

  Cyprus, 42, 70

  Diodorus, 69, 81n16, 99–100, 106, 127–28,

  Cyrus, 11–12, 26, 122, 139; ascension of, 13;

  204n23

  Bardiya and, 18; Cambyses and, 17–18;

  Dion, 148, 154

  death of, 13–14; dominion of, 13; empire

  Dionysia, 130

  building and, 13–14; generalship of, 13–14;

  Dionysus, 122, 131–32, 194–95

  Judaeans and, 14–15; as “King of Kings,”

  Dionysus II, 144

  13, 15; mercenaries and, 139; psychological

  Diviciacus, 214–16

  252 Index

  divine sanction, 18–19

  and, 31, 35–36, 43, 49–50; Greek concept

  Doloaspis, 126

  of power and, 34–38; Hellenization and,

  Drangiana, 121

  118, 130–31, 177; intermarriage and, 127–29;

  Drauga, 17–19

  interstate system and, 59, 63, 69, 71–73, 77,

  Drimacus, 188, 193, 197, 201

  86n43, 87n50, 88n58; King’s Peace and,

  drones, 2

  70–73, 86n43, 88n56, 89nn59,63; mainte-

  Dumnorix, 215–16

  nance challenges and, 49; multipolar state

  Dyrrachium, 221

  system and, 69, 73, 86n43; naval power

  and, 51–52 ( see also naval power); negative

  Earle, Edward M., 1–2

  connotation of, 4–5, 47; Pericles and, 31, 36,

  Ecbatana, 120–21

  38, 40–55; Piraeus harbor and, 65; quality

  Ecclesia, 68, 85n40

  of life and, 38–39; religion and, 36; Rome

  economic issues, 132; Athenian Empire and, 5;

  and, 118, 163–69; Spartans and, 67–70, 97;

  circuit wall and, 151–52; counterinsurgency

  Thucydides and, 45–47; transpopulation

  and, 167–68; fortifications and, 58–59;

  policy and, 127; tribute payments and,

  frontier defense and, 229, 233, 235, 241–42;

  34–35

  Greek city-states and, 5; harbor duties

  English Channel, 167, 207

  and, 38; imports and, 38; Julius Caesar and,

  Enna, 191–92, 194

  210; naval power and, 69; North Africa

  Epaminondas the Theban, 2, 9; aftermath

  and, 239; Peloponessian Wars and, 34, 104;

  of strategy of, 105–7; as agent of change,

  Piraeus harbor and, 63–64; preemption

  95–96; ancient records on, 99–100; battle

  and, 108–10; private armies and, 217–20;

  of Leuctra and, 97, 103, 109; Boeotia and,

  satrap system and, 125–26; slavery and,

  94–99, 103–12; death of, 106, 108; democ-

  196, 200; spice trade and, 133; taxes and,

  racy and, 6, 94; as “first man of Greece,”

  163–65, 176–77; trade restrictions and, 233;

  93; frees helots, 6, 93–94, 98, 104–8, 112,

  treasurers and, 126; tribute and, 34–35, 38

  114n9, 115n11, 116n19, 188; humiliates

  Egypt, 130, 172–73, 221; Alexander and, 120, 126,

  Spartans, 83n25, 93–99, 103–12; inva-

  131–32; Alexandria, 127–28, 134; Athenian

  sion of 370–69 and, 96–100, 104; lack of

  campaign and, 34–35, 55; Cambyses and, 17;

  modern knowledge on, 94; Laconia and,

  Cleopatra and, 221; collapse of Assyrian

  104, 106–8; lessons learned from, 107–10;

  Empire and, 12; Julius Caesar and, 221–22;

  longer-term aims of, 104–5; preeminence

  marriage customs in, 131; Pompey and,

  of, 93; preemption and, 6, 97–100, 103–12;

  221; Ptolemaic kings and, 131–32, 135; satrap

  tenure of, 99, 104; unorthodox methods of,

  system and, 126; segregation and, 131; Six-

  99–100; urban fighting and, 149, 153–54; as

  Day War and, 101–2; strategic significance

  zealot, 112

  of, 14–15; treatment of elderly and, 131;

  ephors, 67

  Zenobia and, 166

  Ephorus, 93

  Ejsbol Mose, 236

  Eryx, 177

  elderly, 131

  espionage, 17, 24–25, 28

  Elis, 145

  eunomia (good governance), 20

  elitism, 15–16, 24, 40, 186, 192

  Eunus, 194–95, 201

  Elpinice, 42

  Euripides, 94, 130

  empire building, 13–14; Alexander and, 118–35;

  Eurotas River, 98, 104, 149

  Athenians and, 34–55, 70, 97; autonomy

  Eurymedon River, 34

  and, 36–37; Boeotia and, 94–99, 103–12;

  Ezekiel (Biblical prophet), 12, 15

  class issues and, 40–41; Darius and, 18–19;

  Delian League and, 31–34, 43, 45; expan-

  Fallujah, 140

  sionism and, 55; financial gain of, 37–38;

  famine, 96

  fortifications and, 58–78 (
see also fortifica-

  Fertile Crescent, 14

  tions); founding cities and, 127–28; glory

  fides (faithfulness), 213

  Index 253

  First Coronea, battle of, 97

  Chnodomarius and, 235–36, 238; Danube

  First Mantineia, battle of, 97

  and, 227–35, 239, 244n9; economic issues

  First Punic War, 177

  and, 229; Gaul and, 240–41; Germany

  First Sicilian Slave Wars, 189, 191, 197–99

  and, 235–42; grand strategy and, 232–34;

  Five Years’ Peace, 44

  hostages and, 233, 237, 245n20; Huns and,

  Florus, 166

  238–40; imperial collapse and, 241–42; in-

  fortifications: agriculture and, 96, 143; Athe-

  ternal political agendas and, 228–29; Magi-

  nians and, 5, 58–78; Attica and, 58, 73, 75,

  not Line and, 228; mobile field armies

  91n69; circuit wal and, 143–44, 151–52;

  and, 227; naval power and, 227, 232–33;

  citizen labor and, 58, 64–65; Conon and,

  North Africa and, 239–40; overcrowding

  58–59, 69–70, 75; Cyclopean masonry and,

  and, 231–32; policy of expansion and, 227;

  59; defense mentality and, 73–75; defense of

  raiders and, 227, 229, 232–33; Rhine and,

  Attica and, 59–60; democracy and, 65–67,

  227–35, 238–39, 244n5; Saxons and, 227, 229;

  70, 76, 85n41; destruction by Mardonius

  settlement burning and, 230; Severan era

  and, 60–61; foreign policy and, 73–74;

  and, 227; targeted annual subsidies and,

  frontier defense and, 227–42; Hippodamus

  233; Tetrarchic emperors and, 229–30, 234;

  of Miletus and, 63–64; interstate system

  trade privileges and, 233, 235

  and, 59, 63, 69, 71–73, 77, 86n43, 87n50,

  88n58; Iraq and, 5; Israel and, 77; jealousy

  Galilee, 176

  over, 62; King’s Peace and, 70–73, 86n43,

  Ganges River, 122, 124

  88n56, 89nn59,63; Long Wal s and, 5, 52,

  Gaugamela, battle of, 119–20, 124–25

  59, 63, 65–70, 73, 76–77, 84nn29,30,32, 85n40;

  Gaul, 8, 165, 172–74; Cisalpine, 206–7, 211–12,

  Mexican border and, 5; naval power and,

  217, 219; frontier defense and, 239–41; Julius

  60, 63–65; Pentekontaetia and, 61–62;

  Caesar and, 166, 206–7, 211–19; provincial

  Pericles and, 58–59, 75; Persian Wars and,

  power and, 175; Rubicon and, 206; Sequani

  58; Piraeus and, 63–65, 83n28; politics of,

  and, 211; Transalpine, 211, 213, 219

  58–59; resource investment of, 58–59; Rome

  Gaulle, Charles de, 10

  and, 8–9, 227–42; security zones and, 76–77;

  Gaza, 7, 120, 132

  slave labor and, 58; solid construction of,

  Gedrosian Desert, 122

  63; Spartan view of, 63, 66, 81n16, 82n24,

  gender issues, 152–53, 156

  83n25; technology and, 5, 76–77; Themis-

  genocide, 167

  tocles and, 58–64, 70, 81n16; Thucydides

  geopolitics, 23

  on, 61–63; traditional Greek warrior ethic

  Gergovia, 216

  and, 66; United States and, 5, 76–77; urban

  Germania (Tacitus), 235

  fighting and, 143–52; war memorials and, 61

  Germanicus, 167

  fourth-generational warfare, 2

  Germany, 101, 198, 207; Ariovistus and, 211,

  fourth philosophy, 168

  213–14, 218; counterinsurgency and, 165,

  France, 207–8, 227–8

  167, 172; frontier defense and, 235–42; Julius

  Franks, 231, 242

  Caesar and, 211–15, 218

  freedom: King’s Peace and, 70–73, 86n43,

  Gibson, Mel, 173

  88n56, 89nn59,63; slave wars and, 185–202.

  globalization, 2

  See also autonomy

  gods. See religion

  Freedom Tower, 80n13

  Goldsworthy, Adrian, vii–viii, 8, 206–26

  Free Germany, 165

  Gordian knot, 120, 124

  French Revolution, 207–8

  Gordium, 120

  frontier defense, 4, 8–9; alliance building and,

  Gorzny, 140

  239–40; archaeological record and, 227–32,

  Goths, 233–40

  236; barbarians and, 227–42; booty trans-

  Gracchus, Tiberius, 189

  port and, 232–33; campaigning- followed-

  grand strategy, 232, 234

  by-diplomacy approach and, 234–35;

  Granicus River, battle of, 119–20, 123

  254 Index

  Great Hungarian Plain, 239

  Hecatompylus, 121

  Great Panathenaic Festival, 41

  hegemony: Athenian, 32, 42; Macedonian, 119;

  Greco-Persian Wars, 4; Aegean and, 13, 16,

  Spartan, 6, 70, 74, 86nn43,45, 97, 108; The-

  19–20, 23, 32–33, 35, 40, 42; fortifications

  ban, 93–94, 106, 113, 114n4, 117nn28,29,30, 139

  and, 58–78; King’s Peace and, 70–73, 86n43,

  Heius of Messana, 177

  88n56, 89nn59,63. See also Greece; Persia

  Heliopolis, 192

  Greece, 3; Alexander the Great and, 118–35;

  Helipolitae (Sun citizens), 192

  Athenians and, 4–5 ( see also Athenians); as

  Hellas, 139

  backwater country, 20–21, 28; barbar-

  Hellenic League, 32

  ian concept and, 25; battle of Marathon

  Hellenization, 6, 118, 130–35, 164, 177

  and, 24–26; battle of Thermopylae and,

  Hellespont, 100

  27–28; bipolar state system and, 63, 69,

  helots: Epaminondas’s release of, Messenian,

  86n43; Boeotia and, 60, 71, 89n61, 94–99,

  6, 93–94, 98, 104–8, 112, 114n9, 115n11,

  103–12, 113n3, 147, 188; city-states of, 4–6

  116n19, 188; slave wars and, 186–88, 203

  ( see also city-states); Classical Period of,

  Helvetii, 211, 213, 218

  58–78; Darius and, 23–26; Delian Leauge

  Heracles, 130–32

  and, 31–34, 43, 45; democracy and, 21–23,

  Herod Agrippa I, 176

  26; demos and, 21–22; fractious politics of,

  Herod Agrippa II, 173, 176

  20–23; freedom concept of, 36–37; good

  Herodotus, 3, 60

  governance and, 20; Hellenization and, 6,

  Herod the Great, 173, 175–76

  118, 130–35, 164, 177; homoioi (equal class)

  Hiero II, 177

  concept and, 21; hoplites and, 46, 64, 66,

  Hindu Kush, 13

  91nn69,72, 94, 97, 103, 107–8, 114n7, 139–40,

  Hippias, 22, 24

  147, 149–53, 156; inferiority complex of, 26;

  Hippodamus of Miletus, 63–64, 146

  interstate system and, 59, 63, 69, 71–73, 77,

  Hipponicus, 40

  86n43, 87n50, 88n58; Ionians and, 16–17,

  Hitler, Adolph, 10

  20, 23–26, 32, 100, 147, 139; isonomia and,

  Holland, Tom, viii, 4, 11–30

  22; King’s Peace and, 70–73, 86n43, 88n56,

  Hollywood, 185

  89nn59,63; multipolar state system and, 69,

  Homer, 130

  73, 86n43; oligarchy and, 6; phalanx and,

  homoioi (equal class) concept, 21

  24, 28; philosophers and, 17; Pompey and,
r />   hoplites, 46; battle formation and, 150; equip-

  220–21; proskynesis and, 129; slave wars

  ment of, 149–51; fortfications and, 64, 66,

  and, 185–202; Spartans and, 20–21 ( see also

  91nn69,72; preemption and, 94, 97, 103,

  Spartans); thetes and, 64; tyrannos and,

  107–8, 114n7; training for, 150; urban fight-

  21–22; unity of, 20; Xerxes and, 26–28

  ing and, 139–40, 147–53, 156

  Green Zone, 157

  hospitium, 177

  Gregory of Nyssa, 191

  hostages, 81n16, 171, 233, 237, 245n20

  Greuthungi, 239

  Hot Gates, 27

  Ground Zero, 61

  hubris, 37

  guerrilla warfare, 121, 124, 169–70, 196

  Hue, 140

  Gytheion, 98

  human nature, 3, 39, 48

  Huns, 238–40

  Hadrian, 167

  Hussein, Saddam, 92n79, 102, 109

  Haitian Revolution, 202

  Hydaspes River, 122, 127, 129

  Halai, 143

  Hyphasis (Beas) River, 122, 124, 134

  Halicarnassus, 120, 123

  Hanson, Victor Davis, vii, 1–10, 93–117

  Iambulus, 192

  harmosts, 68, 88n51

  idealism, 6, 93, 134

  Harpalus, 126

  ideology, 7; Alexander and, 128; banditry and,

  Heather, Peter J., viii, 8, 227–46

  168–69; counterinsurgency and, 163–79;

  Index 255

  ideology ( continued)

  Israel, 12, 15, 77, 92n79, 101–2, 167

  democracy and, 21–23; Julius Caesar and,

  Issus, battle of, 119–20

  206; messianic, 6, 193, 204n15; sicarii and,

  Isthmus of Corinth, 69

  168; slavery and, 191–93; zealots and, 112,

  117n28

  Japan, 101

  Idumaeans, 172

  javelins, 151

  Iliad (Homer), 130

  jerkins, 25

  Illyria, 211

  Jerusalem, 12, 15, 167–68, 176

  Illyricum, 167

  jet fighters, 156

  Imbros, 70, 72

  Jewish revolt of 66 CE, 168, 173–74

  imperialism, 4, 14, 44, 47, 87n50, 88n54, 89n61,

  Jonathan (high priest), 168

  174, 183n36, 242. See also empire building

  Josephus, 165–68, 173–74

  incest, 131

  Judaea, 16, 166, 172; Babylonian exile and,

  India, 118, 122–23, 126–27, 131

  12; banditry and, 169, 182n20; Cyrus and,

  Indra, 131

  14–15; Herod Agrippa I and, 176; Herod

  Indus River, 122

  Agrippa II and, 173, 176; Herod the Great

  industrial war, 2

  and, 173, 175–76; Parthians and, 175; Pom-

  insurgents, 7, 10; Alexander and, 126; assassina-

  pey and, 174; provincial power and, 175;

  tion and, 168; banditry and, 168–71; Bar-

  Temple of Jerusalem and, 12, 15

  Kokhba and, 165–67, 169, 172; crucifixion

 

‹ Prev