Julian, 230
of, 185; defining, 178; fourth philosophy
Julius Caesar, 2, 6–10, 93, 163; achievements of,
and, 168; Ionia and, 23–26, 139; Jewish Re-
206, 209–10, 213; annual councils of, 214;
volt of 66 ce and, 173–74; modern, 201–2;
Ariovistus and, 211, 213–14, 218; aristocratic
Red Army and, 202; sicarii and, 169–70;
background of, 209; army size of, 209; as-
slave wars and, 185–202; Spartacus and,
sassination of, 207, 222; Augustus and, 207;
8 ( see also Spartacus); terrorism and, 168;
Britain and, 212–16; brutality of, 213–14,
urban fighting and, 142
216, 222; Byzantine Empire and, 207; cha-
intelligence gathering, 7, 24, 53, 156, 232
risma of, 217–18; Cicero and, 206; civil war
intermarriage, 127–31
and, 206; Conference of Luca and, 212;
Internet, 2
corona civica and, 209; Crassus and, 210–12,
interstate system, 59, 63, 69, 71–73, 77, 86n43,
217, 219; crossing of Rubicon and, 206, 208,
87n50, 88n58
220; cursus honorum and, 210; debts of, 210;
Ionian Rebellion, 23–26, 139
democracy and, 207; as dictator, 207–8,
Ionians, 20; Athenian ties of, 32; barbarian
219, 222–4; diplomacy and, 215; Egypt and,
concept and, 25; fire concept and, 17;
221–22; expansion of military by, 219; Gaul
insurrection of, 23–26, 139; Persia and,
and, 166, 206–7, 211–19; genius of, 223–24;
16–17; preemption and, 100; urban fighting
Germany and, 211–15, 218; glory-seeking
and, 147
of, 210–11, 222; Helvetii and, 211, 213, 218;
Iran, 12, 18, 128
Herod and, 175; ideology and, 206; legal
Iraq, 6, 29; Cyrus’s invasion of, 11–16; diplo-
command area of, 206; lessons from,
macy and, 215; fortifications and, 5, 77;
208–9; naval power and, 212–13; occupa-
Marduk and, 12, 14; modern insurgents
tional tactics and, 214–15; as opportunist,
and, 201; preemption and, 101; security
211; as orator, 210; pitched battle and, 206;
zones and, 76–77
political analysis of, 206–17, 220; Pompey
Iraq War, 101, 109–2, 140
and, 208, 210, 217–24; Popular Assembly
Iron Gates, 229
and, 211, 223; private armies and, 217–20;
Isaiah (Biblical prophet), 15
republican system and, 207; reputation of,
Isaurians, 169, 171
210; rewards from, 218–21; Senate and, 206,
Islams, 109
210–11, 213, 223; shaping of war and, 211–13;
isonomia (equality), 22
slavery and, 212, 218; soldier loyalty to,
256 Index
217–18; Spanish bodyguard of, 223; Sparta-
Magalopolis, 110, 117n25
cus and, 209; Thirteenth Legion and, 206;
Maginot Line, 228
Veneti and, 212; war strategy and, 211–13
magistrates, 209
Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to
Kagan, Donald, viii, 4–5, 31–57, 65
the Nuclear Age (Paret), 1
kaiser, 207
Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought
“King of Kings,” 13, 15, 19, 23, 28
from Machiavelli to Hitler (Earle), 1
King’s Peace, 86n43, 88n56; autonomy and,
Malli, 122
89n63; autonomy clause and, 71–72, 89n63;
Mantineia, 97–98, 103–7, 110, 117n25, 143
balance of power and, 89n61; terms of,
Manius Aquilius, 199
89n59
manumission, 185, 200–201
Kleombrotos, 97
Maracanda, 122
Koestler, Arthur, 201
Marathon, battle of, 24–26
Kuwait, 112
Marcellinus, Ammianus, 234, 236
Marduk, 12, 14
Lacedaemon, 62
Marie Antoinette, 191
Laconia, 37, 104, 106–8, 186, 188
Marius, 208, 210
Lade, 24, 28
Mark Antony, 93, 171, 175, 221–22
Laureion, 60
maroons, 197, 200
League of Corinth, 119
Marshall, George, 10
Lee, John W. I., viii–ix, 7, 138–62
Marxism, 189, 191
legionaries, 165, 172–73, 185, 218, 222
mass deportation, 167
Legio V Alaudae (Gallic legion), 219
Mattern, Susan P., ix, 7, 163–84
Lemnos, 70, 72
Mauretania Tingitana, 171–72
Lenin, 201
Mazaces, 120
Leontiades, 95
Mazaeus, 125
Lepidus, 210
Media, 12–13
Lesbos, 33
medization, 60
Leuctra, battle of, 97, 103, 109
Megalopolis, 104–5, 143
Libya, 120
Melesias, 45
Lie, 17–18
Melian Dialogue, 36
Light vs. Darkness, 17
Melos, 55
Limigantes, 232, 245n17
Melqart, 131–32
Livy, 3
Memphis, 120, 132
Long March, 202
Menapii, 214
Long Walls: destruction of, 67–68, 85n40; for-
mercenaries, 92n73, 126, 139, 142, 144, 148, 154, 157
tification strategy and, 5, 52, 59, 63, 65–70,
Messana, 177
73, 76–77, 84nn29,30,32, 85n40; maintenance
Messenia, 143; as breadbasket, 98; helots of,
of, 73; rebuilding of, 70, 73, 76–77
6, 93–94, 98, 104–8, 112, 186, 188; Spartans
Louis XVI, 191
and, 37
Lucullus, 210
messianic idealism, 6, 193, 204n15
Lusitania, 209
Metallis of Enna, 191–92
Luttwak, Edward, 227
Mexico, 5, 77
Lycia, 125
Midas, 120
Lydia, 12, 13, 16, 23
Miletus, 123
Lysander, 67–68
military: battle formation and, 150; centurions,
219–20, 222, 226nn20,22; civil authority
Macedonians, 6, 76, 106, 126–27
over, 207; Delian League and, 31–34, 43,
Machiavelli, 10
45; democracy and, 207; dictators and,
Maedians, 119
206–7, 223–24; expansion of powers of, 4;
Index 257
military ( continued)
86n43; Themistocles and, 58–60, 63–65;
fortifications and, 5, 58–78; frontier defense
thetes and, 64; Thucydides on, 81n16;
and, 227–42; gender issues and, 152–53, 156;
triremes and, 60, 64, 67, 85n37
historical analysis of, 1–3; hoplites and,
nemesis (divine anger), 37
46, 64, 66, 91nn69,72, 94, 97, 103, 107–8,
Nepos, 100
114n7, 139–40, 147, 149–53, 156; intelligence
Nero, 165–66
gathering and, 7, 24, 53, 156, 232; keeping
night-vision goggles, 2
the initiative and, 221; King’s Peace and,
Nile Delta, 169
70–73, 86n43, 88n56, 89nn59,63; legionaries,
Nineveh, 12, 20
165, 172–73, 185, 218, 222; light infantry,
no-fly zones, 112
151; mercenaries, 92n73, 126, 139, 142,
144,
North Hill of Olynthos, 147
148, 154, 157; naval power and, 58–59 ( see
nostril (our men), 219
also naval power); no-fly zones and, 112;
Notium, 142, 155
occupational challenges and, 6, 9–10, 15–
nuclear weapons, 179
16; phalanx and, 9, 24, 28, 64, 85n34, 95, 104,
Nysa, 131–32
114n7, 150, 154, 185–86; pitched battles and,
27, 92n73, 95–97, 139, 152–54, 196, 199, 206;
Oath of Plataea, 61
private armies and, 217–20; provisioning,
Ober, Josiah, 73, 92n72
98–99; satrap system and, 124–29; seasonal
occupational challenges, 6, 9–10, 15–16
armies and, 98–99; security zones and,
ochlos, 94
76–77; sling bullets and, 141, 148; status
Octavian, 175
hierarchies and, 152–53; strategy and, 7 ( see
Odeion of Pericles, 145
also strategy); thetes and, 64; urban fight-
Oenomaus, 190
ing and, 138–57; Western superiority in, 7;
Oeum, 147
world opinion and, 157
Old Oligarch, 38–40, 50–51
Mithridates, 199, 209
oligarchy, 6; Boeotia and, 95–96, 105, 108–12,
Mithridates VI Eupator, 189
114n5, 116n21; democracy and, 95–96;
Mogadishu, 140, 155
fortifications and, 66–68, 83n28, 85n41;
Montaigne, Michel de, 93
Greek empire building and, 38–40, 50;
Morocco, 171
Leontiades and, 95; urban fighting and,
Motya, 148
138–47, 151–53, 157
Mounichia hill, 144, 147, 151, 153
Olynthos, 141, 147–48, 151
Mouseion hill, 144
On the Fortune or the Virtue of Alexander
Mt. Ithome, 104
( Plutarch), 128
Mt. Taygetos, 98, 105
Opis, 123, 128–30
multipolar state system, 69, 73, 86n43
Oracle of Zeus-Ammon, 120, 131
mutilation, 167
Orchomenos, 96
Mycale, 48
Ortygia, 144
Mytileneans, 33
ostracism, 46–47
Oxus, 121
Napoleon, 8, 10, 207–8, 218, 223–4
Oxyartes, 121, 129
Naucratis, 126
Naupactus, 188
pacification, 6
naval power, 51–53; Athenian, 63–65, 73; British,
Pagondas, 103
77–78; Conon and, 58–59, 69–70, 75, 87n47;
Pakistan, 118
economic issues and, 69; fortifications
Pallantion, 144
and, 63–65; frontier defense and, 227,
Palmyra, 166
232–33; Julius Caesar and, 212–13; Long
pan-Hellenism, 44
Walls and, 65; ochlos and, 94; Phaleron and,
Parapamisadae, 129
65; Piraeus and, 63–65; Spartans and, 62,
parents, 131
258 Index
Paret, Peter, 1
Callias peace treaty and, 41–43; conquest
Parmenion, 121, 134
of Babylon and, 11–16; cosmic order and,
Parthians, 174–75, 222
17–19; Cyrus and, 11–18, 26, 122, 139; Darius
Pashtun tribes, 122–23
and, 18–19; Darius III and, 119; defeat
Passion, The (film), 173
of, 95; Delian League and, 32–34; elitism
Paul of Tarsus, 173
and, 15–16, 24; empire building and, 13–14,
Paullus, Aemilius, 219
18–19; espionage and, 17, 28; fire concept
Pausanias, 100
and, 17; fortifications against, 58–78; infan-
Pax Persica, 16, 27
try of, 27–28; Ionians and, 16–17, 20; King’s
Pax Romana, 200
Peace and, 70–73, 86n43, 88n56, 89nn59,63;
Peace of Antalcidas, The, 71
Mardonius and, 60–61; Pardonius and,
Pearl Harbor, 101
60–61; Pax Persica and, 16, 27; proskynesis
Pelopidas, 95
and, 129; satrap system and, 41, 69, 119–21,
Pelopidas (Plutarch), 100
124–29, 133–34; taxation and, 16; temple
Peloponnese, 6, 9; battle of Leuctra and, 97;
burning of, 27–28, 44; tolerance of, 14–15,
battle of Thermopylae and, 27–28; Epami-
16; urban fighting and, 142, 144; Xerxes
nondas’s invasion of, 96–107; slavery and,
and, 26–28
186; Spartans and, 20–21
Persis, 125–26
Peloponnesian League, 32, 37
Peucestas, 126
Peloponnesian Wars, 54, 73; allied squabbles
phalanx, 9; fortifications and, 64, 85n34; Greco-
after, 95; ascension of Thebes and, 95;
Persian Wars and, 24, 28; preemption and,
Athenian resources and, 34; fortifications
114n7; slave wars and, 185–86; Spartans
and, 66–67, 75; Long Walls and, 59; naval
and, 95, 104; urban fighting and, 150, 154
power and, 51–52; Pericles on, 111; preemp-
Phaleron, 65
tion and, 100, 102–3; slavery and, 188;
Pharnabazus, 69–70
tactics learned from, 98; urban fighting
Pharsalus, 206, 221
and, 138–42
Phaselis, 41
penestai (communal slaves), 187–88
Pheidias, 94
Pentekontaetia, 61–62
Phillip II of Macedon, 76, 93, 100, 119, 127, 141,
Pergamum, 134, 189
148, 155
Pericles, 4–5, 9; Callias and, 42; Cimon and,
philosophers, 15, 17, 50, 128, 168 , 191–92
42–43, 46; defense strategies and, 31, 36, 38,
Philotas affair, 121–22
40–55; democracy and, 94; empire building
Philoxenus, 126
and, 40–55; fortifications and, 58–59, 66, 75,
Phocylides, 36
85n34; freedom and, 49; Funeral Oration
Phoenicia, 126, 132
of 431 and, 49; Hippodamus and, 64; Long
Phrada, 121
Walls and, 65; naval power and, 51–53, 65;
Phrasaortes, 125
path-breaking approach of, 31; peace plans
Phrygia, 119, 125
of, 42–45; policies of, 31, 36, 38, 40–55; pre-
pikes, 150
emption and, 94, 111, 117n27; slavery and,
Piraeus, 38; fortification building and, 63–65,
49; Spartans and, 42–45, 48; Thucydides
67, 70, 77, 83n28; maintenance of, 73;
and, 45–47, 51, 55; tribute and, 45; tyranny
Spartan blockade of, 65, 67; Sphrodias’s
and, 46
raid on, 72; urban fighting and, 139, 143,
Perinthos, 148
147, 151, 153
Persepolis, 120–22, 134–35
pirates, 33, 190, 198–200, 209
Persia, 37; Ahura Mazda and, 17–18; Alexander
Pisistratus, 21–22
and, 6, 9, 118–37; Athenian Empire and,
pitched battle, 27; fortifications and, 92n73;
4–5, 41–42, 73; battle of Gaugamela and,
Julius Caesar and, 206; slave wars and, 196,
119–20, 124–25; battle of Marathon and,
199; Spartans and, 95–97, 139; urban fight-
24–26; battle of Thermopylae and, 27–28;
ing and, 152–54
Index 259
Plataea: fortifications and, 60�
��61; Greek em-
polygamy, 131
pire building and, 27–28, 48; preemption
Pompey: achievements of, 210; counter-
and, 96, 103; street layouts and, 146; urban
insurgency and, 171, 174; Crassus and,
fighting and, 138–41, 144, 146, 153, 155
210–12; death of, 221; Greece and, 220–21;
Plato, 148, 151, 190
Julius Caesar and, 208, 210, 217–24; private
Plutarch, 45, 81n16, 83n28, 84n30, 99, 128, 130
armies and, 217; proconsular power of,
Poitiers, battle of, 3
210; provincial commands of, 210; as
Poliorkêtika (Aeneas the Tactician), 75, 154–55
Rome’s greatest general, 224; Senate and,
polis. See city-states
210; slave wars and, 198, 200; Spain and,
politics: Athenian Empire and, 4–5; bipolar
210, 221; Sulla and, 210; wealth of, 210; as
state system and, 63, 69, 86n43; democracy
“the young butcher,” 210
and, 5–6, 21–23, 34, 207 ( see also democ-
Pontus, 189, 209
racy); destruction of Long Walls and,
Popular Assembly, 211, 223
67–68; divine sanction and, 18–19; elitism
Porus, 122
and, 15–16; empire building and, 34–55 ( see
preemption, 5–6, 9; aftermath of strategy of,
also empire building); Epaminondas and,
105–7; aggressive vs. defensive, 100–103;
6, 94; espionage and, 17, 28; fortifications
Alcibiades on, 100; defining, 115n15;
and, 58–59; frontier defense and, 227–42;
democracy and, 110; Epaminondas and,
geopolitics and, 23; Great Panathenaic
97–100, 103–12; Iraq War and, 101–2, 109–12;
Festival and, 41; Greek city-states and,
Israel and, 101–2; lessons learned from,
4–6, 20, 36, 70, 76, 79n1, 94–97, 100, 103–7,
107–10; paradox of, 110; Pearl Harbor and,
112, 114n9, 143, 186; hegemony and, 6, 32,
101; Peloponnesian Wars and, 100, 102–3;
42, 70, 74, 86nn43,45, 93–94, 97, 106, 108,
preventative strategies and, 100–114; re-
117nn28,29,30, 119, 139; Herod the Great
source use and, 108–10; Six-Day War and,
and, 173, 175–76; idealism and, 6, 93, 134;
101–2; Spartans and, 102; Thucydides and,
interstate system and, 59, 63, 69, 71–73, 77,
102–3; United States and, 102, 110–12
86n43, 87n50, 88n58; Ionian, 16–17; Julius
priests, 15–17, 59, 168, 175
Caesar and, 206–17, 220; King’s Peace and,
primus inter pares, 12
70–73, 86n43, 88n56, 89nn59,63; legitimiza-
princeps Graecia (first man of Greece), 93
tion and, 18; Melian Dialogue and, 36;
private armies, 217–20
multipolar state system and, 69, 73, 86n43;
proskynesis (prostration custom), 122, 128–29
oligarchs and, 6, 38–40, 50, 66–68, 83n28,
Makers of Ancient Strategy: From the Persian Wars to the Fall of Rome Page 41