254. WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80.
255. WSC 3, 53–55.
256. WSC 3, 53–55.
257. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 294.
258. Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs by Albert Speer (Macmillan, 1970), 174–75.
259. WM/Kay Halle, 8/6/80.
260. Time, 6/12/44.
261. Colville, Fringes, 385–86; Cv/3, 767; WSCHCS, 6399.
262. Colville, Fringes, 385–86.
263. Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 596.
264. Keegan, Second World War, 166–69.
265. C&R-TCC, 1:191, 192; Colville, Fringes, 389.
266. Colville, Fringes, 389.
267. Colville, Fringes, 389.
268. WSC 3, 305.
269. Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 328.
270. Chesneau, Conway’s; WSC 3, 305–20.
271. C&R-TCC, 1:192; Colville, Fringes, 374.
272. Colville, Fringes, 390; Ismay, Memoirs, 219; ChP 4/219.
273. WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.
274. WCS 6, 1094.
275. Colville, Fringes, 391; WSC 3, 299.
276. Colville, Fringes, 391.
277. Colville, Fringes, 391.
278. Colville, Footprints, 188–89.
279. WSC 3, 316–17.
280. WSC 3, 317–20; Colville, Fringes, 403.
281. Time, 6/16/41;WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.
282. WSC 3, 317–20.
283. Cv/3, 761; Time, 6/16/41, 30; WSC 3, 304.
284. WSCHCS, 6412–15; Hansard 6/10/41.
285. WSCHCS, 6415; Hansard 6/10/41.
286. Colville, Fringes, 383, 393.
287. Colville, Fringes, 396.
288. Colville, Fringes, 396; C&R-TCC, 1:191.
289. Colville, Fringes, 382, 402; GILBERT 6, 846.
290. GILBERT 6, 1074 n1.
291. ChP 20/36.
292. Robert W. Creamer, Baseball and Other Matters in 1941 (Lincoln, NE, 1991), 169–70.
293. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, 5/27/41.
294. WSCHCS, 6490.
295. Cv/3, 731 (to Wavell).
296. Cv/3, 1132 (letter to Randolph); Colville, Fringes, 432.
297. WSC 3, 368.
298. WSC 3, 342.
299. Cv/3, 807, 830; Time, 3/31/41.
300. Cv/2, 1246; Colville, Fringes, 403–4.
301. Colville, Fringes, 403; Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 556.
302. Colville, Fringes, 403.
303. Eden, The Reckoning, 312; Colville, Fringes, 403.
304. Keegan, Second World War, 181.
305. Keegan, Second World War, 181; Shirer, Rise and Fall, 849.
306. Keegan, Second World War, 180–81.
307. Keegan, Second World War, 178–79; WSC 3, 353.
308. Colville, Fringes, 403–4; TWY, 174.
309. TWY, 174.
310. Colville, Fringes, 402–3.
311. Colville, Fringes, 405.
312. Colville, Fringes, 405.
313. WSCHCS, 6427.
314. WSCHCS, 6427; C&R-TCC, 2:22 (Balkan proverb).
315. TWY, 174.
316. PFR/Sir John Keegan, 6/04.
317. J. Erikson, The Soviet High Command (London, 1962); William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York, 2003), 162.
318. ChP 65/19; Cv/3, 1107; C&R-TCC, 1:253.
319. Cv/3, 842.
320. Cv/ 3, 870–71.
321. C&R-TCC, 1:224.
322. Young, Churchill and Beaverbrook, 200; WSC 2, 577; Richard Langworth, ed., Churchill by Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations (London, 2008), 324.
323. Cv/3, 956; Cv/3, 1161.
324. WSC 3, 462–63; Cv/3, 1171–72.
325. ChP 20/44.
326. Cv/3, 1171 (to Cripps); Cv/3, 964–65 (to Stalin).
327. Cv/3, 841 (to Chiefs).
328. Cv/3, 991; Cv/3, 1236.
329. GILBERT 6, 1050–51.
330. James C. Humes, The Wit and Wisdom of Winston Churchill (New York, 1995), 151; Colville, Fringes, 309; Anthony Montague Browne, Long Sunset (London, 1996), 76.
331. Time, 6/9/41.
332. Colville, Fringes, 194; Colville, Churchillians, 144.
333. Colville, Fringes, 416–17.
334. Colville, Fringes, 419; Cv/3, 978.
335. Brooklyn Eagle, 8/6/41.
336. Cv/3, 1031; Colville, Fringes, 424; WM/Sir Ian Jacob, 11/12/80.
337. WSC 3, 429.
338. WSC 3, 425–27; Brooklyn Eagle, 8/6/41; GILBERT 6, 1155–56.
339. WSC 3, 445–46.
340. Cv/3, 111 (draft of threat to Japan).
341. Dilks, Diaries, 396–97; Brooklyn Eagle, 8/6/41; Time, 5/31/41.
342. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 230.
343. Wheeler-Bennett, Action This Day, 207.
344. WSC 3, 434.
345. WSC 3, 432.
346. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 234, 236, 239; ChP 4/225; Dilks, Diaries, 398.
347. WSC 3, 443–44.
348. WSC 4, 890; Cv/3, 1059.
349. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 271; Dilks, Diaries, 277, 280, 401.
350. CAB 65/19; Cv/3, 1079, 1084.
351. Dilks, Diaries, 402; Cv/3, 1068; Cv/3, 1079.
352. Colville, Fringes, 428; Cv/3, 1111; Cv/3, 1079–81; Keegan, Second World War, 538–39.
353. Colville, Fringes, 428; James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, 1940–1945 (New York, 1970), 118, 134.
354. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 854.
355. NYT, 9/2/41; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 369.
356. T. R. Fehrenbach, FDR’s Undeclared War 1939–1941 (New York, 1967).
357. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, Fireside Chat, 9/11/41.
358. Klingaman, 1941, 370.
359. War Cabinet No. 112 of 1941; C&R-TCC, 1:265.
360. War Cabinet No. 112 of 1941.
361. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, 9/11/41.
362. C&R-TCC, 1:198.
363. C&R-TCC, 1:265.
364. Wheeler-Bennett, Action This Day, 202.
365. Gordon Prange, At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor (London, 1983), 37–39, 320; Liddell Hart, History, 227.
366. Cv/3, 236; Time, 1/19/42, 9.
367. WSC 3 (memo to Ismay), 177.
368. Colville, Footprints, 150; Cv/3, 44; Premier (Prime Minister) Papers, Public Record Office, Kew, 3/156/6.
369. Klingaman, 1941, 346.
370. WSC 3, 580–81.
371. C&R-TCC, 1:108; ChP 20/13 (Ismay Minute, 7/25/40); Colville, Fringes, 335; Cv/3, 575.
372. C&R-TCC, 1:257; WSC 3, 603.
373. Cv/3, 1094.
374. Cv/3, 1555.
375. Chicago Tribune, 10/27/41.
376. Cv/3, 1111.
377. C&R-TCC, 1:276.
378. Cv/3, 1530–31.
379. ChP 2/416.
380. Eden, The Reckoning, 325.
381. Boatner, Biographical Dictionary 63 (Brooke); Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 89–90.
382. Colville, Fringes, 446.
383. Cv/3, 1534; Cv/3, 1530–36.
384. C&R-TCC, 1:266.
385. Cv/3, 1530.
386. Colville, Fringes, 414–15; Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 95.
387. WM/Lady Mary Soames, 10/27/80; Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (New York, 2003), 403; Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 160.
388. Soames, Clementine, 404.
389. Collier, War in the Desert, 83–86.
390. Cv/3, 1531 (Auchinleck greetings).
391. WSCHCS, 6519.
392. TWY, 190.
393. TWY, 205.
394. Cv/3, 1534–36.
395. Keegan, Second World War, 538.
396. Keegan, Second World War, 203, 206.
Vortex
1. Walter H. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill (New York, 1953), 3.
2. PFR/Winston
S. Churchill, 4/04 (Christmas at Chequers); WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80; Martin Gilbert, Churchill and the Jews (New York, 2007), 2; John Colville, The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries 1939–1955 (New York, 1985), 392.
3. PFR/Winston S. Churchill (Christmas at Chequers), 4/04.
4. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds., Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke: War Diaries 1939–1945 (Berkeley, 2003), 209.
5. Cv/3, 1553; Cv/3, 1235.
6. W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin: 1941–1946 (New York, 1975), 111.
7. Time, 5/11/42, 90; C&R-TCC, 1:279.
8. C&R-TCC, 1:280–81; Time, 1/19/42, 9.
9. Arthur Bryant, The Turn of the Tide: A History of the War Years Based on the Diaries of Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, 1939–1943 (New York, 1957), 233.
10. Cv/3, 1574.
11. WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.
12. Cv/3, 1576–77; WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80; WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.
13. Cv/3, 1576–77; WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80; WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80; WM/John Martin, 10/23/80.
14. WSC 3, 604; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 209.
15. Cv/3, 1579.
16. ChP 20/36; Bryant, Tide, 226; Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (London, 1954), 301.
17. William Manchester, American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880–1964 (Boston, 1978), 209–11; Samuel Eliot Morison, The Two-Ocean War (Boston, 1963), 82; Clay Blair Jr., Silent Victory (Annapolis, MD, 1975), 134, 171.
18. NYT, 12/12/41; Manchester, American Caesar, 209–11; Morison, Two-Ocean War, 82.
19. Eisenhower, Crusade, 21; Leonard Mosley, Marshall: Hero for Our Times (New York, 1982), 189–91.
20. C&R-TCC, 1:283.
21. WSCHCS, 6525; TWY, 194.
22. WSC 3, 611; ChP 20/46; ChP 20/20.
23. Cv/3, 1586; Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, The Reckoning: The Memoirs of Anthony Eden (New York, 1965), 330–31.
24. Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (New York, 2003), 349–50 (Komodo); WM/Viscount Antony Head, 1980.
25. Winston S. Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, 4 vols. (New York, 1993), 3:212.
26. WM/Mark Bonham Carter, 10/20/80.
27. Cv/3, 1435; Cv/3, 1455; WM/Sir Ian Jacob, 11/12/80.
28. Cv/3, 1083; WM/Sir Ian Jacob, 11/12/80.
29. WM/G. M. Thompson, 1980; WSC 3, 854; WM/Sir Ian Jacob, 11/12/80.
30. Mark Mayo Boatner, The Biographical Dictionary of World War II (New York, 1999), 428; Stephen Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals (New York, 1978), 199; Hastings Lionel Ismay, The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay (London, 1960), 240.
31. WM/G. M. Thompson, 1980.
32. Cv/3, 1592; Cecil Brown, Suez to Singapore (New York, 1942), 298.
33. WSC 3, 619; David Reynolds, Britannia Overruled (London, 2000), 141.
34. Brown, Suez to Singapore, 311–23; Cv/3, 1474.
35. Brown, Suez to Singapore, 311–23; Cv/3, 1474.
36. Brown, Suez to Singapore, 328.
37. WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.
38. Cv/3, 1593; WSC 3, 620.
39. Mollie Panter-Downes, London War Notes, 1939–1945 (London, 1972), 198.
40. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 245–46.
41. Winston Churchill, My Early Life: 1874–1904 (New York, 1996), 19; WM/Lady Mary Soames, 10/27/80.
42. Churchill, Early Life, 19; WM/Lady Mary Soames, 10/27/80.
43. Hansard 12/11/41; TWY, 196–97.
44. WSC 3, 616; CAB 69/4 (Cv/3, 1651); Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis, 5 vols. (New York, 1923–31), 1:212 (“gigantic castles of steel”).
45. The Editors of the Viking Press, The Churchill Years 1874–1965, with Foreword by Lord Butler of Saffron Walden (London, 1965), 21; WM/R. A. B. Butler, 12/5/80.
46. Cv/3, 1627.
47. Time, 1/5/42, 13–14; Time, 3/2/42, 57.
48. NYT, 12/12/42.
49. WSCHCS, 6530; TWY, 196–97.
50. Colville, Fringes, 404; WSCHCC, 6531.
51. C&R-TCC, 1:286.
52. Cv/3, 1612; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 209.
53. GILBERT 7, 6–7; PFR/Lady Mary Soames, 6/07.
54. W&C-TPL, 459–61.
55. WM/G. M. Thompson, 1980.
56. NYT, 12/12/41.
57. Richard Collier, The War in the Desert (New York, 1980), 84–85.
58. Cv/3, 1657; David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938–1945 (New York, 1972), 439.
59. PFR/Winston S. Churchill, 5/04; Soames, Clementine, 499.
60. WSC 3, 696; PFR/Winston S. Churchill, 4/04.
61. James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, 1940–1945 (New York, 1970), 551.
62. WSC 6, 400–401; C&R-TCC, 3:68–69; WSCHCS, 7117.
63. John Gunther, Inside Europe (New York, 1938), 464–65; WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 283.
64. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 77, 220.
65. Elisabeth Barker, Churchill and Eden at War (New York, 1978), 233–35; ChP 20/50.
66. Cv/3, 1644.
67. Louis P. Lochner, The Goebbels Diaries 1942–1943 (New York, 1948), 136; Charles Burdick and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, eds., The Halder War Diary, 1939–1942 (New York, 1988); Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 200–201.
68. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 191.
69. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 246; WSC 3, 682.
70. Cv/3, 1344–45.
71. John Keegan, ed., Churchill’s Generals (New York, 1991), 86; Cv/3, 1341; WSC 4, 24.
72. CAB 69/2; ChP 20/20.
73. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 216; Bryant, Tide, 15.
74. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (New York, 1948), 22.
75. Bryant, Tide, 16 (“salt water” general).
76. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 281; Bryant, Tide, 234.
77. Edward Jablonski, Airwar: Tragic Victories (Garden City, NY, 1971), “American Renegades,” 26–42.
78. WSC 3, 674; Bryant, Tide, 231.
79. WSCHCS, 6535; Written Archives Center, U.S. National Park Service.
80. William K. Klingaman, 1941: Our Lives in a World on the Edge (New York, 1989), 449.
81. WSC 3, 666.
82. ChP 20/50; Time, 1/5/42, 22–23; Time, 8/3/42, 15.
83. Time, 1/5/42, 16; Moran, Diaries, 11; WSCHCS, 6536.
84. WSCHCS, 6537–39.
85. NYT, 12/27/41; ChP 20/49; Bryant, Tide, 229; GILBERT 7, 28–29.
86. WSC 3, 691; Lord Moran, Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran (Boston, 1966), 17–18.
87. Moran, Diaries, 20.
88. WSC 3, 679; Martin Gilbert, In Search of Churchill: A Historian’s Journey (New York, 1994), 295–96.
89. Thompson, Bodyguard, 257; WSC 3, 680–81.
90. PFR/Brig. General Albin Irzyk (U.S. Army ret.), 12/11.
91. TWY, 199; WSC 3, 681.
92. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 217; Klingaman, 1941, 450–51.
93. Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 324; WSC 3, 682–83.
94. Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 324; WSC 3, 682–83; GILBERT 7, 35; WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80. This was her secondhand recollection of what Churchill said to Roosevelt when the president encountered WSC naked. Afterward Churchill disputed the recollection of his bodyguard, Inspector Walter Thompson (Assignment: Churchill, 248), and his secretary, Patrick Kinna, who both claimed Churchill said to the president, “You see Mr. President, I have nothing to conceal [or “hide”] from you.” (GILBERT 7, 28). Churchill later told Robert E. Sherwood (Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History [New York, 1948], 442–43) that he in fact had secrets to keep from the Americans, and did so.
95. NYT, 12/12/41.
96. Mencken, American Language, 785–86.
97. Atlantic Monthly, 3/65, 79.
98. Tom Hickman, Churchill’s Bodyguard (London, 2005), 261; WSC 3, 691, 706; Celia Sandys, Chasing Churchill (New York, 2005), 148; WM/
John Martin, 10/23/80.
99. Time, 5/25/42, 22–23; The Adamic Louis Papers, Slovene American Collection, Immigration History Research Center, University of Minnesota; WM/Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 10/15/80.
100. GILBERT 6, 1215 (lisp); Time, 9/2/46; Time, 11/4/46.
101. WM/Cecily (“Chips”) Gemmell, 7/10/80; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.
102. WM/Cecily (“Chips”) Gemmell, 7/10/80; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80; WM/Sir David Hunt, 1980.
103. Barbara Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China (New York, 1971), 296, 308–9.
104. Tuchman, Stilwell, 625; WSC 3, 705; WSC 4, 123.
105. WSC 3, 689–90; Time, 5/5/43.
106. WSC 2, 115; Morison, Two-Ocean War, 138.
107. WSC 3, 710–11.
108. WSC 3, 708.
109. GILBERT 7, 53–54; Eden, The Reckoning, 369.
110. ChP 20/23; WSC 4, 8.
111. Moran, Diaries, 28; WSC 4, 60–61.
112. Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries (Boston, 1970), 150.
113. David Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service (London, 2000), 280.
114. Time, 3/2/42, 27 (“Christ and Carrots” Cripps); Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 137.
115. Kenneth Young, Churchill and Beaverbrook (London, 1966), 230, 232; WSC 4, 75; Cv/3, 1373–74; Gardner, Churchill in Power, 183.
116. WSC 4, 61; Gardner, Churchill in Power, 157.
117. Gardner, Churchill in Power, 147.
118. John Colville, The Churchillians (London, 1981), 69; John Wheeler-Bennett, Action This Day: Working with Churchill (London, 1968), 79; Charles Eade, ed., Churchill by His Contemporaries (New York, 1954), 298; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.
119. Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries (Boston, 1970), 152; Moran, Diaries, 80; WSCHCS, 7269.
120. Jan Morris, The Matter of Wales (New York, 1984), 404, 405; Gardner, Churchill in Power, 152; Moran, Diaries, 649.
121. WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80; WSC 4, 61; Gardner, Churchill in Power, 157; TWY, 207, 208, 209; Colville, Fringes, 737.
122. WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80; WSC 4, 61; Gardner, Churchill in Power, 157; TWY, 207, 208, 209.
123. Gardner, Churchill in Power, 158.
124. TWY, 209.
125. Time, 10/24/1941.
126. WSC 3, 576–77.
127. WSC 3, 576–77; W&C-TPL, 558; Time, 5/3/43, 40.
128. Collier, War in the Desert, 89; WSC 4, 21; TWY, 209.
129. Time, 3/2/42, 20.
130. Basil Collier, The Second World War: A Military History from Munich to Hiroshima (New York, 1967), 268; Time, 3/2/42, 20.
131. Brown, Suez to Singapore, 370, 392.
132. WSC 4, 50–51; Collier, Second World War, 273.
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