The Drugs That Changed Our Minds

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The Drugs That Changed Our Minds Page 40

by Lauren Slater


  Of the 65 per cent who are helped: Personal interview with John Halpern, 19 August 2016.

  Between 10 and 20 per cent of patients never improve: Ibid.

  Surgeons choose the brain targets: Personal interview with Ben Greenberg, 13 March 2005.

  ‘We chose the anterior limb’: Personal interview with Don Malone, 14 March 2005.

  Greenberg and colleagues see a minimum of 25 per cent: David Orenstein, ‘Deep Brain Stimulation Helps Severe OCD, but Pioneer Advises Caution, Compassion’, AAAS presentation, News from Brown, Brown University, 16 February 2011, Web.

  ‘In the real world, the group of patients’: Ibid.

  Activity in Area 25 decreased: Helen Mayberg et al., ‘Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression’, Neuron 45, no. 5 (March 2005): 651–60.

  ‘Acute effects’ felt by Mayberg’s patients: Ibid.

  Results of follow-up studies: Ibid.

  Mayberg’s study in Area 25: Sylvia Wrobel, ‘Flipping the Switch’, Emory Medicine, Spring 2015.

  Deep brain stimulation in Dutch patient: Carl Erik Fisher, ‘Psychiatrists Embrace Deep-Brain Stimulation’, Scientific American Mind, 2 January 2014.

  More than five hundred people around the world: Personal interview with Helen Mayberg, 21 May 2017.

  ‘There are people falling off the boat’: Danielle Egan, ‘Adverse Effects: The Perils of Deep Brain Stimulation for Depression’, Mad in America: Science, Psychiatry and Social Justice, 24 September 2015, Web.

  Americans spend billions of dollars a year: Paul E. Holtzheimer III, M.D., and Helen S. Mayberg, M.D., ‘Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression’, American Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 12 (December 2010): 1437–44.

  Sales reps sell medication: Patti Neighmond, ‘That Prescription Might Not Have Been Tested for Your Ailment’, NPR Morning Edition: Your Health, 12 May 2014, Web.

  Freeman’s assembly-line lobotomies: Elliot Valenstein, Great and Desperate Cures: The Rise and Decline of Psychosurgery and Other Radical Treatments for Mental Illness (New York: Basic Books, 1986), 268.

  ‘Psychosurgery cured me’: H. A. Dannecker, ‘Psychosurgery Cured Me’, Coronet, October 1942, quoted in Mary De Young, Madness: An American History of Mental Illness and Its Treatment (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1949), 225–26.

  Psychosurgery patients lost what Moniz called their ‘vital spark’: Jenell Johnson, ‘A Dark History: Memories of Lobotomy in the New Era of Psychosurgery’, Medicine Studies 1, no. 4 (2009): 367–78.

  ‘We don’t want to repeat the mistakes of the past’: Personal interview with Ben Greenberg, 3 March 2005.

  ‘With DBS the thing has a certain immediacy to it’: Personal interview with Steven Rasmussen, 4 March 2005.

  ‘That’s one of the dangers’: Personal interview with Ben Greenberg, 3 March 2005.

  ‘We don’t want hypomania’: Personal interview with Don Malone, 4 March 2005.

  Cosgrove’s answer: ‘The doctor’: G. Rees Cosgrove, M.D., ‘Session 6: Neuroscience, Brain, and Behavior V: Deep Brain Stimulation’ [transcript], the President’s Council on Bioethics, 25 June 2004.

  ‘We don’t even know what the optimal stimulation parameters are’: Ibid.

  ‘It’s easy for any good neurosurgeon to do this now’: Ibid.

  Cosgrove described a patient: Slater, ‘Who Holds the Clicker’.

  Patient for the first implantable cardiac pacemaker: Denton A. Cooley, M.D., ‘In Memoriam: Tribute to Åke Senning, Pioneering Cardiovascular Surgeon’, Texas Heart Institute Journal 27, no. 3 (2000): 234–35.

  Epilogue

  Drugs that dampen dopamine: H. Steeds, R. L. Carhart-Harris and J. M. Stone, ‘Drug Models of Schizophrenia’, Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 5, no. 1 (2015): 43–58.

  No correlation between high dopamine: Robert Whitaker, Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric Drugs, and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America (New York: Crown, 2010), 75.

  Some depressed people have a lot of serotonin: Ibid., 71.

  Penfield’s various demonstrations of brain specificity: Rahul Kumar and Vikram K. Yeragani, ‘Penfield—A Great Explorer of Psyche-soma-neuroscience’, Indian Journal of Psychiatry 53, no. 3 (2011): 277. See also Wilder Penfield and Edwin Boldrey, ‘Somatic Motor and Sensory Representation in the Cerebral Cortex of Man as Studied by Electrical Stimulation’, Brain 60, no. 4 (1937): 389–443; Wilder Penfield and Lyle Gage, ‘Cerebral Localization of Epileptic Manifestations’, Archives of Neurological Psychiatry 30, no. 4 (1933): 709–27.

  Carlat questions why psychiatrists should go to medical school: Daniel Carlat, Unhinged: The Trouble with Psychiatry—A Doctor’s Revelations about a Profession in Crisis (New York: Free Press, 2010), 63.

  Proponents of the monoamine hypothesis: P. L. Delgado, ‘Depression: The Case for a Monoamine Deficiency’, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 61, supplement 6 (2000): 7–11.

  ‘the amount of good, solid science’: Theodore Millon, quoted in Alix Spiegel, ‘The Dictionary of Disorder’, The New Yorker, 3 January 2005.

  Rosenhan’s experiment: David L. Rosenhan, ‘On Being Sane in Insane Places’, Science 179 (1973): 250–58.

  ‘If melancholia wasn’t the Holy Grail’: Gary Greenberg, ‘Does Psychiatry Need Science?’, The New Yorker, 23 April 2013.

  DSM-V rejects the use of the DST: Ibid.

  ‘the main obstacle was exactly what you would think was melancholia’s strength’: Ibid.

  No novel drugs have come through the pipeline: Richard A. Friedman, ‘A Dry Pipeline for Psychiatric Drugs’, New York Times, 19 August 2013.

  That medicine turned out, despite the huge hype: Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury, Discovering Psychology (New York: Macmillan, 2010), 612.

  Many autistic patients have experienced: Alicia Danforth et al., ‘MDMA-Assisted Therapy: A New Treatment Model for Social Anxiety in Autistic Adults’, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 64 (4 January 2016): 237–49.

  Danforth would also like to see MDMA utilised: Alicia Danforth, ‘Findings from a Collective Case Study on the MDMA/Ecstasy Experiences of Adults on the Autism Spectrum’, [transcript] lecture at Psychedelic Science 2013, April 2013.

  Some theorise that the drug is neurotrophic: J. C. Ibla, H. Hayashi, D. Bajic and S. G. Soriano, ‘Prolonged Exposure to Ketamine Increases Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Developing Rat Brains’, Current Drug Safety 4, no. 1 (2009): 11–16.

  One study shows that: Nancy DiazGranados, M.D., M.S., et al., ‘Rapid Resolution of Suicidal Ideation after a Single Infusion of an NMDA Antagonist in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder’, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 71, no. 12 (2010): 1605–11.

  300 million people worldwide suffer from depression: World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/; Rachel Martin, ‘Working through Depression: Many Stay on the Job, Despite Mental Illness’, NPR Mental Health, 2015, Web.

  Ayahuasca and psilocybin both have proven to be very effective: Gerald Thomas et al., ‘Ayahuasca-Assisted Therapy for Addiction: Results from a Preliminary Observational Study in Canada’, Current Drug Abuse Reviews 6, no. 1 (2013): 30–42. See also Lauren Nelson, ‘Hallucinogen in “Magic Mushrooms” Helps Longtime Smokers Quit in Hopkins Trial’, John Hopkins University, The Hub, 11 September 2014, Web.

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