by Andrea Wulf
11 ivy for AH’s portrait: Haeckel to his parents, 23 May 1853, ibid., p.54.
12 ‘most ardent desire’: Haeckel to his parents, 4 May 1853, ibid., p.49.
13 Haeckel and Müller: Haeckel 1924, p.xi; Richards 2009, p.39; Di Gregorio 2004, p.44.
14 Haeckel, Heligoland and medusae: Richards 2009, p.40; Haeckel 1924, p.xii.
15 ‘obsessed’: Haeckel to his parents, 1 June 1853, Haeckel 1921a, p.59.
16 ‘preciously sumptuous editions’: Haeckel to his parents, 17 February 1854, ibid., pp.100.
17 atlas to Cosmos: this was Heinrich Berghaus’s Physikalischer Atlas; Haeckel to his parents, 25 December 1852, ibid., p.26.
18 memorize through images: Haeckel to his parents, 25 December 1852, ibid., p.27.
19 excursion to Tegel: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 2 September 1858, Haeckel 1927, pp.62–3.
20 ‘man of reason’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 23 May 1858, ibid., p.12.
21 ‘day and night’: Haeckel to his parents, 17 February 1854, Haeckel 1921a, pp.101.
22 ‘Robinsonian project’: Ibid., p.102.
23 ‘far, far into the’: Haeckel to his parents, 11 June 1856, ibid., p.194.
24 Haeckel’s practice in Berlin: ‘Bericht über die Feier des sechzigsten Geburtstages von Ernst Haeckel am 17. Februar 1894 in Jena’, 1894, p.15; Haeckel 1924, p.xv.
25 ‘truly German forest’: Haeckel to a friend, 14 September 1858; see also Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 26 September 1858, Haeckel 1927, pp.67, 72–3 and Haeckel 1924, p.xv.
26 ‘completely unspoiled and pure’: Haeckel to a friend, 14 September 1858, Haeckel 1927, p.67.
27 engagement announcement: 14 September 1858, Richards 2009, p.51.
28 ‘insurmountable revulsion’: Haeckel to his parents, 1 November 1852, Haeckel 1921a, p.6.
29 Haeckel about Naples: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 9 April, 24 April, 6 June 1859, Haeckel 1921b, pp.30–31, 37ff., 67.
30 two souls in his chest: Ernst Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 29 May 1859, ibid., p.63ff.
31 Haeckel and Allmers on Ischia: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 25 June and 1 August 1859, ibid., pp.69, 79–80.
32 ‘interconnected whole’: Haeckel to friends, August 1859, Uschmann 1983, p.46.
33 ‘microscoping worm’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 7 August 1859, Haeckel 1921b, p.86.
34 ‘Outside! Outside!’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 16 August 1859, ibid., p.86.
35 ‘ossified scholar’: Ibid.
36 ‘half wild life’: Ibid.
37 ‘delightful glory’: Ibid.
38 ‘faithful paintbrush’: Ibid.
39 ‘Humboldt’s favourite interests’: Haeckel to his parents, 21 October 1859, ibid., pp.117–18.
40 ‘can’t have you travelling’: Carl Gottlob Haeckel to Ernst Haeckel, late 1859, di Gregori 2004, p.58; see also Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 26 November 1859, Haeckel 1921b, p.134.
41 ‘tame’ professor: Haeckel to his parents, 21 October 1859, Haeckel 1921b, p.118.
42 ‘delicate works of art’: Haeckel to his parents, 29 October 1859, ibid., pp.122–3.
43 ‘most exquisite brilliance’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 29 February 1860, ibid., p.160.
44 daily life Messina: Haeckel to his parents, 29 October 1859; Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 16 December 1859, ibid., pp.124, 138.
45 thanks sea gods: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 16 February 1860, ibid., p.155
46 ‘made for me’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 29 February 1860, ibid., p.160.
47 ‘poetic and delightful’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 29 February 1860, ibid.
48 one hundred new species: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 10 and 24 March 1860, ibid., pp.165–6.
49 microscope and drawing simultaneously: Haeckel to his parents, 21 December 1852, Haeckel 1921a, p.26.
50 ‘penetrated deeper into’: Haeckel 1899–1904, preface.
51 ‘create a new “style”!!’: Haeckel to Allmers, 14 May 1860, Koop 1941, p.45.
52 ‘crochet pattern’ (footnote): Allmers to Haeckel, 7 January 1862, ibid., p.79.
53 associate professor: Haeckel was made Professor extraordinarius in 1862 – comparable to an associate professor – and then Professor ordinarius in 1865, a full professorship; Richards 2009, pp.91, 115–16.
54 ‘life-giving sunlight’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 15 June 1860, Haeckel 1927, p.100.
55 ‘a completely crazy book’: Haeckel to Wilhelm Bölsche, 4 November 1899, Haeckel Bölsche Letters 2002, p.110; see also Di Gregorio 2004, pp.77–80.
56 ‘open a new world’: Haeckel to Darwin, 9 July 1864, Darwin Correspondence, vol.12, p.482.
57 ‘to all problems, however’: Ibid.
58 controversy Origin of Species: Browne 2006, pp.84–117.
59 ‘pre–Darwinian sentiments’: Wilhelm Bölsche to Ernst Haeckel, 4 July 1913, Haeckel to Wilhelm Bölsche 18 October 1913, Haeckel Bölsche Letters 2002, pp.253–4.
60 Haeckel’s books on Darwin (footnote): Breidbach 2006, p.113; Richards 2009, p.2.
61 ‘her German Darwin-man’: Haeckel to Darwin, 10 August 1864, Darwin Correspondence, vol.12, p.485.
62 ‘life filled with happy’: Allmers to Haeckel, 25 August 1863, Koop 1941, p.93.
63 Haeckel and Anna’s death: Haeckel, ‘Aus einer Autobiographische Skizze vom Jahre 1874’, Haeckel 1927, pp.330–2; Haeckel 1924, p.xxiv.
64 ‘I am dead on the’: Haeckel to Allmers, 27 March 1864, Richards 2009, p.106.
65 ‘bitter grief’: Haeckel to Allmers, 20 November 1864, Richards 2009, p.115.
66 ‘I intend to dedicate’: Haeckel to Darwin, 9 July 1864, Darwin Correspondence, vol.12, p.483.
67 lived like a hermit: Haeckel to Darwin, 11 November 1865, ibid., vol.13, p.475.
68 ‘immune to praise’: Ibid.
69 Generelle Morphologie (footnote): Haeckel 1866, vol.1, pp.xix, xxii, 4.
70 ‘most magnificent eulogium’: Darwin to Haeckel, 18 August 1866, Darwin Correspondence, vol.14, p.294.
71 thick but ‘empty’ books: Haeckel 1866, vol.1, p.7; Richards 2009, p.164.
72 ‘Darwin’s bulldog’: Browne 2003b, p.105; for Huxley on Haeckel, see Richards 2009, p.165.
73 use ‘pitchforks’: Haeckel to Thomas Huxley, 12 May 1867, Uschmann 1983, p.103.
74 ‘long may my’: Haeckel to Darwin, 12 May 1867, Darwin Correspondence, vol.15, p.506.
75 coined Oecologie – ‘ecology’: Haeckel 1866, vol.1, p.8, footnote and vol.2, pp.235–6, 286ff.; see also Haeckel’s inaugural lecture at Jena, 12 January 1869, Haeckel 1879, p.17; Worster 1977, p.192.
76 ‘system of active forces’: Haeckel 1866, vol.1, p.11; see also vol.2, p.286; for AH see AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.272; AH Views 2014, p.147; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.337.
77 ‘science of the relationships’: Haeckel 1866, vol.2, p.287; see also vol.1, p.8, footnote and vol.2, pp.235–6; Haeckel’s inaugural lecture at Jena, 12 January 1869, Haeckel 1879, p.17.
78 ‘hand in hand’ (footnote): Haeckel to his parents, 7 February 1854, Haeckel 1921a, p.93.
79 ‘oldest and most favourite’: Haeckel to his parents, 27 November 1866, Uschmann 1983, p.90.
80 Haeckel visited Darwin: Haeckel to Darwin, 19 October 1866; Darwin to Haeckel, 20 October 1866, Darwin Correspondence, vol.14, pp.353, 358; Haeckel to friends, 24 October 1866, Haeckel 1923, p.29; Bölsche 1909, p.179.
81 ‘dead silence’: Henrietta Darwin to George Darwin, 21 October 1866, Richards 2009, p.174.
82 ‘unforgettable’ moment: Haeckel 1924, p.xix; see also Haeckel to friends, 24 October 1866, Haeckel 1923, p.29; Bölsche 1909, p.179.
83 ‘one unified whole’: Haeckel 1901, p.56.
84 Haeckel’s three assistants: Richard Greeff, Hermann Fol and Nikolai Miklucho; Richards 2009, p.176.
85 ‘highly satisfying’: Haeckel to his parents, 27 November 1866, Haeckel 1923, p.42ff.
86 ‘a great animal soup’: Haeckel 1867, p.319.
87 quiet mourning after Lanzarote: Haeckel, ‘Aus einer autobiographische Skizze vom Ja
hre 1874’, Haeckel 1827, p.330; Haeckel 1924, p.xxiv.
88 ‘On this sad day’: Haeckel to Frieda von Uslar-Gleichen, 14 February 1899, Richards 2009, p.107.
89 Haeckel’s travels: Di Gregorio 2004, p.438; Richards 2009, p.346.
90 ‘rejuvenated’: Haeckel to Wilhelm Bölsche, 14 May 1900, Haeckel Bölsche Letters 2002, p.124.
91 ‘struggle of survival’: Haeckel 1901, p.76.
92 ‘friends and enemies’: Ibid., p.75.
93 Kosmos magazine: Kosmos. Zeitschrift für einheitliche Weltanschauung auf Grund der Entwicklungslehre, in Verbindung mit Charles Darwin / Ernst Haeckel, Leipzig, 1877–86; Di Gregorio 2004, pp.395–8; see also Haeckel to Darwin, 30 December 1876, CUL DAR 166:69.
94 art to illustrate evolution: Breidbach 2006, pp.20ff., 51, 57, 101ff., 133; Richards 2009, p.75.
95 Haeckel inspiration for Art Nouveau: Breidbach 2006, pp.25ff., 229; Kockerbeck 1986, p.114; Richards 2009, p.406ff.; Di Gregorio 2004, p.518.
96 Haeckel followed AH’s ideas: Haeckel to Wilhelm Bölsche, 14 May 1900, Haeckel Bölsche Letters 2002, pp.123–4.
97 ‘hidden treasures’: Haeckel 1899–1904, preface and Supplement Issue, p.51.
98 ‘beautiful motifs’: Ibid.
99 German economy and industrialisation: Watson 2010, pp.356–81.
100 ‘factories’ murky clouds’: Haeckel’s Wanderbilder, Kockerbeck 1986, p.116; see also Haeckel 1899, p.395.
101 ‘now learned from nature’: Peter Behrens, 1901, Festschrift zur Künstlerkolonie Darmstadt, Kockerbeck 1986, p.115.
102 nature into interiors and architecture: Kockerbeck 1986, p.59ff.
103 ‘marine harvest’: Émile Gallé, Le Décor Symbolique, 17 May 1900, Mémoires de l’Académie de Stanislaus, Nancy, 1899–1900, vol.7, p.35.
104 Gaudí and marine organisms: Clifford and Turner 2000, p.224.
105 Sullivan and nature: Weingarden 2000, pp.325, 331; Bergdoll 2007, p.23.
106 Tiffany and Haeckel: Krauße 1995, p.363; Breidbach and Eibl-Eibesfeld 1998, p.15; Cooney Frelinghuysen 2000, p.410.
107 Haeckel at Paris World Fair: Richards 2009, p.407ff.
108 Porte Monumentale and Haeckel: Proctor 2006, pp.407–8.
109 ‘everything about it’: René Binet to Haeckel, 21 March 1899, Breidbach and Eibl-Eibesfeld 1988, p.15.
110 ‘turn to the great’: René Binet in Esquisses Décoratives, Bergdoll 2007, p.25.
111 fragmented world reconciled: Kockerbeck 1986, p.59.
112 monism as ersatz religion: Ibid., p.10.
113 bestselling Welträthsel: Breidbach 2006, p.246; Richards 2009, p.2.
114 ‘temple of nature’: Haeckel 1899, p.389
115 ‘womb of our Mother’: Ibid., p.463
116 art to express unity of nature: Ibid., p.392ff.
117 ‘brilliant Kosmos’: Ibid., p.396
118 ‘scientific and aesthetic contemplation’: Ibid., p.396.
Chapter 23: Preservation and Nature
1 Muir travelled lightly: Worster 2008, p.120.
2 Muir’s appearance: Merrill Moores’s ‘Recollections of John Muir as a Young Man’, ibid., pp.109–10.
3 ‘How intensely I desire’: Muir to Jeanne Carr, 13 September 1865, JM online.
4 ‘snow-capped Andes’: Muir to Daniel Muir, 7 January 1868, ibid.
5 ‘John Muir, Earth-planet’: Muir Journal 1867–8, ibid., endpapers; for route, p.2.
6 ‘I was fond of’: Muir 1913, p.3..
7 ‘by heart’: Ibid., p.27.
8 explorer stories: Ibid.,p.207.
9 religious freedom: Gisel 2008, p.3; Worster 2008, p.37ff.
10 Muir’s wanderlust: Gifford 1996, p.87.
11 ‘scientific curriculum’: Worster 2008, p.73.
12 Muir and Jeanne Carr: Holmes 1999, p.129ff.; Worster 2008, pp.79–80.
13 willingness to ‘murder’: Muir to Frances Pelton, 1861, Worster 2008, p.87.
14 ‘University of the’: Muir 1913, p.287.
15 knack for inventions: Worster 2008, p.94ff.
16 following AH’s footsteps: Muir to Jeanne Carr, 13 September 1865, JM online.
17 nicknamed ‘Botany’: Muir 1924, vol.1, p.124.
18 ‘flooded forests of’: Ibid., p.120.
19 ‘simple relationship’: Muir to Emily Pelton, 1 March 1864, Gisel 2008, p.44.
20 Muir from Canada to US: Holmes 1999, p.135ff.
21 ‘in the heart of’: Muir 1924, vol.1, p.153.
22 ‘a botanical journey’: Muir to Merrills and Moores, 4 March 1867, JM online.
23 Muir accident: Muir 1924, vol.1, p.154ff.; Muir to Sarah and David Galloway, 12 April 1867; Muir to Jeanne Carr, 6 April 1867; Muir to Merrills and Moores, 4 March 1867, JM online.
24 ‘in a glow with visions’: Muir to Merrills and Moores, 4 March 1867, JM online.
25 ‘tropical vegetation’: Muir’s ‘Memoirs’, Gifford 1996, p.87.
26 Muir began walk south: Muir Journal 1867–8, JM online, p.2.
27 Muir avoided towns: Ibid., pp.22, 24.
28 mountains Tennessee: Ibid., p.17.
29 ‘highways upon which’: Ibid., pp.32–3.
30 ‘fragment’ in nature: Muir 1916 p.164; Muir Journal 1867–8, JM online, pp.194–5.
31 ‘Why ought man to value’: Muir Journal 1867–8, JM online, p.154; see also Muir’s copy of AH Personal Narrative 1907, vol.2, pp.288, 371, MHT.
32 ‘the smallest transmicroscopic’: Muir Journal 1867–8, JM online, p.154; Muir inserted the word ‘cosmos’ in his published account, Muir 1916, p.139; also highlighted in Muir’s copy of AH Personal Narrative 1907, vol.2, p.371, MHT.
33 ‘glorious mountains’: Muir to David Gilrye Muir, 13 December 1867, JM online.
34 Muir to California: Holmes 1999, p.190; Worster 2008, pp.147–8.
35 ‘cruel speed’: Muir to Jeanne Carr, 26 July 1868, JM online.
36 ‘To any place’: Muir 1912, p.4; see also Muir ‘Memoir’, Gifford 1996, p.96.
37 ‘Eden from end to’: Muir to Jeanne Carr, 26 July 1868, JM online.
38 ‘ploughed and pastured’: Muir, ‘The Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West’, Atlantic Monthly, January 1898, p.17.
39 ‘sweet enough for’: Muir to Catherine Merrill et al., 19 July 1868, JM online; see also Muir to David Gilrye Muir, 14 July 1868; JM to Jeanne Carr, 26 July 1868, JM online; Muir ‘Memoir’, Gifford 1996, p.96ff.
40 ‘like the wall of’: Muir 1912, p.5.
41 ‘gush direct from’: Muir, ‘The Treasures of the Yosemite’, Century, vol.40, 1890.
42 rainbows in spray: Muir 1912, p.11.
43 ‘underworld of mosses’: Muir 1911, p.314.
44 AH counting flower cluster: Muir’s copy of AH Personal Narrative 1907, vol.2, p.306, MHT.
45 counting ‘165,913’ blooms: Muir to Catherine Merrill et al., 19 July 1868, JM online.
46 ‘glowing arch of’: Muir to Margaret Muir Reid, 13 January 1869, JM online.
47 ‘When we try to pick’: This important sentence goes through various drafts from journal to published account – from ‘when we try to pick out anything by itself we find that it is bound fast by a thousand invisible cords that cannot be broken to everything in the universe’; then ‘When we try to pick out anything by itself we find that it is bound by innumerable and incalculable cords to everything else in the universe’; and then the final version in Muir’s book: ‘When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe’. Muir 1911, p.211; Muir Journal ‘Sierra’, summer 1869 (1887), MHT; Muir Journal ‘Sierra’, summer 1869 (1910), MHT.
48 ‘a thousand invisible’: Muir Journal ‘Sierra’, summer 1869 (1887), MHT.
49 ‘to learn something of’: Muir 1911, pp.321– 2.
50 ‘unity of all the vital’ (footnote): Muir’s copy of AH Views 1896, pp.xi, 346 and AH Cosmos 1878, vol.2, p.438, MHT.
51 Muir in Yosemite: Between 1868 and 1874, Muir spent forty months in Yosemite, Gisel 2008,
p.93.
52 cabin in valley: Muir ‘Memoir’, Gifford 1996, p.112.
53 ‘screaming among the’: Muir to Jeanne Carr, 29 July 1870, JM online.
54 ‘the farther and higher’: Muir 1911, p.212.
55 Muir’s glacial theory: Muir, ‘Yosemite Glaciers’, New York Tribune, 5 December 1871; see also Muir, ‘Living Glaciers of California’, Overland Monthly, December 1872 and Gifford 1996, p.143ff.
56 stakes in glacier: Muir to Jeanne Carr, 8 October 1872; Muir to Catherine Merrill, 12 July 1872, JM online.
57 ‘I have nothing to send’: Muir to Jeanne Carr, 11 December 1871, ibid.
58 ‘trust me and talk’: Muir to J.B. McChesney, 8–9 June 1871, ibid.
59 ‘at the opening’: Muir to Joseph Le Conte, 27 April 1872, ibid.; Muir also highlighted the pages in Humboldt’s books that dealt with the distribution of plants. (Muir’s copy of AH Views 1896, p.317ff. and AH Personal Narrative 1907, vol.1, p.116ff., MHT.)
60 ‘unconditional’ surrender: Muir to Jeanne Carr, 16 March 1872, JM online.
61 Muir at Upper Yosemite Fall: Muir to Jeanne Carr, 3 April 1871, ibid.
62 ‘as surely as a mountain’: Robert Underwood Johnson about Muir, in Gifford 1996, p.874.
63 ‘A noble Earthquake’: Muir to Emerson, 26 March 1872, JM online.
64 ‘Destruction is always’: Ibid.
65 ‘most suntanned and’: Muir to Emily Pelton, 16 February 1872, JM online.
66 scientists arrived: Muir to Emily Pelton, 2 April 1872, JM online; Gisel 2008, pp.93, 105–6.
67 ‘for public use’: U.S., Statutes at Large, 15, in Nash 1982, p.106.
68 colourful ‘bugs’: Muir to Daniel Muir, 21 June 1870, JM online.
69 Muir and Emerson: Gifford 1996, pp.131–6; Jeanne Carr to Muir, 1 May 1871; Muir to Emerson, 8 May 1871; Muir to Emerson, 6 July 1871; Muir to Emerson, 26 March 1872, JM online.
70 ‘sad commentary’: Muir on Emerson, Gifford 1996, p.133.
71 ‘too befogged to’: Muir to Jeanne Carr, undated but this referred to Emerson’s letter to Muir of 5 February 1872, JM online.
72 ‘Solitude … is a sublime’: Emerson to Muir, 5 February 1872, ibid.
73 Muir and loneliness: Muir underlined Thoreau’s comments on loneliness in his copy of Walden. Muir’s copy of Thoreau’s Walden (1906), pp.146, 150, 152, MHT.