26. Edmund H. Cummins, “The Signal Corps in the Confederate States Army,” SHSP 16 (January–December 1888), 98–99; Krick, Staff Officers in Gray, 27; Bartholomees, Buff Facings and Gilt Buttons, 248–57; Pickens, in Voices from Company D, 180; “The Frederick Spy,” National Tribune (April 3, 1884); Sheldon, When the Smoke Cleared at Gettysburg, 51.
27. “Report of the Operations of the Cavalry Division, Army of Northern Virginia” (August 20, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):692.
28. Charles Marshall, An Aide-de-Camp of Lee, ed. Frederick Maurice (Boston: Little, Brown, 1927), 201; Robinson, Jeb Stuart and the Confederate Defeat at Gettysburg, 52, 53; Swallow, “From Fredericksburg to Gettysburg,” 355; Lee to Stuart (June 22, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):913.
29. Lee to Ewell (June 22, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):914–15.
30. Longstreet to Stuart (June 22, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):915.
31. Lee to Stuart (June 23, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):923; Marshall, An Aide-de-Camp to Lee, 211; Robinson, Jeb Stuart and the Confederate Defeat at Gettysburg, 56, 58, 60–61, 72, 84–85.
32. Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 111–12; Stuart, “Report of the Operations of the Cavalry Division, Army of Northern Virginia” (August 20, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):692; Henry B. McClellan, The Life and Campaigns of Major-General J. E. B. Stuart: Commander of the Cavalry of the Army of Northern Virginia (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1885), 317; Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” The Annals of the War Written by Leading Participants, North and South, ed. A. K. McClure (Philadelphia: Times Publishing, 1879), 435; Marshall, “Events Leading Up to the Battle of Gettysburg,” SHSP 23 (January–December 1895), 220–21; Mark Nesbitt, Saber and Scapegoat: J.E.B. Stuart and the Gettysburg Controversy (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1994), 66–68.
33. Eric J. Wittenberg and J. David Petruzzi, Plenty of Blame to Go Around: Jeb Stuart’s Controversial Ride to Gettysburg (El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2006), 19, 26–27; Thomas, Bold Dragoon, 241; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 115; Gary G. Lash, “Duty Well Done”: The History of Edward Baker’s California Regiment (Baltimore, MD: Butternut and Blue, 2001), 326; Stuart, “Report of the Operations of the Cavalry Division, Army of Northern Virginia” (August 20, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):692–94; David Powell, “Stuart’s Ride: Lee, Stuart, and the Confederate Cavalry in the Gettysburg Campaign,” Gettysburg Magazine 20 (January 1999), 32–33.
34. Jewell, “Theodore Garnett,” 50; Wittenberg and Petruzzi, Plenty of Blame, 32–37; John W. Stevens, Reminiscences of the Civil War (Hillsboro, TX: Hillsboro Mirror Print, 1902), 111; “A Bold Rebel Raid,” Chicago Tribune (June 28, 1863); George W. Beale, “A Soldier’s Account of the Gettysburg Campaign,” SHSP 11 (July 1883), 320–322; William Willis Blackford, War Years with Jeb Stuart (New York: Charles Scribners, 1945), 224.
35. Longstreet, “Lee’s Invasion of Pennsylvania,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:251; Heth, “Why Lee Lost at Gettysburg,” in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, ed. Peter Cozzens (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 5:367; James Power Smith, “General Lee at Gettysburg,” SHSP 33 (January–February 1905), 138–39; “Reports of General Robert E. Lee, C.S. Army” (July 31, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):307; Mosby, “Stuart in the Gettysburg Campaign,” SHSP 38 (January–December 1910), 192–93; Douglas Craig Haines, “Confederate Command Failure at the Blue Ridge,” Gettysburg Magazine 35 (July 2006), 19.
36. Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 204–5; Luther S. Trowbridge, “The Operations of the Cavalry in the Gettysburg Campaign” (October 6, 1886), in War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Michigan, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Detroit: Winn & Hammond, 1893), 1:4–6.
CHAPTER SEVEN A universal panic prevails
1. Lincoln, “Proclamation Calling for 100,000 Militia” (June 15, 1863), in Collected Works, 6:277–78; “Untimely Exultation,” Washington National Intelligencer (June 18, 1863); W. J. Tenney, The Military and Naval History of the Rebellion in the United States (New York: D. Appleton, 1866), 385; William A. Blair, “ ‘A Source of Amusement’: Pennsylvania Versus Lee, 1863,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 125 (July 1991), 321–22.
2. Willson, Disaster, Struggle, Triumph, 146–47; “Rally, Colored Men,” Pittsburg Daily Dispatch (July 3, 1863); “The Situation,” New York Herald (June 16, 1863); “The Invasion—Our Lancaster Correspondence,” New York Herald (June 30, 1863); “The Defense of Baltimore,” Washington National Intelligencer (June 23, 1863); John W. Stevens, Reminiscences of the Civil War, 119; Harper, “If Thee Must Fight,” 223–24; E. D. Morgan to Stanton (June 24, 1863) and Joel Parker to Lincoln (June 29, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):299, 409; Tenney, Military and Naval History of the Rebellion, 394; “Our Special Washington Dispatches,” New York Times (June 28, 1863); Kean, diary entry for June 21, 1863, in Inside the Confederate Government, 75–76; “Our Harrisburg Letter,” Philadelphia Inquirer (June 22, 1863); Earl J. Hess, Field Armies and Fortifications in the Civil War: The Eastern Campaigns, 1861–1864 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 219–21.
3. McClure, Old Time Notes of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1905), 1:467–68; Nicholas Wainwright, “The Loyal Opposition in Civil War Philadelphia,” PMHB 88 (July 1964), 297–98.
4. Life of David Bell Birney, Major-General, United States Volunteers (Philadelphia: King & Baird, 1867), 163–65; “The Invasion—Preparations for the Defence of Philadelphia,” Philadelphia Press (June 29, 1863); “Office of the Mayor of the City of Philadelphia,” Philadelphia Inquirer (June 29, 1863); “Response to the Proclamations of Gen. Dana and His Honor the Mayor,” Philadelphia Press (June 30, 1863); “The City—Preparations for the Defence of Philadelphia,” Philadelphia Press (July 1, 1863); “The Money Market,” Philadelphia Public Ledger & Transcript (June 13, 16, and 30, 1863).
5. Andrew Gregg Curtin: His Life and Services, ed. William H. Egle (Philadelphia: Anvil Printing, 1895), 29–35; A. K. McClure, The Life and Services of Andrew G. Curtin: An Address (Harrisburg, PA: State Printer, 1895), 17–18; Tenney, 386; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 60–61, 153–54, 157, 216; Curtin (June 16 and 26, 1863) and Darius Couch to Stanton (June 29, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):169, 347, 407; Frawley, “Marching Through Pennsylvania,” 29–30; “The Rebel Invasion—Our Harrisburg Correspondence,” New York Herald (June 18, 1863).
6. “The Rebel Raid,” Philadelphia Public Ledger & Transcript (June 24, 1863); Gottschalk, Notes of a Pianist (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1881), 200–203, 217–18; “The Panic at Harrisburg,” Washington National Intelligencer (June 18, 1863); Charles Carleton Coffin, The Boys of ’61; or, Four Years of Fighting: Personal Observation with the Army and Navy (Boston: Dana Estes & Co., 1901), 281; “The Rebel Invasion—Our Harrisburg Correspondence,” New York Herald (June 18, 1863).
7. “Major General Couch,” The Portrait Monthly of the New York Illustrated News 1 (July 1863), 16; Sears, “The Revolt of the Generals,” in Controversies and Commanders, 161–62; Bradley Gottfried, Roads to Gettysburg: Lee’s Invasion of the North, 1863 (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Books, 2001), 34.
8. Couch to Stanton (June 15, June 18, June 22, and June 29, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):129, 203, 264, 407; Crist, “Highwater 1863: The Confederate Approach to Gettysburg,” 173–74, 178; A. E. McGarity to wife (June 28, 1863), in “Letters of a Confederate Surgeon: Dr. Abner Embry McGarity, 1862–1865, Part II,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 29 (September 1945), 160.
9. Trowbridge, “The Field of Gettysburg,” Atlantic Monthly 16 (November 1865), 617; William Frassanito, Early Photography at Gettysburg (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 1995), 2; Robert L. Bloom, A History of Adams County, Pennsylvania, 1700–1900 (Gettysburg, Adams County Historical Society, 1992), 71, 73, 87, 102, 103, 107; H. C. Bradby et al., History of Cumberland and Adams Counties, Pennsylvania (Chicago: Warner, Beers & Co., 188
6), 3:191, 144, 147, 181; Sheldon, When the Smoke Cleared at Gettysburg, 25–27; Charles H. Gladfelter, “George Arnold (1799–1879) and a Town Immortalized,” Adams County History 12 (2006), 6–9, 17; Lizzie J. Beller, “Gettysburg—As the Historic Town Appeared Before and After the Battle,” National Tribune (March 17, 1892); David Culp, “Gettysburg’s Culp Family Experience: Freedom, Civil War, and the Battle of Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 25 (July 2001), 95, 99, 101, 103.
10. History of Cumberland and Adams Counties, 168; Trowbridge, “The Field of Gettysburg,” 617; Bloom, History of Adams County, 87, 186, 193; “Capt. M. A. Miller,” Confederate Veteran 13 (April 1905), 175; Gerald R. Bennett, Days of “Uncertainty and Dread”: The Ordeal Endured by the Citizens at Gettysburg (Gettysburg: Gettysburg Foundation, 1994), 4–5; “Details of Eastern News,” San Francisco Daily Bulletin (June 3, 1861); Warren W. Irish, “Before the Battle—A New York Trooper Tells How He and His Comrades Went to Gettysburg,” National Tribune (March 31, 1898).
11. “Gen. Stuart’s Expedition into Pennsylvania—Official Reports,” Baltimore Sun (October 30, 1862); “A Woman’s Story: Three Days of Rebel Rule, and William Hamilton Bayly’s Story of the Battle,” Gettysburg Magazine 41 (July 2009), 115–16; “Stories of the Battle by William Hamilton Bayley,” Gettysburg National Military Park Library Vertical Files; Warren, “My Recollections of What I Saw Before, During and After the Battle of Gettysburg,” in Gettysburg Sources, eds. J. and J. McLean (Baltimore: Butternut and Blue, 1990), 3:197.
12. Bloom, History of Adams County, 172, 177; Peter C. Vermilyea, “Jack Hopkins’ Civil War,” Adams County History 11 (2005), 11; Margaret S. Creighton, The Colors of Courage: Gettysburg’s Forgotten History; Immigrants, Women, and African Americans in the Civil War’s Defining Battle (New York: Perseus Books, 2005), 56–58; G. Craig Caba, ed., Episodes of Gettysburg and the Underground Railroad as Witnessed and Recorded by Professor J. Howard Wert (Gettysburg: Caba Antiques, 1998), 15, 53–55, 78–79.
13. Peter C. Vermilyea, “The Effect of the Confederate Invasion of Pennsylvania on Gettysburg’s African American Community,” Gettysburg Magazine 24 (July 2001), 1113–19; Timothy H. Smith, Farms at Gettysburg: The Fields of Battle (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 2007), 37; Creighton, Colors of Courage, 62–63, 74, 75; Tillie Pierce Alleman, At Gettysburg; or, What a Girl Saw and Heard of the Battle (New York: W. Lake Borland, 1889), 18–20; Sheldon, When the Smoke Cleared at Gettysburg, 39; Bushman, “The Bank Clerk,” in Battleground Adventures: The Stories of Dwellers on the Scenes of Conflict in Some of the Most Notable Battles of the Civil War, ed. Clifton Johnson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1915), 193; Bennett, Days of “Uncertainty and Dread,” 16, 17; Larry C. Bolin, “Slaveholders and Slaves of Adams County,” Adams County History 9 (2003), 17; “The Invasion—Our Lancaster Correspondence,” New York Herald (June 30, 1863); Alexander, “ ‘A Regular Slave Hunt’: The Army of Northern Virginia and Black Civilians in the Gettysburg Campaign,” 88.
14. Bennett, Days of “Uncertainty and Dread,” 7–8; Bloom, History of Adams County, 195; Creighton, Colors of Courage, 77; Alleman, At Gettysburg, 18; Sheldon, When the Smoke Cleared at Gettysburg, 20–21, 33–34; Peter C. Vermilyea, “The Professor and the Major: A Gettysburg Controversy,” Gettysburg Magazine 37 (January 2008), 17–19
15. Swallow, “From Fredericksburg to Gettysburg,” 356–57; Chapman Biddle, The First Day of the Battle of Gettysburg: An Address Delivered Before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, March 8, 1880 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1880), 14; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 267–68; “Report of Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early, C.S. Army,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):464.
16. Early, Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, 256–57; Michael Jacobs, Notes on the Rebel Invasion of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and the Battle of Gettysburg (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1863), 11; Samuel Pennypacker to J. B. Bachelder (August 26, 1881), in Bachelder Papers, 2:758; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 271–72.
17. “Report of Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early, C.S. Army,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):465; J. David Perruzzi and Steven Stanley, “They Came with Barbarian Yells and Smoking Pistols,” Hallowed Ground 10 (Spring 2009), 22–25; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 273, 275, 276–77; William J. Seymour, diary entry for June 26–27, 1863, in Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour, 65; David L. Valuska, “The Pennsylvania Dutch as First Defenders,” in Damn Dutch: Pennsylvania Germans at Gettysburg, D. L. Valuska and Christian Keller, eds. (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2004), 51, 52.
18. Bennett, Days of “Uncertainty and Dread,” 7, 10; “The Rebel Invasion—Our Harrisburg Correspondence,” New York Herald (June 18, 1863); Bradsby, History of Cumberland and Adams Counties, 3:154; Jacobs, Notes on the Rebel Invasion, 15; Slade and Alexander, Firestorm at Gettysburg, 25; John M. Rudy, “A Time to Rend, and a Time to Sew”: Martin Luther Stoever’s Civil War,” manuscript chapter from “Pennsylvania College in the Civil War”; 1–2; Bushman, “The Bank Clerk,” 193; Alleman, At Gettysburg, 21–23; Christina Ericson, “ ‘The World Will Little Note Nor Long Remember’: Gender Analysis of Civilian Responses to the Battle of Gettysburg,” in Making and Remaking: Pennsylvania’s Civil War, eds. W. A. Blair and W. Pencak (University Park: Penn State University Press, 2001), 86; William McSherry, History of the Bank of Gettysburg, 1814–1864, The Gettysburg National Bank, 1864–1914 (Gettysburg: Gettysburg National Bank, 1914), 43.
19. Hoke, The Great Invasion, 171–72; Emmy E. Werner, Reluctant Witnesses: Children’s Voices from the Civil War (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998), 61; “Battle Days in 1863,” Gettysburg Compiler (July 4, 1906); Creighton, Colors of Courage, 80–82; Early, Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, 257–58; History of Cumberland and Adams Counties, 2:153.
20. “A Swindled German,” Yankee Notions (October 1, 1863); R. H. Early, Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, C.S.A.: Autobiographical Sketch, 265; Frawley, “Marching Through Pennsylvania,” 164; “The Invasion—The Army of the Potomac—Visit Inside the Rebel Lines,” New York Herald (July 2, 1863); Albertus McCreary, “Gettysburg: A Boy’s Experience of the Battle,” McClure’s Magazine 33 (July 1909), 243; “Report of Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early, C.S. Army,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):465, 466; Petruzzi and Stanley, “They Came with Barbarian Yells,” 25; Charles J. Tyson to Noble D. Preston (January 16, 1884), in William McKenna, ed. “A Refugee from Gettysburg,” Civil War Times Illustrated 27 (November–December 1989), 17; Leander Warren, “My Recollections,” 198–99; William J. Seymour, diary entry for June 26–27, 1863, in Civil War Memoirs, 65; Scott L. Mingus, “White’s Comanches on the Warpath at Hanover Junction,” Gettysburg Magazine 42 (July 2010), 11, 12.
21. Early, Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, 257–58.
22. Roger D. Hunt, Colonels in Blue: Union Army Colonels of the Civil War, the Mid-Atlantic States: Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware and the District of Columbia (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2007), 67; Samuel P. Bates, Martial Deeds of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: T. H. Davis, 1876), 833–34; Francis B. Wallace, Memorial of the Patriotism of Schuylkill County in the American Slaveholder’s Rebellion (Pottsville, PA: Benjamin Bannan, 1865), 244–47; W. F. Beyer and Oscar F. Keydal, Deeds of Valor: How America’s Heroes Won the Medal of Honor (Detroit: Perrien-Keydal, 1901), 1:117–18.
23. “Special Orders No. 14” (June 24, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):297; William J. Wray, History of the Twenty-Third Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, 151–52; Scott L. Mingus, “Jubal Early Takes York,” Gettysburg Magazine 37 (January 2008), 25; Frawley, “Marching Through Pennsylvania,” 82–83; “The Occupation of York, Pa.” (June 29, 1863), in Rebellion Record, ed. Moore, 7:321; Anthony Waskie, Philadelphia and the Civil War: Arsenal of the Union (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2011), 133.
24. Early, Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, 259–60; “The Occupation of York, Pa.” (June 29, 1863), in Rebellion Record, ed. Moore, 7:321–22; John B. Gordon, Reminiscences of the Civil War (New York: Charles Scribner’s,
1903), 42; Richard Sauers, Advance the Colors: Pennsylvania Civil War Battle Flags (Harrisburg: Capitol Preservation Committee, 1991), 2:406–7. My thanks to Scott Mingus for a tentative identification of Christ Lutheran as the church in question.
25. Gordon, Reminiscences, 147; Wray, History of the Twenty-Third Pennsylvania, 152; Russell F. Weigley, “Emergency Troops in the Gettysburg Campaign,” Pennsylvania History 25 (January 1958), 49–50; “Report of Col. Jacob G. Frick, Twenty-Seventh Pennsylvania Militia” (July 1, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):278; “The Invasion of Pennsylvania—Fight at Columbia Bridge,” Philadelphia Public Ledger & Transcript (June 30, 1863); “The Invasion—Our Columbia Correspondence—The Black Troops,” New York Herald (July 2, 1863).
26. “Fight at Wrightsville” (June 29, 1863), in Rebellion Record, ed. Moore, 7:322; Scott L. Mingus, Flames Beyond Gettysburg: The Confederate Expedition to the Susquehanna River, June 1863 (El Dorado, CA: Savas Beatie, 2011), 260–65; “Report of Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early, C.S. Army”, in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):467; E. J. H., “Burning of the Columbia Bridge,” Harper’s Weekly (July 18, 1863), 459; “The Burning of Wrightsville, Pa.,” in Under the Southern Cross: Soldier Life with Gordon Bradwell and the Army of Northern Virginia, ed. P. D. Johnson (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999), 127–28; “Telegram from Lancaster,” New York Times (June 29, 1863).
27. Scott L. Mingus, The Louisiana Tigers in the Gettysburg Campaign, June–July 1863 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009), 84–85; Couch to Stanton (June 30, 1863) and Couch to Lincoln (June 30, 1863) in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):434; Lincoln, “To Darius N. Couch,” Collected Works, 6:310; Stephen S. Raab, “A Midnight Ride: A Young Telegrapher Carries an Urgent Message,” Civil War Times Illustrated 33 (March–April 1994), 24; Charles H. Howard, “First Day at Gettysburg” (October 1, 1903), in Military Essays and Recollections: Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Illinois, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1895), 4:245.
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