23. David Craft, History of the One Hundred Forty-first Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers (Towanda, PA: Reporter-Journal Printing Co., 1885), 119; Sickles, “The Meade-Sickles Controversy,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:416; Henry J. Hunt, “The Second Day at Gettysburg,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:301; Tremain, Two Days of War: A Gettysburg Narrative, and Other Excursions, 55; Historicus, “Battle of Gettysburg—Important Communication from an Eye-Witness,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):130; “Battle of Gettysburg” (March 1, 1864), in Rebellion Record, ed. Moore (1865), 8:346; Aaron Jerome and James S. Hall to Butterfield (July 2, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):487–88; Tremain to Sickles (June 28, 1880), in Bachelder Papers, 1:670, 672–73; Meade, Life and Letters of George G. Meade, 2:70; “Testimony of Major General Daniel Sickles” (February 26, 1864) and “Testimony of Major General George G. Meade” (March 5, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:299, 331–32.
24. DePeyster, “The Third Corps at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863,” in Daniel E. Sickles Papers, New-York Historical Society; Sauers, A Caspian Sea of Ink, 147.
25. “Testimony of General Henry J. Hunt” (April 4, 1864) in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:449, 450; Hessler, Sickles at Gettysburg, 116–17; Hunt, “The Second Day at Gettysburg,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:301.
26. “Testimony of Major General Daniel Sickles” (February 26, 1864) and “Testimony of Major General Andrew A. Humphreys” (March 21, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:298, 390–91; Rafferty, “Gettysburg—The Third Corps’ Great Battle on July 2,” National Tribune (February 2, 1888); Bartlett, History of the Twelfth Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteers, 121; Callihan, “Elusive Victory: Robert E. Lee at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 28 (January 2003), 44; Hessler, Sickles at Gettysburg, 116–17; Frederick C. Floyd, History of the Fortieth (Mozart) Regiment, New York Volunteers (Boston: F. H. Gilson, 1909), 201; Garry E. Adelman and Timothy H. Smith, Devil’s Den: A History and Guide (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 1997), 7; David Powell, “Advance to Disaster: Sickles, Longstreet, and July 2nd, 1863,” Gettysburg Magazine 28 (January 2003), 40, 41.
27. Blake, Three Years in the Army of the Potomac, 205; Frank Rauscher, Music on the March, 1862–’65, with the Army of the Potomac, 114th Regt. P.V., Collis’ Zouaves (Philadelphia: Wm. E. Fell, 1892), 90–91; Jesse Bowman Young, What a Boy Saw in the Army: A Story of Sight-Seeing and Adventure in the War for the Union (New York: Hunt & Eaton, 1894), 300; O’Reilly, “Stonewall” Jackson at Fredericksburg, 153, 155; Warren H. Cudworth, History of the First Regiment (Massachusetts Infantry), from the 25th of May, 1861, to the 25th of May, 1864; including brief references to the operations of the Army of the Potomac (Boston: Walker & Fuller, 1866), 393.
28. “Testimony of Major General W.S. Hancock” (March 22, 1864) and “Testimony of General John Gibbon” (April 1, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:405–6, 440; Josiah Favill, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in The Diary of a Young Officer Serving with the Armies of the United States During the War of the Rebellion (Chicago: R. R. Donnelly, 1909), 245; “Statement of Lt. William P. Wilson,” in Bachelder Papers, 2:1194; Walker, General Hancock, 125.
29. Beecham, Gettysburg, the Pivotal Battle of the Civil War, 162; Tremain, Two Days of War: A Gettysburg Narrative, and Other Excursions, 55–56, 61–62; Meade to Halleck (July 2, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):72; David M. Jordan, “Happiness Is Not My Companion”: The Life of General G. K. Warren (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), 91–92; Cleaves, Meade of Gettysburg, 148; “Testimony of Major General Daniel Sickles” (February 26, 1864) and “Testimony of General Henry J. Hunt” (April 4, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:298–99, 450; W. H. Bullard to Sickles (September 13, 1897), in Daniel E. Sickles Papers, New-York Historical Society; Frank E. Moran to Sickles (January 24, 1882), in Bachelder Papers, 2:772.
30. “The Battle of Gettysburg,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):131–32; Coffin, The Boys of ‘61, 299–300; Meade, Life and Letters of George G. Meade, 2:78–79; Isaac Rusling Pennypacker, General Meade (New York: D. Appleton, 1901), 167–68; Meade, Did General Meade Desire to Retreat at the Battle of Gettysburg?, 6; William H. Powell, The Fifth Army Corps (Army of the Potomac): A Record of Operations During the Civil War in the United States of America, 1861–1865 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1896), 520; Tremain, Two Days of War: A Gettysburg Narrative, and Other Excursions, 63; Sears, Controversies and Commanders, 213–14; Tremain to Sickles (June 28, 1880), in Bachelder Papers, 1:671–72; “Testimony of Major General George G. Meade” (March 5, 1864) and “Testimony of Major General David Birney” (March 7, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:332, 366.
31. A. L. Long to Jubal Early (April 5, 1876), in “Causes of Lee’s Defeat at Gettysburg,” in SHSP 4 (August 1877), 67; McLaws, “Gettysburg,” SHSP 7 (February 1879), 70–71; William Youngblood, “Unwritten History of the Gettysburg Campaign,” SHSP 38 (January–December 1910), 315–16; Fitzgerald Ross, A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States (Edinburgh, U.K.: William Blackwood, 1865), 54–56.
32. Capt. James F. Hart (March 22, 1886) and Surgeon Horatio N. Howard to J. B. Bachelder (March 23, 1882), in Bachelder Papers, 2:842, 1245; Youngblood, “Unwritten History of the Gettysburg Campaign,” SHSP 38 (January–December 1910), 314–15; E. P. Alexander, in Fighting for the Confederacy, 237, and “Causes of the Confederate Defeat at Gettysburg,” SHSP 4 (September 1877), 101; Hood to Longstreet (June 28, 1875), in “Leading Confederates on the Battle of Gettysburg,” SHSP 4 (October 1877), 148; “Hood’s Charge at Gettysburg,” in Camp Fires of the Confederacy: A Volume of Humorous Anecdotes, Reminiscences, ed. Benjamin LaBree (Louisville, KY: Courier-Journal Job Printing, 1898), 366; Philip Thomas Tucker, Storming Little Round Top: The 15th Alabama and Their Fight for the High Ground, July 2, 1863 (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2002), 110.
33. Dickert, History of Kershaw’s Brigade, 235; Alexander, in Fighting for the Confederacy, 237; Joseph Kershaw to J. B. Bachelder (March 20, 1876), in Bachelder Papers, 1:454–55.
34. The difficulty in imposing the orderliness of a concept like the echelon on Longstreet’s flank assault—and it has been done routinely since the publication of Porter Alexander’s memoirs in 1907 and Jesse Bowman Young’s The Battle of Gettysburg in 1913—is that no written orders for the attack have survived, and so it is difficult to say that Lee or Longstreet were planning anything so deliberate and thought out. Even Porter Alexander, who would be responsible for Longstreet’s artillery, could not “remember hearing of any conference or discussions among our generals at this time as to the best formations & tactics in making our attacks, & our method on this occasion struck me as peculiar even then.” Ambrose Powell Hill was actually the only officer to use the term echelon in his official report, and even then he seems to have been referring only to the three brigades of his own corps which participated. Longstreet, writing in the Philadelphia Weekly Times in 1876, spoke about “the brigades of Wilcox, Perry, Wright, Posey and Mahone moving en echelon,” but it is not clear from the context whether Longstreet meant just these brigades from Hill’s corps, or a larger movement. Other officers—Jerome Robertson, Cadmus Wilcox, David Lang—all believed that their brigades were supposed to go in together, with the movement of the brigade on the right being the signal to its companion to the left to begin moving as well. See Young, The Battle of Gettysburg: A Comprehensive Narrative (New York: Harper & Bros., 1913), 262; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 238, and Military Memoirs of a Confederate, 391, 395; Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” in Annals of the War, 424; “Report of Brig. Gen. J. B. Robertson, C.S. Army” (July 17, 1863), “Report of Lieut. Gen. Ambrose P. Hill, C.S. Army” (November, 1863), “Report of Brig. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox, C.S. Army” (July 17, 1863), and “Report of Col. David Lang” (July 29, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):404, 607, 618, 631; Sir Archi
bald Alison, The Military Life of John, Duke of Marlborough (New York: Harper & Bros., 1848), 232; Russell F. Weigley, The Age of Battles: The Quest for Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991), 175.
35. Hood, Advance and Retreat, 58–59, and Hood to Longstreet (June 28, 1875), in “Leading Confederates on the Battle of Gettysburg,” SHSP 4 (October 1877), 149–50; Alexander, in Fighting for the Confederacy, 239, and “Causes of the Confederate Defeat at Gettysburg,” SHSP 4 (September 1877), 101–2; Youngblood, “Personal Observations at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran (June 1911), 286; Brian Craig Miller, John Bell Hood and the Fight for Civil War Memory (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2010), 72–73; Alexander Mendoza, “Brig. Gen. Jerome Bonaparte Robertson,” in Kentuckians in Gray: Confederate Generals and Field Officers of the Bluegrass State, ed. Bruce Allardice and Lawrence L. Hewitt (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2008), 223–25; William C. Ward, “Incidents and Personal Experiences on the Battlefield at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran (August 1900), 347; Daniel M. Laney, “Wasted Gallantry: Hood’s Texas Brigade at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 16 (January 1997), 36.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN You are to hold this ground at all costs
1. Porter, Under the Maltese Cross, 165; John H. and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001), 521; “The Battle-Field of Gettysburg,” in Anecdotes, Poetry, and Incidents of the War, North and South: 1860–1865, ed. Frank Moore (1865; New York: Arundel Print, 1882), 210; History of the Corn Exchange Regiment, 118th Pennsylvania Volunteers, from Their First Engagement at Antietam to Appomattox (Philadelphia: J. L. Smith, 1905), 240; Crawford, The Genesis of the Civil War: The Story of Sumter, 1860–1861 (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1887), 452–53; “Samuel Wylie Crawford, D.D., in Alfred Nevin, Men of Mark of [the] Cumberland Valley, Pa., 1776–1876 (Philadelphia: Fulton Publishing 1876), 163; W. M. Glasgow, “Covenanters at Gettysburg,” The Reformed Presbyterian and Covenanter 26 (October 1888), 347–48; Tagg, Generals of Gettysburg, 84, 91–92; Oliver Wilcox Norton, The Attack and Defense of Little Round Top, Gettysburg, July 2, 1863 (Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1983), 237–38.
2. Daniel George Macnamara, The History of the Ninth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry (Boston: E. B. Stillings, 1899), 322–23; History of the Corn Exchange Regiment, 240; Charles H. Weygant, History of the One Hundred and Twenty-Fourth Regiment, N.Y.S.V. (Newburgh, NY: Journal Printing House, 1877), 174; “Testimony of Major General George G. Meade” (March 5, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:332; Powell, The Fifth Army Corps, 523.
3. Jordan, “Happiness Is Not My Companion”: The Life of General G. K. Warren, 90; Emerson Gifford Taylor, Gouverneur Kemble Warren: The Life and Letters of an American Soldier, 1830–1882 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1932), 105, 120, 122–23; Michael T. Kelly, “I Will Have Justice Done”: Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren, USA (Gettysburg: Farnsworth Military Impressions, 1997), 28.
4. Murray, E. P. Alexander and the Artillery Action in the Peach Orchard, 56–57. Weygandt, History of the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Regiment, N.Y.S.V., 173.
5. Powell, The Fifth Army Corps, 523; “Testimony of General G. K. Warren” (March 9, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:377; Warren to Porter Farley (July 13, 1872), in Brian A. Bennett, “Truth Without Exaggeration: Porter Farley’s Life-Long Study of the Events on Little Round Top,” Gettysburg Magazine 28 (January 2003), 54.
6. Taylor, Gouverneur Kemble Warren, 126–27; Warren interview with Alexander Kelly (1880), in Generals in Bronze, 87; Norton, Attack and Defense of Little Round Top, 131–32; “Report of Capt. Lemuel B. Norton, Chief Signal Officer” (September 18, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):202; Clayton R. Newell and Charles R. Shrader, Of Duty Well and Faithfully Done: A History of the Regular Army in the Civil War (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011), 296; J. M. Wright, “West Point Before the War,” Southern Bivouac 4 (June 1885), 16; “Testimony of General G. K. Warren” (March 9, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:377; Nevins and Styple, What Death More Glorious, 71.
7. Benjamin Woodbridge Dwight, The History of the Descendants of Elder John Strong of Northampton, Mass. (Albany, NY: Joel Munsell, 1871), 1:163; James R. Wright, “ ‘I Will Take the Responsibility’: Strong Vincent Moves to Little Round Top: Fact or Fiction?,” Gettysburg Magazine 25 (July 2001), 54; Norton, Attack and Defense of Little Round Top, 283; “Strong Vincent,” in Harvard Memorial Biographies (Cambridge, MA: Sever & Francis, 1866), 2:66–68; Nevins and Styple, What Death More Glorious, 18, 28; Judson, History of the 83rd Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 102; O’Reilly, The Fredericksburg Campaign, 382; History of Erie County, Pennsylvania (Chicago: Warner, Beers & Co., 1884), 1:966.
8. Norton, Strong Vincent and His Brigade at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863 (Chicago: privately printed, 1909), 6–7; Nevins and Styple, What Death More Glorious, 72; John J. Pullen, The Twentieth Maine: A Volunteer Regiment in the Civil War (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1957), 109.
9. Longstreet to J. B. Bachelder (April 10, 1876), in Bachelder Papers, 1:476; Work, in Frank B. Chilton, Unveiling and Dedication of Monument to Hood’s Texas Brigade on the Capitol Grounds at Austin, Texas (Houston, TX: Rein & Sons, 1911), 339; “Report of Capt. James E. Smith, Fourth New York Battery” (July 20, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):588; Murray, E. P. Alexander and the Artillery Action in the Peach Orchard, 92–93; Laney, “Wasted Gallantry,” 36; John C. West, “Letter no. IX” (July 9, 1863), in A Texan in Search of a Fight, 87.
10. Hood to Longstreet (June 28, 1875), in Advance and Retreat, 57–58; J. B. Kershaw to J. B. Bachelder (March 20, 1876), in Bachelder Papers, 1:453–54; “Report of Maj. John P. Bane, Fourth Texas Infantry” (July 9, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):410; Homer R. Stoughton to J. B. Bachelder (December 29, 1881), in Bachelder Papers, 2:767–68; Weygant, History of the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Regiment, 175; Warren to Porter Farley (October 23, 1877), in Norton, Attack and Defense of Little Round Top, 314; Polley, Hood’s Texas Brigade, 176; Adelman and Smith, Devil’s Den, 22; Garry E. Adelman, The Myth of Little Round Top (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 2003), 28; Harold B. Simpson, Hood’s Texas Brigade: Lee’s Grenadier Guard (1970; Gaithersburg, MD: Olde Soldier Books, 1994), 272.
11. John C. West to Charles S. West (July 27, 1863), in West, A Texan in Search of a Fight, 93–94; John Cheves Haskell, The Haskell Memoirs, eds. Gilbert E. Govan and James Weston Livingood (New York: Putnam’s, 1960), 49; John W. Stevens, Reminiscences of the Civil War (Hillsboro, TX: Hillsboro Mirror Print, 1901), 113–14; Morris Penny and J. Gary Laine, Struggle for the Round Tops: Law’s Alabama Brigade at the Battle of Gettysburg (Shippensburg, PA: Burd Street Press, 2000), 40; Richard M. McMurry, John Bell Hood and the War for Southern Independence (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992), 75; Wilkinson and Woodworth, A Scythe of Fire, 234, 235; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 284; Capt. F. M. Colston, “Gettysburg as I Saw It,” Confederate Veteran 5 (November 1897), 551–52; Charles Winder Squires manuscript autobiography, Library of Congress; Miller, John Bell Hood, 72–73.
12. James E. Smith, A Famous Battery and Its Campaigns, 1861–’64 (Washington: W. H. Lowdermilk, 1892), 137; Maj. Thomas W. Bradley, “At Gettysburg—The Splendid Work Done by Smith’s Battery,” National Tribune (February 4, 1886).
13. Jerome B. Robertson (April 20, 1876), Homer Stoughton (December 29, 1881), and Francis M. Cummins to J. B. Bachelder (February 21, 1884), in Bachelder Papers, 1:477 and 2:767–68, 1024; “Report of Brig. Gen. J. B. Robertson, C.S. Army,” “Report of Lieut. Col. P. A. Work, First Texas Infantry” (July 9, 1863), “Report of Lieut. Col. K. Bryan, Fifth Texas Infantry” (July 8, 1863), “Report of Col. W. W. White” (August 8, 1863), and “Report of Lieut. Col. William S. Sheperd” (July 27, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):397, 404, 408–9, 412, 420; Penny and Laine, Struggle for the Round Tops, 53;
Col. William C. Oates and Gen. Jerome B. Robertson to J. B. Bachelder (March 29 and April 20, 1876), in Bachelder Papers, 1:464, 477; Glenn W. LaFantasie, Twilight at Little Round Top, July 2, 1863—The Tide Turns at Gettysburg (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2005), 96.
14. “Report of Brig. Gen. J. H. Hobart Ward” (August 4, 1863), “Report of Lieut. Col. L. H. Scruggs, Fourth Alabama Infantry” (August 8, 1863), “Report of Col. James L. Sheffield, Forty-Eighth Alabama Infantry” (August 7, 1863), and “Report of Col. Van H. Manning, Third Arkansas Infantry” (July 8, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):493, and (pt. 2):391, 395, 407; Col. A. H. Belo, “The Battle of Gettysburg” and Ward, “Incidents and Personal Experiences on the Battle Field of Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 8 (April–August 1900), 167–68, 347; Gen. W. F. Perry, “The Devil’s Den,” Confederate Veteran 9 (April 1901), 161–62; “Hood’s Charge at Gettysburg, in Camp Fires of the Confederacy, ed. LaBree, 366; Robert Campbell, Lone Star Confederate: A Gallant and Good Soldier of the 5th Texas Infantry, eds. George Skoch and Mark W. Perkins (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2003), 120; Polley, A Soldier’s Letters to Charming Nellie, 133; Henry J. Hunt, “The Second Day at Gettysburg,” in Battles and Leaders, 3:305; Weygant, History of the One Hundred and Twenty-Fourth Regiment, 175.
15. A. W. Tucker, “ ‘Orange Blossoms’: Services of the 124th New York at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (January 21, 1886); Maj. Thomas W. Bradley, “At Gettysburg—The Splendid Work Done by Smith’s Battery,” National Tribune (February 4, 1886); Henry J. Hunt, “The Second Day at Gettysburg,” in Battles and Leaders, 3:305; Weygant, History of the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Regiment, 175; Col. Elijah Walker to J. B. Bachelder (January 5, 1885), in Bachelder Papers, 2:1095; Smith and Adelman, Devil’s Den, 38, 40; James E. Smith, “The Fourth Battery at Gettysburg,” in New York at Gettysburg, 3:1290; Harvey Munsell, “With the Colors in War Time,” in Theodore F. Rodenbough, Uncle Sam’s Medal of Honor: Some of the Noble Deeds for Which the Medal Has Been Awarded, Described by Those Who Have Won It, 1861–1886 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1886), 186, 187.
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