“the greatest loss”: Potter, Nimitz, p. 349.
“Genial John…dour personality…capable enforcer…not be browbeaten”: Buell, Master of Sea Power, pp. 80–81.
“or as soon…inquiring into all…as a result…full statement…any offenses…specifically recommend”: C. W. Nimitz letter, Dec. 25, 1944.
“more inquisitorial…serious affairs…cripple or wreck”: Melton, Sea Cobra, pp. 205.
“reacted to storm…in the thick…casual observers”: Calhoun, Typhoon, p. 123.
“sit with closed…fleet witnesses…in view of…defendant…an interest in…”: Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, p. 1.
“pressing home numerous”: Washington Post, Jan. 3, 1990.
Testimony of Robert B. Carney, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 2–6.
“MacArthur was counting”: Taussig, A Warrior for Freedom, p. 114.
Testimony of George Kosco, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 11–18.
Testimony of Stuart Ingersoll, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 18–23.
Testimony of George H. DeBaun, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 23–26.
Testimony of Jasper Acuff, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 36–41.
Testimony of William T. Kenny, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 47–51.
Testimony of Michael Kernodle, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 54–57.
Testimony of Preston Mercer, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 57–63.
“most critical”: Calhoun, Typhoon, p. 189.
Testimony of Frederick Sherman, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 68–69.
“held the limelight”: Korth diary, Dec. 30, 1944.
Testimony of Gerald Bogan, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 70–72. 277 Testimony of John S. McCain, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 72–73.
“classified as secret”: Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, p. 6.
Testimony of William F. Halsey, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 74–78.
“My God…southern gentleman…Glad you”: Watkins interview.
“narrative statement”: Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, p. 94.
“the question and”: James Marks letter, Jan. 5, 1944.
“he might have…I lost my…call Arthur”: Virginia Marks interview.
“records, papers”: Narrative Statement of James Marks, p. 5.
Narrative Statement of James Marks, pp. 2–4.
“true statement…It is…Have you…I do not…Have you…about 30 minutes…At all times…cutting in on…we took a…all empty…our fueling…a storm warning”: Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 95–96.
“lowly enlisted”: DeRyckere interview.
“get home as…incompetent…not assessed the…at that particular…trying to stay…a little”: Watkins interview.
“I would have”: W. F. Halsey letter, June 25, 1954.
Testimony of James Marks, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 96–101.
Testimony of George H. Sharp, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 101–3. 288 Testimony of Roy Lester, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 103–5.
Testimony of Ray G. Morgan, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, p. 105.
Testimony of George Kosco, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 107–8.
Narrative Statement of Joseph McCrane, pp. 1–6.
“never told a”: Drury and Clavin, Halsey’s Typhoon, p. 288.
“There’s only”: Fenn interview.
“lay to the…The only thing”: Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 110–11. 291 Testimony of James T. Story, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 117–18.
“an interested party”: Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, p. 119.
“shivering figures…our hopes dashed…What took”: Krauchunas, “USS Spence: The Typhoon and the Senior Survivor.”
“dry bunk and”: Miller interview.
“missing while”: Chief of Naval Personnel telegram, Jan. 3, 1945.
“there is no…lost his life”: Chief of Naval Personnel telegram, Feb. 9, 1945.
“pebbles striking”: Richard Strand interview.
Narrative Statement of Al Krauchunas, p. 103.
“how many men”: Greenfield (Mass.) Recorder, Oct. 1983.
Testimony of Edward Traceski, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 121–24.
Testimony of Jim Felty, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 127–28.
Testimony of George Johnson, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 125–26.
Testimony of Wilbur Lockhart, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 132–35.
“We don’t…six or seven…Are you…Did you…Well, I was”: Bryson interview.
“All those years”: Bryson, “Typhoon Forecasting, 1944, or, The Making of a Cynic,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Oct. 2000.
Facts and Opinions, Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, pp. 146–68.
“column of ships”: Watkins interview.
“figuring it would…made my peace…a ship…men walking…one of our…another low point…mad at God…God doesn’t torture…hard right turn…completely worn…You’ve done all…half a body”: Rust interview.
“Oh, yeah…Guess I won’t…You guys want”: Watkins interview.
“a commendable desire…the mistakes made”: Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1944–45, appendix.
“Lessons of Damage…steps must be…a ship’s safety”: C. W. Nimitz letter, Feb. 13, 1945.
“stable…no major alterations…again rolled”: Calhoun, Typhoon, p. 197–8.
“unfit for other…the poor stability”: Report of Material Inspection and Survey of Aylwin, Oct. 17, 1945.
Postscript
“Japanese origin…digested all…would not…best course…maintain the…You are…in shallow…assuming that…safely…less than 100…surpassed in…much too late…with almost…fared well”: Adamson and Kosco, Halsey’s Typhoons, pp. 172–76, 187, 189.
“deserved a general”: Buell, Master of Sea Power, p. 492.
“in the face…spirit and letter…serious consideration…more experienced…disapproved…skill and determination…services of great”: Record of the Court of Inquiry, 1945.
“inept in acting…no stomach for…ruined the”: Buell, Master of Sea Power, p. 492.
“on the point…national hero”: Potter, Nimitz, p. 377.
Dramatis Personae
“I think I…She always…According to Mom…”: Mahood-Cochran interview.
“Halsey disaster…The colonel…could have…sudden and undetectable…I think Halsey”: Bryson interview.
“a wonderful ship”: Arleigh Burke, “Spirit of the Spence,” March 1983.
“kicked out of…Unfortunately, he became”: Consolvo Jr., interview.
“We were just…We felt overwhelmed”: DeRyckere interview.
“tragic experience”: Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 253.
“only imagine…tossed our enormous…most of our”: Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p 239.
“big wingding”: Bernadette Kosco interview.
“The greatest…When a mother…finding it hard”: Al Krauchunas letter, March 7, 1945.
“the great love…right up until…only 77 days”: Portia Albee interview.
“not a good…He should have”: Virginia Marks interview.
“any other…could have saved…one hundred percent…survivor’s guilt…spared from dying”: Rust interview.
Bibliography
Adamson, Hans Christian, and George Francis Kosco. Halsey’s Typhoons. New York: Crown Publishers, 1967.
Baldwin, Hanson W. Sea Fights and Shipwrecks. New York: Hanover House, 1956.
Bogan, Gerald F. Reminiscences of Vice Admiral Gerald F. Bogan. Annapoli
s, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute, 1986.
Bowditch, Nathaniel. American Practical Navigator (No. 9). Washington, D.C.: 1943.
Buell, Thomas B. Master of Sea Power. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1980.
Calhoun, C. Raymond. Typhoon: The Other Enemy. Annapolis, Md.: United States Naval Institute, 1981.
Candelaria, Gary Joseph. “Tin Cans: The USS Monaghan and the Destroyer War in the Pacific.” Master’s thesis, School of Liberal Arts, University of Oklahoma, 1993.
Cant, Gilbert. America’s Navy in World War II. New York: John Day Co., 1943.
Clark, Joseph J., and Dwight H. Barnes. Sea Power and Its Meaning. New York: Franklin Watts, 1966.
Clark, Joseph J., with Clark G. Reynolds. Carrier Admiral. New York: David McKay, 1967.
Conrad, Joseph. Typhoon. New York: Signet, 1963.
Davis, Martin. Traditions and Tales of the Navy. Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing, 2000.
Dawes, Robert A., Jr., The Dragon’s Breath. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1996.
Drury, Bob, and Tom Clavin. Halsey’s Typhoon. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2007.
DuCharme, George W. “Recollections of 7 December 1941.” San Diego, 2005.
Findley, Dean E. The Life of a Tin Can Sailor. Colorado: Aviation Forum Co., 2001.
Friedman, Norman. U.S. Destroyers, an Illustrated Design History. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1982.
Halsey, William F., and J. Bryan III. Admiral Halsey’s Story. New York: Whittlesey House, 1947.
Hammel, Eric M., and John E. Lane. Bloody Tarawa. New York: Zenith Press, 2006.
Holland, W. J., Jr., The Navy. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Foundation, 2000.
Hornfischer, James D. The Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors. New York: Bantam, 2004.
Hoyt, Edwin P. The Typhoon That Stopped a War. New York: Van Ress Press, 1968.
Jernigan, E. J. Tin Can Man. Arlington, Va.: Vandamere Press, 1993.
Jones, Ken. Destroyer Squadron 23. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1997.
Jones, Ken, and Hubert Kelley, Jr. Admiral Arleigh (31-Knot) Burke. New York: Bantam Books, 1985.
King, Ernest J., and Walter Muir Whitehill. Fleet Admiral King. New York: W. W. Norton, 1952.
Knight, Austin M. Modern Seamanship. 10th ed. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1941.
Kotsch, William J., and Richard Henderson. Heavy Weather Guide. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1984.
Krauchunas, Alphonso. “USS Spence: The Typhoon and the Senior Survivor.” Battle Creek, Mi., 1992.
Lemont, Harrison E. Never Alone Until Admiral Halsey Left. Pittsburgh: Dorrance Publishing, 2003.
Lord, Walter. Day of Infamy. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1957.
McCain, John, and Mark Salter. Faith of My Fathers. New York: Random House, 1999.
Melton, Buckner F., Jr. Sea Cobra. New York: Lyons Press, 2007.
Morison, Samuel Eliot. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume 3: The Rising Sun. Edison, N.J.: Castle Books, 2001.
———. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume 5: The Struggle for Guadalcanal. Edison, N.J.: Castle Books, 2001.
———. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume 6: Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier. Edison, N.J.: Castle Books, 2001.
———. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume 7: Aleutians, Gilberts and Marshalls. Edison, N.J.: Castle Books, 2001.
———. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume 12: Leyte. Edison, N.J.: Castle Books, 2001.
Owin, Theodore F. Typhoon Cobra. Lake Havasu, Ariz.: Theodore F. Owin, 1995.
Parkin, Robert Sinclair. Blood on the Sea. New York: Da Capo Press, 2001.
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Track of Typhoon
Appendix:
Crew Muster Rolls for Lost Destroyers
USS Hull (DD-350)
Lt. Cmdr. James A. Marks
Lt. Greil I. Gerstley *
Lt. (MC) Hira C. Baker *
Lt. ( j.g.) Frank L. Snodgrass *
Lt. ( j.g.) Arthur L. Fabrick
Lt. ( j.g.) Kenneth W. Kappus *
Lt. ( j.g.) George H. Sharp
Lt. ( j.g.) Myron S. Wall
Lt. ( j.g.) H. Norman Byrant *
Lt. ( j.g.) Lloyd G. Rust, Jr.
Lt. ( j.g.) Donald C. Watkins
Lt. ( j.g.) Edwin R. Brooks, Jr.
Lt. ( j.g.) G. C. Nelson *
Lt ( j.g.) Felix G. Smart *
Ensign W. G. Johnson *
Ensign Alfred A. Anido *
Ensign D. L. Korinko *
Ensign O. E. Schuerman *
Abreu, Manuel, Jr. *
Ackerman, John F. *
Adams, Malcolm *
Alexander, Scott C. *
Anderson, Harold E. *
Anderson, James W. *
Ashley, Felix *
Banes, Donald R. *
Banfill, Daniel P. *
Beck, Robert C.
Belanger, Francis
Belden, James I. *
Bokn, Peter *
Boldman, William
Bollin, William H.
Burleson, Earl G. *
Carlstrom, Robert D. *
Coleman, Homer W.
Colville, Thomas J., Jr.
Cosgrove, Gleason J. *
Cothran, Charles R. *
Cotten, J. O. *
Crossman, Reuben T.
Dean, Billy Bob *
Derthick, Gordon K.
DeRyckere, Archie G.
De Vaney, Willis F., Jr. *
Douhan, Patrick H.
Drummond, Kenneth L.
Eichen, Douglas J. *
Eisele, Edwin F. *
Eisinbach, Arthur E. *
Farrell, Edward V. *
Fenderson, Robert N. *
Fernandez, Angel *
Fisnefska, George L., Jr. *
Fowler, Robert B. *
Foster, Henry L. *
Franchak, Michael
Gabler, Darrell M. *
Gaulke, Donald J. *
Geddert, George F. *
Gilberg, John A. *
Gillette, William F. *
Gipson, Roy B. *
Gower, Waldo H. *
Granby, Haywood *
Green, Orville L. *
Gruner, Henry *
Gundel, Herbert E. *
Guthrie, Ray M. *
Guy, George A.
Hahn, Lecil A. *
Haislip, Claude J., Jr. *
Hall, Henry S.
Halladay, Junior Ray *
Hart, William F. *
Haydon, Martin R. *
Henkel, Edward *
Henry, George W. *
Hicks, Lyman F., Jr. *
Hicks, Robert H. *
Hill, Lyle G. *
Hixon, Merritt B. *
Hoghaug, Gilman *
Horton, John T. *
Houghton, Don C., Jr. *
Howland, Walter K. *
Hoy, Marshall L. *
Hughes, Samuel N. *
Ingraham, Theodore M. *
Jambor, Joseph J. *
Juson, Ralph D. *
Karnopp, Wallace E. *
Kay, David M.
Kelly, Chester R.
Kelly, Keith W. *
Kelly, William L. *
Kendrovics, A. *
Kennedy, William H., Jr. *
Kinderman, Robert R.
King, James P. *
Knadler, G. F. *
Korponai, Z. A. *
Kraus, George W. *
Kreidler, John E. *
Kunz, Edward W. *
Lane, Alton B. *
La Gow, Lawson S. *
Leabo, Donald C. *
Leombrone, Joseph *
Lester, Roy
Lewis, George J. *
Lindquist, August H.
Loney, Dewey W. *
Mabius, John, Jr. *
Macchio, Joseph *
Mackenzie, Roderick J.
Makris, Manalows
Martin, Francis B.
Martin, Lawrence
Martin, Paul A., Jr. *
May, Kent J.
Mc Donough, Walter T. *
Mc Gee, T. M. *
Mc Gill, Charles J. *
Mc Glaughn, W. M. *
Mc Intyre, J. F. *
Mc Invale, R. R. *
Mc Keehan, L. *
Melancon, Charles F. *
Miller, Ernest H. *
Millsaps, Sylvan *
Mink, Martin S. *
Mohr, Otto E., Jr. *
Moon, Roland R. *
Moreno, John *
Morgan, Roy G.
Mullins, Lawrence W. *
Mullins, Lester C. *
Murie, John H. *
Nagurney, Nicklas
Newsom, Earl T. *
Newsom, Geral
Niss, Arnold W. *
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