by Will Durant
FIG. 38—MICHIEL JANSZOON VAN MIEREVELT: William the Silent. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (Bettmann Archive)
FIG. 39—SCHOOL OF RUBENS: Ambrogio Spinola. The Frick Collection, New York
FIG. 40—RUBENS: Rubens and Isabella Brandt. Alte Pinakothek, Munich
FIG. 41—FRANS HALS: The Laughing Cavalier. Reproduced by permission of the Trustees of the Wallace Collection, London
FIG. 42—FRANS HALS: The Women Regents. Frans Halsmuseum, Haarlem
FIG. 43—ANTHONY VANDYCK: Self-portrait. The Jules S. Bache Collection, 1949; The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (Bettmann Archive)
FIG. 44—REMBRANDT: The Artist’s Father. Mauritshuis, The Hague
FIG. 45—REMBRANDT: The Artist’s Mother. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
FIG. 46—REMBRANDT: Self-portrait. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna PAGE 487
FIG. 47—REMBRANDT: Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp. Mauritshuis, The Hague (Bettmann Archive) PAGE 488
FIG. 48— Queen Christina of Sweden. From F. W. Bain, Christina, Queen of Sweden: W. H. Allen & Co., London, 1890 PAGE 502
FIG. 49—BASED ON A SKETCH BY VANDYCK: Gustaims Adolphus. Alte Pinakothek, Munich (Bettmann Archive)
FIG. 50—JAN MATEJKO: King Stephen Bathory of Poland. From Stanislaw Witkiewicz, Matejko, Lwow, 1912
FIG. 51—Shah Abbas the Great. From Sir John Malcolm, History of Persia, vol. i: John Murray and Longman & Co., London, 1815
FIG. 52—Mosque of Sultan Ahmed, Istanbul. From Ulga Vogt-Göknil, Tü rkische Moscheen: Origo Verlag, Zürich, 1953
FIG. 53—Masjid-i-Shah, Portal to Sanctuary, Isfahan. From Arthur Upham Pope and Phyllis Ackerman, Survey of Persian Art, vol. iv: Oxford University Press, 1958
FIG. 54—Poet Seated in Garden. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
FIG. 55 -Safavid Tile Wall Panels, probably from Palace Chihil Sutun in Isfahan. (ABOVE, BELOW, BELOW LEFT). Rogers Fund, 1903; The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
FIG. 56 —Persian Rug, from the Ardebil Mosque, Persia. Hewitt Fund, 1910;The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
FIG. 57—ANTHONY VANDYCK: Wallenstein. Alte Pinakothek, Munich
FIG. 58—SUSTERMANS: Galileo. Pitti Gallery, Florence (Bettmann Archive)
FIG. 59—FRANS HALS: Descartes. Louvre, Paris
About the Authors
WILL DURANT was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, on November 5, 1885. He was educated in the Catholic parochial schools there and in Kearny, New Jersey, and thereafter in St. Peter’s (Jesuit) College, Jersey City, New Jersey, and Columbia University. New York. For a summer he served as a cub reporter on the New York Journal, in 1907, but finding the work too strenuous for his temperament;, he settled down at Seton Hall College, South Orange, New Jersey, to teach Latin, French, English, and geometry (1907–11). He entered the seminary at Seton Hall in 1909, but withdrew in 1911 for reasons he has described in his book Transition. He passed from this quiet seminary to the most radical circles in New York, and became (1911—13) the teacher of the Ferrer Modern School, an experiment in libertarian education. In 1912 he toured Europe at the invitation and expense of Alden Freeman, who had befriended him and now undertook to broaden his borders.
Returning to the Ferrer School, he fell in love with one of his pupils—who had been born Ida Kaufman in Russia on May 10, 1898—resigned his position, and married her (1913). For four years he took graduate work at Columbia University, specializing in biology under Morgan and Calkins and in philosophy under Wood-bridge and Dewey. He received the doctorate in philosophy in 1917, and taught philosophy at Columbia University for one year. In 1914, in a Presbyterian church in New York, he began those lectures on history, literature, and philosophy that, continuing twice weekly for thirteen years, provided the initial material for his later works.
The unexpected success of The Story of Philosophy (1926) enabled him to retire from teaching in 1927. Thenceforth, except for some incidental essays Mr. and Mrs. Durant gave nearly all their working hours (eight to fourteen daily) to The Story of Civilization. To better prepare themselves they toured Europe in 1927, went around the world in 1930 to study Egypt, the Near East, India, China, and Japan, and toured the globe again in 1932 to visit Japan, Manchuria, Siberia, Russia, and Poland. These travels provided the background for Our Oriental Heritage (1935) as the first volume in The Story of Civilization. Several further visits to Europe prepared for Volume 2, The life of Greece (1939), and Volume 3, Caesar and Christ (1944). In 1948, six months in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, and Europe provided perspective for Volume 4, The Age of Faith (1950). In 1951 Mr. and Mrs. Durant returned to Italy to add to a lifetime of gleanings for Volume 5, The Renaissance (1953); and in 1954 further studies in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, France, and England opened new vistas for Volume 6, The Reformation (1957).
Mrs. Durant’s share in the preparation of these volumes became more and more substantial with each year, until in the case of Volume 7, The Age of Reason Begins (1961), it was so great that justice required the union of both names on the title page. And so it was on The Age of Louis XIV (1963), The Age of Voltaire (1965), and Rousseau and Revolution (winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1968).
The publication of Volume II The Age of Napoleon, in 1975 concluded five decades of achievement. Ariel Durant died on October 25, 1981, at the age of 83; Will Durant died 13 days later, on November 7, aged 96. Their last published work was A Dual Autobiography (1977).
BY WILL DURANT
The Story of Philosophy
Transition
The Pleasure of Philosophy
Adventures in Genius
BY WILL AND ARIEL DURANT
THE STORY OF CIVILIZATION
1. Our Oriental Heritage
2. The Life of Greece
3. Caesar and Christ
4. The Age of Faith
5. The Renaissance
6. The Reformation
7. The Age of Reason Begins
8. The Age of Louis XIV
9. The Age of Voltaire
10. Rousseau and Revolution
11. The Age of Napoleon
The Lessons of History
Interpretation of Life
A Dual Autobiography
Notes
CHAPTER I
1. Froude, Reign of Elizabeth, I, II.
2. Neale, Queen Elizabeth, 26.
3. Ibid., 37.
4. Froude, I, Introd., vii.
5. Read, C, Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth, 32.
6. Ibid., 119.
7. Hughes, P., The Reformation in England, III, 46.
8. Froude, Elizabeth, III, 306.
9. Froude, I, 448.
10. Barnes, H. E., Economic History of the Western World, 205.
11. Hallam, Constitutional History of England, I, 245.
12. Lingard, J., History of England, VI, 324.
13. Christopher Hatton in Shakespeare’s England, I, 80.
14. Neale, 61.
15. Ibid., 75–6.
16. Shakespeare’s England, I, 5.
17. Neale, 386.
18. Froude, I, 120.
19. Cambridge Modern History, III, 289.
20. Froude, IV, 62.
21. Thornton, Table Talk from Ben Jonson to Leigh Hunt, 9.
22. Hallam, I, 133.
23. Neale, 80.
24. Read, 363.
25. Froude, II, 84.
26. Camb. Mod. History, II, 582,
27. Froude, I, 300.
28. Ibid., 103.
29. Ibid., 491.
30. Creighton, Queen Elizabeth, 254.
31. Church, R. W., Spenser, 116.
32. Lingard, VI, 321.
33. Aubrey, Brief Lives, 305.
34. Chute, Shakespeare of London, 145.
35. Bacon, Fr., Philosophical Works, 869; Apophthegm 55.
36. Froude, V, 206.
37. Sir John Hayward in Muir, K., Elizabethan and Jacobean Prose, I.
38. Chute, Ben Jonson, 164.
39. Frou
de, I, 8, 14.
40. Ibid, and 145; II, 338; Allen, J. W., History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century, 199–200.
41. Ascham, The Scholemaster, 81.
42. Froude, III, 4.
43. Taine, English Literature, 160.
44. Smith, Preserved, The Age of the Reformation, 634.
45. Robertson, J. M., Short History of Free-thought, II, 5, 6.
46. Bradbrook, The School of Night, 7; Boas, Marlowe and His Circle, 90; and the ed. of Love’s Labour’s Lost by A. T. Quiller Couch and J. Dover Wilson, London, 1923.
47. Bradbrook, 39.
48. Ibid., 12.
49. Robertson, Freethought, II, 10.
50. Green, J. R., Short History of the English People, ch. vii, sect. 3.
51. Froude, I, 183; IV, 65; V, 228.
52. Ibid., IV, 385–6.
53. Camb. Mod. History, II, 562.
54. Chute, Ben Jonson, 79.
55. Roeder, Catherine de’ Medici, 492.
56. Froude, IV, 119; Neale, 215.
57. Payne, E. A., The Anabaptists of the 16th Century, 19; Lingard, VI, 170.
58. Pastor, History of the Popes, XVI 250.
59. McCabe, Candid History of the Jesuits, 150.
60. Froude, I, 329.
61. Ibid., II, 345; Hughes, III, 159.
62. Macaulay, Critical and Historical Essays, I, 6; Camb. Mod. History, III, 349.
63. Lingard, VI, 122.
64. Hughes, III, 289.
65. Pastor, XIX, 441–2.
66. Ibid.
67. McCabe, Candid History, 148.
68. Ibid., 150.
69. Froude, IV, 284.
70. Ibid., 294–5.
71. Lngard, VI, 165; Froude, IV, 297.
72. Pastor, XIX, 458.
73. Hughes, III, 325–6.
74. Neale, 265.
75. Hughes, III, 363; Williams, F. B., Elizabethan England, 10.
76. Froude, V, 238.
77. Hughes, III, 380; Neale, 299.
78. Hallam, I, 169; Lingard, VI, 257.
79. Hughes, III, 392–6.
80. Allen, J. W., History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century, 216–7; Hallam, I, 190.
81. Hallam, I, 198.
82. Hughes, III, 408.
83. Lea, H. C., Studies in Church History, 508.
84. Neale, 178.
85. Hallam, I, 205.
86. Camb. Mod. History, III, 345.
87. Walton, Izaak, Life of Richard Hooker, in Clark, B. H., Great Short Biographies of the World, 556.
88. Hooker, Richard, Works: Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, I, x, 4, 8.
89. Ibid., VIII, vi, II.
90. Ibid., I, i, I.
91. Froude, IV, 237.
92. Ibid., 191.
93. D’Alton, E. A., History of Ireland, III, 199.
94. Froude, IV, 233, 236.
95. Ibid., 233.
96. Froude, II, 466.
97. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th ed., XV, 778b.
98. Froude, II, 211.
99. Nussbaum, F. L., History of the Economic Institutions of Modern Europe, 122; Froude, II, 468.
100. Barnes, Economic History, 265.
101. Acton, J. E., Lectures on Modern History, 152; Davies, E. Trevor, The Golden Age of Spain, 212; Froude, III, 309; V, 37.
102. Froude, V, 344.
103. Ibid., 400.
104. Michelet, Jules, Histoire de France, IV, 4.
105. Froude, V, 413.
106. Ibid., 430–1.
107. Spedding, J., Life and Times of Francis Bacon, I, 56.
108. Strachey, Elizabeth and Essex, 173.
109. In Eddy, Sherwood, The Challenge of Europe, 205n.
110. Strachey, Elizabeth and Essex, 6.
111. Clarendon, Robert Devereux and George Villiers, in Clark, Great Short Biographies, 603.
112. Spedding, I, 21.
113. Ibid., 179.
114. Ibid., 56.
115. Strachey, 65.
116. Spedding, I, 231.
117. Spedding, note to Rawley’s Life of Bacon, in Bacon, Philosophical Works, 3.
118. Strachey, 172; Spedding, Life of Bacon, I, 227; Creighton, Queen Elizabeth, 279.
119. Holzknecht, Backgrounds of Shakespeare’s Plays, 301; Chambers, E. K., William Shakespeare, I, 354; Strachey, 241.
120. Spedding, I, 343–8.
121. Strachey, 264–5.
122. Creighton, 295.
123. Strachey, 279.
124. In Muir, Elizabethan and Jacobean Prose, 39.
125. Ibid., 40.
126. Hamlet, III, iii, 15–23.
127. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, Preface to the King.
128. Henry VIII, V, v, 18.
CHAPTER II
1. A phrase of unknown origin, as old as 1300—Mencken, H. L., New Dictionary of Quotations, 343.
2. Bernai, Science in History, 284; Wolf, A., History of Science in the Eighteenth Century, 630.
3. Trevelyan, English Social History, 191.
4. Rogers, Economic Interpretation of History, 38; Traill, Social England, III, 365; Froude, Henry VIII, I, 19; Lipson, Growth of English Society, 157f.
5. Shakespeare’s England, I, 320.
6. Rogers, Economic Interpretation, 37; Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages, 84, 88, 100.
7. Renard and Weulersee, Life and Work in Modern Europe, 94; Shakespeare’s England, I, 331.
8. Creighton in Traill, III, 373.
9. Gasquet, Henry VIII and the English Monasteries, II, 515n.
10. Smith, P, Age of the Reformation, 476.
11. Beard, Chas., Toward Civilization, 227.
12. Trevelyan, Social History, 160–1.
13. Wolf, History of Science in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, 614.
14. Thompson, J. W., Economic and Social History of Europe in the Later Middle Ages, 497.
15. See, H., Modern Capitalism, 55.
16. Trevelyan, Social History, 120.
17. Sarton, G., Introduction to the History of Science, IIIa, 324.
18. Addison, J. D., Arts and Crafts in the Middle Ages, 26.
19. Froude, Elizabeth, II, 88.
20. Chute, Shakespeare of London, 63.
21. Ascham, Scholemaster, 71–8 and end.
22. Einstein, Lewis, Italian Renaissance in England, 160.
23. Hughes, III, 137.
24. Goethe, Faust, Part II, lines 616–18, quoted in Haydn, H., The Counter-Renaissance, 362.
25. Camb. Mod. History, III, 362.
26. Chute, Ben Jonson, 41.
27. Trend, J. B., Civilization of Spain, 110.
28. Hughes, III, 144.
29. Shakespeare’s England, I, 416.
30. Froude, Elizabeth, V, 462.
31. Trevelyan, Social History, 140.
32. Lingard, VI, 323.
33. King Lear, IV, vi.
34. Lingard, VI, 323.
35. Hallam, I, 35.
36. Shakespeare’s England, I, 398.
37. Froude, Elizabeth, IV, 122–3; Shakespeare’s England, I, 400.
38. Hallam, I, 234; Spenser, E., Poetical Works, Introd., xxiii.
39. Browne, Sir Thos., Religio Medici, Introd., x.
40. Garrison, History of Medicine, 819.
41. Bacon, Essay “Of Gardens,” in Philosophical Works, 791.
42. Merchant of Venice, I, ii.
43. Much Ado about Nothing, III, iv.
44. Holzknecht, 44.
45. Philip Stubbs in James, B. B., Women of England, 250.
46. Wright, Thomas, Womankind in Western Europe, 334.
47. Merchant of Venice, III, ii, 89.
48. Shakespeare’s England, II, 94.
49. Wright, Thomas, History of Domestic Manners and Sentiments in England, 456.
50. James I, A Counterblast to Tobacco (1604), in Muir, 89.
51. McKinney and Anderson, Music in History, 278.
52. Oxford History of Music, II, 221.
&n
bsp; 53. Ibid., 208.
54. Haydn, H., The Portable Elizabethan Reader, 666.
55. Burney, C., General History of Music, II, 306.
56. In the National Portrait Gallery, London.
57. Blomfield, R., Short History of Renaissance Architecture in England, 37.
58. Bishop, A. T., Renaissance Architecture of England, 34; Blomfield, 86.
59. Ibid.
60. Haydn, Counter-Renaissance, 13.
CHAPTER III
1. Burton, Robert, Anatomy of Melancholy, 7.
2. Shakespeare’s England, II, 183.
3. Putnam, G. H., Censorship of the Church of Rome, II, 258.
4. Shakespeare’s England, II, 217.
5. Cambridge History of English Literature, III, 369.
6. Garnett and Gosse, English Literature, II, 68.
7. Camb. History of English Literature, III, 372.
8. Ascham, Scholemaster, 17–23.
9. Haydn, Portable Elizabethan Reader, 183.
10. Lyly, Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit, 33.
11. Greene, Robert, A Groats-worth of Wit Bought with a Million of Repentance, in Taine, English Literature, 168.
12. In Muir, 28.
13. Symonds, J. A., Shakespeare’s Predecessors, 435.
14. Saintsbury, History of Elizabethan Literature, 233.
15. Bourne, Sir Philip Sidney, 75.
16. Aubrey’s Brief Lives, 278.
17. Bourne, 115.
18. Ibid., 27–30.
19. Ibid., 277.
20. Sidney, Philip, Works: Defense of Poetry, 9.
21. Sidney, Works, III, 14.
22. Ibid., I, 7.
23. Ibid., I, 16.
24. Defense of Poetry, 41.
25. Sidney, Sonnet xxxi.
26. Bourne, 326.
27. In Haydn, Elizabethan Reader, 394.
28. Bourne, 349.