by Will Durant
Greenland, 495
Greenwood, John (d. 1593), 26
Gregory VII (Hildebrand), Pope (1073–85), 134, 178, 228, 547
Gregory XIII, Pope (1572–85), 239–40, 269, 498
calendar reform, 239, 594–95
and England, 21, 22, 30, 128, 240
and Montaigne, 239, 412
and St. Bartholomew Massacre, 239, 353–54
Gregory XIV, Pope (1590–91), 363
Gregory XV, Pope (1621–23), 234, 238, 558, 577
Gresham, Sir Thomas (1519?–79), 48, 50
founds Gresham College, 52
Greville, Sir Fulke (1554–1628), 73*, 76
Grey, Arthur, Lord, 29, 74
Grey, Lady Catherine (c. 1538–1568), 12
Grey, Lady Jane (1537–54), 6, 10
Grindal, Edmund, Archbishop (1519?–83) 25
Groningen, province of, 436, 443, 454, 456, 457
University of, 480, 583*
Grotius, Hugo (Huig de Groot: 1583–1645), 459–60, 503, 508, 591, 612, 632–35
Grousset, René (1885–1952), 534
Grünewald, Matthias (fl. 1500–30), 319
Guardi, Francesco (1712–93), 230
Guarini, Giovanni Battista (1537–1612), 67, 257
Guarneri family, 254
Gubbio, Italy, 238*
Guercino (Giovanni Francesco Barbieri: 1591–1666), 234, 268
Guevara, Antonio de (1480?–1545), 68, 258
Guevara, Niño de, Cardinal, 319
Gueux (Beggars), 442–44
Guez de Balzac, see Balzac, Seigneur de
Guiana, 157–58
Guicciardini, Francesco (1483–1540), 67
Guicciardini, Lodovico, 479
Guiducci, Mario (fl. 1619), 608
Guienne, province of, 340–41, 357
Collège de, 399, 400
Guignard, Jean (fl. 1594), 364
guilds, 46–47, 366, 383, 387, 438, 544
Guinea Gold Coast, 477
Guise, house of, 37, 131, 285, 334–37, 339, 344, 351, 364
Guise, Cardinal of (Louis II de Lorraine: 1555–88), 360
Guise, Charles de, Cardinal of Lorraine (1524–74), 333–37, 353, 359
Guise, Francis (François de Lorraine), 2d Duke of (1519–63), 334, 340, 342–43
Guise, Henry (Henri I de Lorraine), 3d Duke of (1550–88), 343, 348, 349–51, 359, 360
assassination of, 413, 629
Guise, Mary of, see Mary of Guise
Guiton, Jean (1585–1654), 382
Guizot, François (1787–1874), 108
Gulistan (Sa‘di), 534
Gunpowder Plot, 137, 139–42, 149, 187
Gunter, Edmund (1581–1626), 164
Gurk, Austria, cathedral, 550
Gustavus I Vasa, King of Sweden (1523–60), 497
Gustavus II Adolphus, King of Sweden (1611–1632), 497, 499–501, 503, 549, 575
Baltic campaigns, 500–501, 508
death, 564–65
domestic reforms, 500
and Richelieu, 386, 501, 558
Russo-Swedish peace, 500
in 30 Years’ War, 197, 243, 501, 502, 559–61, 562–565, 566
Gutenberg Bible, 107
Haarlem, Netherlands, 462, 476, 478, 480
architecture, 482–83
art, 483–87
Calvinism in, 437, 453, 480
siege of (1573), 449
habeas corpus, right of, 7, 54, 203, 204
Hadrian, Roman emperor (117–38), 173
Hague, The, 476, 478, 635
arts, 483
religious disturbances, 460
Hainaut, province of, 347, 436, 448, 450, 454
Hainburg, Austria, witchcraft persecution in, 578
Hajji Khalfah (Mustafa ibn Abdullah: 1600?–1658), 520
Hakluyt, Richard (1552?–166), 71, 166
Hakluytus Posthumus (Purchas), 166–67
Halberstadt, bishopric of, 570
Hales, John (1584–1656), 187–88
Hall, John (1575–1635), 105
Hall, Joseph, Bishop of Norwich (1574–1656), 209
Hallam, Henry (1777–1859), 124, 295
Hals, Dirk (1591–1656), 484*
Hals, Frans (1580–1666), 200, 462, 465, 484–487
Hamadan, rebuilding of, 530
Hamburg, Germany, 49, 228, 447, 530
peace arrangement at (1641), 568
Hamel, Father (fl. 1585), 246
Hamilton, John, Archbishop of St. Andrews (1511?–71), 112, 117, 121
Hamlet (Anonymous), 93
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 56, 81, 89, 93–94, 97–100, 102–4, 107, 109
Hammer of Witches (Sprenger), 578
Hampden, John (1594–1643), 202, 205, 207, 209–12, 213
Hampton Court: Conference (1604), 140, 152
Palace, 13, 212
Hanau, Germany, Calvinism in, 552
Handel, George Frederick (1685–1759), 546
Handl, Jakob (1550–91), 546
Hanover, plague in, 592
Hanseatic League, 543, 559
Hanszoon, Hans (d. 1584), 456
Hapsburg, house of, 157, 284, 501, 508, 5 38, 541, 563
encirclement of France, 278, 339, 370–71, 385, 386, 390, 555, 558, 562
in Netherlands, 436
and Papacy, 243, 367
power broken by Richelieu, 243, 289, 374, 570–71
Valois rivalry, 333, 339
Harderwijk, University of, 480, 583*
Hardy, Alexandre (1570?–1631?), 313, 421
harems, 520, 522, 532
Harington, Sir John (1561–1612), 44, 55
Harmodius (d. 514 B.C.), 628
Harmony of the World, The (Kepler), 598–599
Harriot, Thomas (1560–1621), 16, 82, 164
Harrow School, 51, 63
Hartmann, Georg (fl. 1544), 165
Harvard College, 583
Harvey, Gabriel (1545?–1630), 68, 69, 71, 73–74, 77, 618
on Cambridge, 63–64, 67
Harvey, Sir William (1578–1657), 163, 167–69, 174, 232, 591–92, 642
Hassler, Hans (1564–1612), 546
Hassler, Jakob (1569-c. 1619), 546
Hassler, Kaspar (1562?-c. 1619), 546
Hastings, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, Marquis of (1754–1826), 49
Hathaway, Anne (1557?–1623), 55, 88, 107
Hatton, Sir Christopher (1540–91), 6, 14, 32, 38, 74
Hautefort, Marie de (1616–91), 379, 387
Have with You to Saffron Walden (Nash), 69
Hawkins, Sir John (1532–95), 31–35, 37, 38, 58
Hayward, Sir John (1564?–1627), 13
Hazlitt, William (1778–1830), 108
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831), 183, 631
Heidelberg, 591
Castle, 549
Catechism, 551
pillage of (1622), 558, 568
University, 551–552, 555, 582
Heiligenberg, Schloss, 549
Heiligerlee, battle of (1568), 446
Hein, Piet (fl. 1628), 461
Heinsius, Daniel (1580–1655), 480
Heinsius, Nicolaas (1620–81), 503
Heliodorus (4th? cent.), 66
Hell Broke Loose, pamphlet, 186
Helmont, Jan Baptista van (1577?–1644), 588, 593
Helmstedt, University of, 583*, 619
Helsingborg, Sweden, 495
Helsingör, Denmark, 495, 496
Helvétius, Claude Adrien (1715–71), 183, 613
Heming, John (1556?–1630), 107
Henri Quatre, see Henry IV, King of France
Henrietta Maria (1609–69), Queen Consort of Charles I of England, 160, 187, 193, 201, 208, 210, 212–13, 324, 394, 475
Henry II, King of France (1547–59), 11, 110–111, 275, 278, 333, 428, 429
and Huguenots, 334, 336
Henry III, King of France:
AS DUKE OF ANJOU (1551–73), 339, 348, 349–350, 352, 356
AS KING OF FRANCE (1574–
89), 128–29, 357–61, 362, 367, 394–96, 617
assassination of, 361, 364, 628–29
and the League, 360–61, 618
and Montaigne, 411–13
morals of, 358, 394
AS KING OF POLAND (1573–74), 357, 507
Henry IV, King of France:
AS HENRY III OF NAVARRE (1572–89), 336, 345, 346, 355, 413
fights for French throne, 37, 240, 242–43, 285, 356–63, 411
marriage to Marguerite, 348–49, 356–57
at Massacre, 351–352
“Paris worth a Mass,” 45, 349, 363–64
AS KING OF FRANCE (1589–1610), 119, 245, 338–339, 364–73, 374, 380, 395, 396, 397, 418, 420, 581, 590
amours, 369–72, 375, 394, 417
assassination, 372–73, 627, 629
character, 286, 356, 368–69, 373, 415
civic improvements and reforms, 365–67, 384, 427, 429
and Edict of Nantes, 45, 367, 417
foreign policy, 160, 275, 287, 370–72, 386, 390, 553
marriage to Marie de Médicis, 255, 370
portrait (Pour-bus), 368, 430
statues of, 227, 428–29
and Venice, 228, 229, 362
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1056–1106), 134, 228
Henry IV (Shakespeare), 92, 99, 101, 164
Henry V (Shakespeare), 92, 94
Henry VI (Shakespeare), 88, 89, 99
Henry VII, King of England (1485–1509), 4, 110, 118
Henry VIII, King of England (1509–47), 4, 5, 7, 9, 48, 110, 118, 180, 284
absolutism of, 45, 133, 138, 204
dissolution of monasteries, 51, 167
Henry VIII (Shakespeare and Fletcher), 96, 99, 102, 143
Henry, Cardinal, King of Portugal (1578–1580), 290
Henry, Count of Isenburg-Ronneburg (fl. 1598), 552
Henry, Prince of Wales (d. 1616), 135, 136, 143, 157, 200
Henry of Nassau (1550–74), 450
Henslowe, Philip (d. 1616), 147, 148
Heptoplomeres colloquium (Bodin), 631–32
Herat, captured by Uzbeks, 527
Herbert, George (1593–1632), 154
Herbert, Thomas (1597–1642?), 532, 535–36
Herbert of Cherbury, Edward Herbert, IST Baron (1583–1648), 186–87, 614
Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744–1803), 108
heresy prosecutions: by Catholic Church, 135, 238–39, 275–76, 284, 334, 336–37, 439–42, 444–445, 447–49, 451, 589, 590, 624, see also Bruno and Galilei, Galileo
Montaigne on, 410
by Protestant churches, 18, 24, 65, 132, 140, 215, 378, 459–60, 644
Selden on, 194
Hermogenes, Patriarch of Moscow (fl. 1610), 516
Hernández, Gregorio (c. 1576–1636), 314, 315
Hernani (Hugo), 420
Hero and Leander (Marlowe and Chapman), 85, 86, 143
Hero and Leander (Musaeus), 66
Hero of Alexandria (3D cent.), 585
Herodotus (5TH cent, B.C.), 66
Herrera, Juan de (1530–97), 279, 314, 322
Herrick, Robert (1591–1674), 151, 196–97
Herries, John Maxwell, Baron (1553–93), 125
Heselrige, Sir Arthur (fl. 1661), 211–12
Hespendes (Herrick), 197
Hesse, landgraviate of, 542*
Hesse-Cassel, landgraviate of, 552
Heu, Gaspard de, 336
Heywood, Thomas (c. 1570–1641), 143
High Commission, see Court of High Commission
Hildebrand, Saint, see Gregory VII, Pope
Hilliard, Nicholas (1547–1619), 61
Hipparchus (fl. 130 B.C.), 601
Hipparchus, Tyrant of Athens (527–514 B.C.), 628
Hiroshige, Ando (1797–1858), 432
Hirschvogel family, Nuremberg, 550
Histoire naturelle (Buffon), 591
Histoire tragique (Belieforest), 93
Historia ecclesiae Christi (Flacius), 547
Historiae de rebus Hispaniae (Mariana), 297
Historia Jesuitici ordints (Leiser), 554
Historia sut temporis (de Thou), 417
historians, 66–67, 256, 295–97, 320, 354, 547, 632
history, Bodin’s philosophy of, 629–30, 631
History of Density and Rarity (Francis Bacon), 180
History of Freedom, The (Acton), 346*
History of Life and Death (Francis Bacon), 180
History of the Mohammedan Dynasties of Spain (al-Maqqari), 520
History of the Popes (Pastor), 456*
History of the Popes (Ranke), 456*
History of the Reformation of Religioun within the Realme of Scotland (Knox), 126
History of the Reign of Henry VII (Francis Bacon), 180
History of the Revolution of Persia (Kiusinski), 530
History of the World (Raleigh), 152, 157
History of Toledo (Francisco de Pisa), 318
History of Tythes (Selden), 194
History of Winds (Francis Bacon), 180
Histriomastix (Prynne), 193
Hobbema, Meindert (1638–1709), 484
Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), 27, 169, 613, 630, 632, 645, 646
and Bacon, 170, 175, 182
and Descartes, 643
and Gassendi, 636
“social contract,” 27, 135, 359, 627
Hochstetter, house of, 543
Hohenzollern, house of, 570
Holbach, Paul Henri Dietrich, Baron (1723–1789), 613
Holbein, Hans, the Younger (1497?–1543), 61, 521
Holinshed, Raphael (d. 1580?), 66, 94, 96
Holl, Elias (1573–1646), 549, 561
Holland (present Netherlands), see United Provinces under Netherlands
Holland, province of, 436, 447, 449, 450–52, 454–57, 478
Hollandsch porseleyn, 483
Holles, Denzil, 1st Baron Holies of Ifield (1509–1680), 211–12
Holstein, duchy of, 495, 542*, 544, 559, 560
Holy League (France, 1576–93), see League
Holy League (Papacy, Spain, Venice, 1571–1572) against the Turks, 284, 522–24
Holy Roman Empire, 538–72
Catholic-Protestant distribution, 540–42
decline of, 570–71
electors (Electoral Diet), 538, 556, 558, 560
extent (1564), 538
Imperial Diet, 538, 539, 551
(Augsburg, 1555), 560, 561, 570
Polish alliance, 508
population decrease, 567, 571
Spanish alliance, 274
Thirty Years’ War, 556–68
tributes to Turks, 522, 541
“Holy Sonnets” (Donne), 155–56
Homer (9th cent, B.C.), 7, 66, 264, 291, 292, 580
homosexualism, 53, 82, 131, 241, 252, 358, 379, 394, 520, 532
Honthorst, Gerard van (1590–1656), 484*
Hooft, Pieter (1581–1647), 481
Hoogstraaten, Count of (fl. 1568), 445–46
Hooker, Richard (1554–1600), 26–28
Horace (65–8 B.C.), 66, 273, 291, 419
Hormuz, Persia, 531
Horn, Philippe de Montmorency, Count of (1518–68), 437, 439, 443, 445–46
Horrocks, Jeremiah (1671?–41), 165
Hosius, Stanislas (1504–79), 511
hospitals, 367, 377, 501, 592
Hotman, François (1524–90), 354, 360, 367
Houtman, Cornells de (c. 1540–1599), 477
Howard, Lord Thomas (1561–1626), 1st Earl of Suffolk, 37, 62
Howard of Effingham, Charles Howard, Baron (1536–1624), 35–37, 39, 74
Hudson, Henry (d. 1611), 166, 478
Huet, Pierre Daniel (1630–1721), 397, 502
Hugo, François (1828–73), 108
Hugo, Victor (1802–85), 108, 420
Huguenots, 334–64, 377–82, 647
in Béarn, 346, 356–57, 378, 379
and the Bible, 335
Buckingham’s attempts to
aid, 202, 380, 559
doctrine and organization, 267, 334–35
General Assembly (1620), 379
under Henry IV, 365, 367
intolerance of, 341, 377–78
massacres of, see St. Bartholomew and Vassy
Montaigne on, 411
and Netherland revolt, 347–48, 352, 446, 447
partial toleration of, 337, 339–45
persecution of, 46, 70, 239, 334, 336–37, 395, 430, 581
political philosophy, 354–55, 359–60, 361
revolt of (1562–94), 8, 31, 38, 217, 242, 289, 335, 336, 342–45, 354, 358–64;
state within a state, 378–79
subdued by Richelieu, 380–82, 386
Hull, England, in Civil Wars, 212
Hume, David (1711–76), 135, 183, 407, 409, 613
Hume, Martin, 282*
“humours,” 146–48, 619
Hundred Years’ War, 365
Hungary, 538, 540, 541, 570, 647
literature, 547
Ottoman, 518, 519
Hunsdon, Henry Carey, 1st Baron (1524?–96), 74
Huntingdon, England, 202, 207–8
Huntly, George Gordon, 5th Earl of (d. 1576), 122
Husein, Shah of Persia (1694–1722), 534
Hussites, 542, 571
Huygens, Christian (fl. 1595), 482
Huygens, Christian (1629–95), 482, 643
Huygens, Constantijn (1596–1687), 479–80, 482
Hveen, Denmark, 596–97
Hyde, Edward, see Clarendon
Hydriotaphia (Browne), 195–96
hydrography, 164
hydrometer, invention of, 584
hymns, 19, 59, 253, 546
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1446), 632
Ibrahim I, Ottoman Sultan (1640–48), 526
Iceland, 495
iconoclasm, 19, 25, 112, 190–91, 209, 267, 340, 443, 452, 509, 552, 557
Iliad, The (Homer), 74, 166, 263, 264, 293
Chapman translation, 143
illiteracy, see literacy
Immaculate Conception of the Virgin, belief in, 275, 315
Imperial Diet, see under Holy Roman Empire
Impressionists, 328
Index, 258, 273, 412, 599, 612, 615, 640, 645
Congregation of the, 580, 608
Independents, 25, 186, 190, 214, 216–18
India: all-water route to, 67, 273, 519, 531, 543
arts of, 534, 536
English established in, 159
European trade with, 49, 227, 273, 477, 519, 531, 543
Jesuits in, 247
Mogul dynasty of, 247, 518, 533, 534
Portuguese in, 291–92
Spain in, 295
Indians, American, 31, 97, 249–51, 402, 409
Indochina, Dutch in, 589
Indonesia, 518
induction, see Bacon, Francis
industrial improvements, 166, 588–89
Industrial Revolution, 175, 183, 441
industry: England, 46–49, 163, 184–85, 332
France, 332, 366
Netherlands, 437, 463, 477, 483, 584–85