by Will Durant
literacy, 383, 479, 480, 512, 515, 520
Lithuania, grand duchy of, 500, 506, 511
Liverpool, England, in Civil Wars, 218
Lives (Plutarch), 66, 400
Livonia, 497, 500, 507, 508, 570
Livorno (Leghorn), 226
Livy (Titus Livius: 59 B.C.-A.D. 17), 67, 146, 423, 629
Lochleven Castle, 123, 130
Locke, John (1632–1704), 27, 183, 359, 407, 636, 641, 645
Locke, Matthew (1620?–77), 175
Lodge, Thomas (1558–1625), 76, 78, 86, 90, 92
logarithms, 163–64, 585, 647
logic: deductive and inductive methods, 168, 173–76, 180–81, 183
and science, 587
Logroño province, Spain, witchcraft convictions, 577
Loitz Brothers, 543
Lollards, 23, 335
London: Bridge, 50
a center of commerce, 8, 50, 58, 185, 186
in Civil Wars, 212–13, 217
Common Council, 79
description of, 46
Great Fire of 1666, 62
Guildhall, 212
Inns of Court, 26, 54, 61, 97
Lambeth Palace, attack on, 189
Peace of (1604), 286
population (1640), 186
religious sympathies, 4, 15, 17, 21, 24, 79, 185, 186
riots (1640), 207
Royal Exchange, 50, 61
St. James’s Palace, 170
St. Paul’s Cathedral, 50, 62, 155, 189
theaters, 42, 52, 79–80, 88–90, 105, 143, 147, 149, 192
Whitehall Palace, 13, 62, 170; see also Westminster Abbey
Long Parliament, see under Parliament
Longhena, Baldassare (1604–82), 230–31
Longjumeau, Peace of (1568), 345
Longueville, Anne Geneviève de Bourbon-Condé, Duchess of (1619–79), 397
Longus (fl. 3d century), 66
Loos, Cornelius (fl. 1592), 578
Lope de Vega, see Vega, Lope de
López, Rodrigo (d. 1594), 91
Lords, House of: Bacon impeachment, 171
bishops’ exclusion bill, 208
Charles I’s appearance in, 210
Five Members’ indictment, 211
Gunpowder Plot, 141
rebels and Royalists in (1642), 213
and Rump Parliament, 219
Loreto, Italy, 238*, 410, 412
Lorrain, Claude (Claude Gellée: 1600–82), 432, 434–35
Lorraine, duchy of, 334, 335, 370, 384, 387, 538, 542*, 566, 571, 577
Lorraine, Cardinal of, see Guise, Charles de
Lothringen, 387
Louis IX, King of France (1226–70), 335, 356
Louis XI, King of France (1461–83), 354
Louis XIII, King of France (1610–43), 206, 370, 378–92 394–97, 415, 416, 565, 591, 632
absolutism won for, by Richelieu, 201, 381, 383, 390
art patron, 431, 432, 472
and Cinq-Mars, 387–88
and Gaston of Orléans, 379, 384, 388
and Huguenots, 378–382
Louvre improvements, 428, 476
in regency of mother, 374–79
Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715), 290, 373, 379, 392, 394, 395, 435, 571, 575, 614, 645
and arts, 427, 428, 429, 433, 521
autocracy of, 543
and Descartes, 644, 646
and Huguenots, 382
intendant system of, 384
and Spain, 327, 569
Louis Treize style, 429
Louis of Nassau (1538–74), 347–48, 441, 443, 445–46, 448, 450
Louis Philippe, King of the French (1830–48), 321
Louvain, 453
University of, 246, 580, 590
Lovelace, Richard (1618–58), 197–98
Love’s Labour’s Lost (Shakespeare), 16, 85, 89
Low German (language), 436
Lower Rhine administrative circle, 542*
Lower Saxony administrative circle, 542*
Loyola, Saint Ignatius (1491–1556), 244, 266, 270, 271, 427, 613
Lübeck, Germany, 543, 549
Peace of (1629), 560
Lublin: Union of (1569), 506
University of, 583*
Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus: 39–65), 66
Lucca, Republic of, 225, 227, 523
Lucerne, Switzerland, 540, 577
Lucian (2d cent.), 95
Luçon, bishopric of, 380
Lucretius (96?–55 B.C.), 404, 406, 601, 616, 620, 635, 636
Lucy, Sir Thomas (1532–1600), 88
Ludovisi, house of, 238
Lully, Raymond (1235?–1315), 616
Lundini, Taddeo (fl. 1594), 269
Lunghi, Martino, the Elder (fl. 1570), 269
Luristan, conquest of, 527
Lusatia, 541
Lusiads (Camões), 290, 291–93
Lusitania, 292
Luther, Martin (1483–1546), 15, 266, 354*, 410, 543, 609, 619
doctrines, 246, 459
Lutheranism: and absolutism, 626
in Anglican creed, 18
in Austria, 541
Bohemia, 542, 557
education under, 583
in Germany, 551–56, 557
Hungary, 541
Maximilian II and, 539
in Netherlands, 436, 442, 446, 448
Poland, 508, 510–11
as state religion, Sweden, 498–99, 505
Lutter, battle of (1626), 559
Lützen, battle of (1632), 387, 564, 565
Lützow, Adolf von, Count (1782–1834), 567
Luxembourg, duchy of, 370, 436, 538
Luynes, Charles d’Albert, Duke of (1578–1621), 379, 380
Lyly, John (1554–1606), 16, 26, 67–68, 81, 154, 258, 267, 306
Lyon, France, 333, 337, 395, 427
Huguenot massacre, 352–53
Maastricht, 446, 451, 454, 461
Macao, China, Portuguese settlement, 248, 291–92
macaronic poets, 300, 619
Macbeth (Shakespeare), 94, 97, 101, 102
Machiavelli, Niccoló (1469–1527), 4, 6, 8, 63, 64, 67, 81, 97, 178, 273, 338, 389, 629. 630, 633
Maderna, Carlo (1556–1629), 269, 270
Madrid, 279
art, 320–21, 323
Buen Retiro, 314, 325
Charles Stuart visit, 159–60, 322
theaters, 307
madrigals, 11, 13, 59, 60, 253–55, 256, 277
Maestlin, Michael (fl. 1590), 597
Magdeburg, bishopric of, 542*, 570
siege and sack of, 561, 563, 568
Magdeburg Centuries, The (Flacius), 547
Magellan, Strait of, 32
Maggini, Giovanni (c. 1580–1640), 254
Magia naturalis (Porta), 584
Mágico prodigioso, El (Calderón), 311–12
Magna Charta, 96, 203
Magnes (Kircher), 588
magnetism, 598, 642
terrestrial, discovery of, 165–66, 181, 588
Mahmud Abdu’l Baqi (d. 1600), 521
Maid’s Tragedy, The (Beaumont and Fletcher), 144
Mainz, archbishopric of, 538, 542*, 549, 553, 566
University of, 578
Mairet, Jean (1604–86), 422
Majestätsbrief (Bohemia, 1609), 542
Major, John (1469–1550), 135
Malabar Coast, India, 291
Málaga, Spain: cathedral, 315
Malatesta, Roberto, 240
Malebranche, Nicolas de (1638–1715), 376, 414, 646
Malherbe, François de (1555–1628), 108, 369, 371, 397–98, 417, 418–19, 427, 435
Malleus maleficarum, 578
Malmö, Sweden, 495
Malpighi, Marcello (1628–94), 169, 612
Manchester, Edward Montagu, 2d Earl of (1602–71), 215
Mander, Karel van (1548–1606), 484*
Manet, Édouard (1832–83), 319, 328
Manfredi, Bartolommeo (1587–1
621), 268
mannerism, 98
in painting, 232, 268, 317, 434
sculpture, 272
Manners, Lady Katherine, m. Duke of Buckingham, 156
manners, English, 14, 58
Dutch, 479
French, 395–98, 417
Italian, 253
Polish, 509
Russian, 512
Spanish, 277
Mannheim, 387
Manningham, John, 44, 81
Mansart, François (1598–1666), 428, 435
Mansfeld, Peter Ernst von, Count (1580?–1626), 556, 558, 559
Manso, Giovanni Battista, Marquis (1561–1647), 257–58, 265
Mantegna, Andrea (1431–1506), 428, 521
Mantua, duchy of, 225, 227, 229, 254, 265
art, 232, 466–67
dukes of, see Gonzaga
War of Succession, 227, 243, 289
Manuel I, King of Portugal (1495–1521), 290
Maqqari, al- (Ahmed ibn Muhammad: 1591?–1632), 520
Mar, John Erskine, Earl of (d. 1572), 130
Marburg, University of, 619
Marconi, Guglielmo (1874–1934), 612
Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor (161–80), 173
Mare liberum (Grotius), 632
Margaret of France and Savoy (1532?–74), 226
Margaret of Parma (1522–86), Regent of the Spanish Netherlands (1559–67), 439–446, 453
Margaret Theresa (Margarita), Infanta (1651–73), 326
Margaret Tudor (1489–1541), Queen of James IV of Scotland, 110
Marguerite of Angoulême (b. 1492), Queen of Navarre (r. 1544–49), 336 356, 393
Marguerite of Valois (1553–1615), 1st wife of Henry IV of France, 348, 352, 356–57, 369, 370, 376, 417
María, Infanta (dau. of Philip III), m. Ferdinand of Hungary, later Emperor Ferdinand III, 157, 159–60, 322, 323
Maria of Portugal (d. 1545), Queen of Spain as 1st wife of Philip II, 278
Maria, wife of Emperor Maximilian II, 277
Maria Eleanora of Brandenburg (1599–1655), 502
Mariana of Austria (1634–96), 2d wife of Philip IV, later Regent of Spain (1665–75), 290, 323
Mariana, Juan de (1537–1624), 246, 280–81, 297, 364, 372, 555, 626–29, 630
Marie de Médicis (1573–1642), Queen of Henry IV of France (1600–10), Regent of France (1610–17), 396, 581
and arts, 227, 258, 397, 426, 466, 470
banishment, 379, 387, 416
death, 392
marriage, 255, 370
as regent, 372, 374–78, 386
and Richelieu, 380, 383–84, 387
Mariestad, Sweden, 499
Marie Thérèse (María Teresa: 1638–83), Queen Consort of Louis XIV of France, 290, 327
Marillac, Michel de (1563–1632), 383–84
Marini, Giambattista (1569–1625), 68, 257–258, 267, 306, 432
marinismo, 258
Marlborough, John Churchill, 1st Duke of (1650–1722), 96
Marlowe, Christopher (1564–93), 16, 53, 67, 78, 81–86, 104, 143, 647
and Greene, 68, 69, 82, 88
and Shakespeare, 84–86, 88, 89, 92, 94
skepticism of, 64, 81–82
Marnix, Jean van, Lord of Tholouse (1537–67), 441
Marnix, Philip van, Lord of St.-Aldegonde (1538–98), 441, 447
“Marprelate, Martin, Gentleman,” 26
Marrakech, Morocco, 518
Marranos, 276
Marseilles, convicts at, 395
hospitals, 377
Marston, John (1575?–1634), 143, 149
Marston Moor, battle of, 215
Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis: 1st cent.), 66, 404, 317
Mary I, Queen of England (“Bloody Mary”: 1553–58), 5, 6, 66, 110, 115, 164
death, 3–4, 281
marriage, 9–10, 278
Mary of Guise (1515–60), Regent of Scotland (1554–59), 110
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (1542–87), 9, 24, 110–30, 135, 205, 268
appearance, 110–111, 113–14, 127, 417
birth of son to, 10, 120
and Bothwell, 118–23
Casket Letters, 121, 125
claim to Elizabeth’s crown, 4, 110, 112, 114, 124, 127, 129
claim as legal heir of Elizabeth, 43–44, 137
conspiracies involving, 6, 30–31, 33, 126–28, 280, 285, 451
and Darnley, 118–22
dealings with Elizabeth, 12, 111, 114, 118, 123, 124–25
Elizabeth urged to execute, 127–29, 354
escape from Scotland, 123–24
execution, 22, 34, 129–30, 285
French ties of, 8, 31, 110–11
imprisonment in England, 124–30
and Knox, 115–18, 126, 342
trial of, (1), 121, 124–25
(2), 128
Maryland, 187
Masaniello (Tommaso Aniello: 1623?–47), 235–36
Mashhad, 527, 529, 530, 534
masques, 11, 12, 13–14, 60, 62, 116, 137, 148, 193, 254–55
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 188*
masses (music), 59, 60, 253, 277, 463
Massimo, Cardinal, 432
Massinger, Philip (1583–1640), 67, 143, 192
Masuccio di Salerno (Tommaso de’i Guardad: 15th cent.), 91
mathematics, 163–64, 266, 457, 585–87, 601, 637, 638–39, 641, 645
Mathesius, Johann, 555
Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor (1612–19), 452–53, 540, 542, 556
Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel (r. 1592–1627), 552, 555
Maurice of Nassau, Stadholder (r. 1587–1625), 457–61, 500, 632, 637
Maurice of Saxony (Elector: 1547–53), 281, 438
Mawlana Hasan, 534
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1486–1519), 551
Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (1564–76), 277, 347, 507, 522, 538–39, 577
Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria (r. 1597–1651), Elector (1623–51), 549, 555, 557–58, 560–65, 567, 637
Mayenne, Charles de Lorraine, Duke of (1554–1611), 240, 361, 362, 365
Mayor of Zalamea, The (Calderón, tr. FitzGerald), 312
Mazarin, Jules (Giulio Mazarini), Cardinal (1602–61), 390, 391, 429, 570, 635
Mazo, Juan Bautista del (1612?–67), 327
Measure for Measure (Shakespeare), 102
Meaux, France, 342, 344, 352
Mechlin, 436, 437, 448–49, 457, 574
Mecklenburg, duchy of, 542*, 544, 560, 564
Medici, house of, 201, 225, 338
Medici, Cosimo de’ (1389–1464), 227
Medici, Cosimo I de’, Duke of Florence (r. 1537–74), 227, 389
Medici, Cosimo II de’, Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1609–20), 227, 604, 607–8, 610–11
Medici, Ferdinand I de’, Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1587–1609), 226–27
Medici, Ferdinand II de’, Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1620–70), 227, 591
Medici, Francesco I de’, Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1574–87), 226, 261, 370
Medici, Lorenzo de’ (1449–92), 337
medicine, advances in, 167–69, 249, 585, 588, 590, 591–94
Médicis, Catherine de and Marie de, see Catherine de Médicis and Marie de Médicis
Medina-Sidonia, Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 7th Duke of (1550–1615), 34–36
Meditationes de prima philosophia (Descartes), 638*, 640, 643
Meditationes sacrae (Bacon), 175*
Meier-Graefe, Julius (1867–1935), 320, 328
Melanchthon, Philip (1497–1560), 547, 551, 552
Melville, Andrew (1545–1622), 133–34
Mena, Pedro de (1628–88), 315
Mendelssohn, Felix (1809–47), 92
Mengs, Anton Raphael (1728–79), 328
Mennonites, 460, 487
mercantilism, 49, 185
Mercator, Gerardus (Gerhard Kremer: 1512–94), 590
Mercedarians, 320, 376
mercenaries, 344, 345, 362, 371, 445–46, 567
Merchant Adventurers, 50
Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare), 56, 86, 91–92
Merchant Taylors’ School, 51, 73
Mercurian, Everard, 21, 244
Meres, Francis (1565–1647), 104
Merrick, Sir Gilly, 42
Merry Wives of Windsor, The (Shakespeare), 86, 91*, 92
Mersenne, Marin (1588–1648), 397, 587, 614, 635, 638, 643
Merulo, Claudio (1533–1604), 254
Messina, 284, 298, 523
metalwork, English, 61
Flemish, 463
French, 429
German, 550–51
Italian, 266
Persian, 534–35
Spanish, 315
Metamorphoses (Ovid), 90, 96, 472
metaphysical poets, 154–56
metaphysics, 586, 636–37, 641, 643, 644
Météores (Descartes), 587
meteorology, 585, 587
Method for the Easy Understanding of History (Bodin), 629
Methodism, 63, 152
Metius, Jacobus (fl. 1608), 585
metric system, 586
Metz, bishopric of, 570
Mexico, 32, 34, 251, 591
city of, 321
University, 583
Michael Feodorovich, Czar (1613–45), 500, 517
Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti: 1475–1564), 232, 242, 265, 269, 273, 316, 432, 464, 473
dome of St. Peter’s, 270
Last Judgment controversy, 267, 317
Slaves, 428
Michelet, Jules (1798–1874), 334
microscope, development of, 163, 584–85, 588, 647
Middelburg, Netherlands, 28, 584, 585
middle class, 184
in Bohemia, 542, 558
England, 24, 50, 52, 57, 64, 187, 192, 212
France, 220–21, 335, 339, 364, 366, 374–75, 383, 393
Germany, 545, 549
Netherlands, 436–37, 447, 476–79, 481–83
Poland, 508
Russia, 514
Scotland, 112
Middleton, Thomas (1570?–1627), 143
Midsummer Night’s Dream, A (Shakespeare), 81, 92, 100, 144
Mierevelt, Michiel van (1567–1641), 484*
Mignard, Pierre (1610–95), 431
Milan, 226, 252, 592
Biblioteca Ambrosiana, 226, 579
Spanish domination, 225, 274, 278, 331, 387
Mildmay, Sir Walter, 51
Militia Bill (1641), 211
Mill, John Stuart (1806–73), 175
Millenarians (Fifth Monarchy Men), 186
Milton, John (1608–74), 107, 191, 192, 199, 208, 213, 230, 273, 503, 582, 611
Minden, bishopric of, 570
miniatures, 61, 521, 534–35
Minin, Kosma (fl. 1611), 517
mining and metallurgy, 46, 184, 477, 501, 512, 530, 544, 588, 589
Mir Imad (fl. 1600), 521, 534
missionaries, 225, 247–51, 427
mnemonics, 616, 617, 621
Mocedades del Cid, Las (Castro), 310, 422