25. John Stokely to James Monroe, January 30, 1813, in Monroe Papers (LC), reel 5. See also William A. Burwell to [Wilson Cary Nicholas], February 1, 1813, in Nicholas Papers (UVA); William Wirt to JM, August 29, 1813, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 26.
26. Clay to Caesar A. Rodney, December 29, 1812, in Hopkins and Hargreaves, Papers of Henry Clay, 1:750. For similar sentiments, see John C. Calhoun to James Macbride, April 18, 1812, in Meriwether et al., Papers of John C. Calhoun, 1:99–100; Thomas Flournoy to Thomas Jefferson, August 29, 1812, in Jefferson Papers (LC), reel 46; Baptist Irvine to Peter Porter, January 6, 1813, in Cruikshank, Niagara Frontier, 4:343.
27. Thomas Rogers to Jonathan Roberts, November 1, 1812, in Roberts Papers (HSP); Lexington Reporter, June 17, 1812; Worcester National Aegis, November 18, 1812.
28. Address of Association of Democratic Young Men, in Philadelphia Aurora, October 29, 1812; Thomas Rogers to Jonathan Roberts, November 1, 1812, in Roberts Papers (HSP). See also Anthony Baker to FS, October 31, 1812, in Foreign Office Papers 5/88 (PRO). The Essex Junto was supposed to be a group of arch Federalists in Massachusetts.
29. Samuel Latham Mitchill to Elizabeth Mitchill, November 24, 1812, in Mitchill Papers (MCNY).
30. Morgan Lewis to Albert Gallatin, November 10, 1812, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 25; John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren (Washington, DC, 1920), 40–41; Alexander, Political History of New York, 1:209–10.
31. Sanford W. Higginbotham, The Keystone in the Democratic Arch: Pennsylvania Politics, 1800–1816 (Harrisburg, 1952), 268–69.
32. Rush to Charles J. Ingersoll, November 14, 1812, in Ingersoll Papers (HSP).
33. Address of Pennsylvania Committee of Correspondence, October 12, 1812, in Washington National Intelligencer, October 24, 1812.
34. AC, 12–2, 79; Irving Brant, “Election of 1808,” in Schlesinger et al., History of American Presidential Elections, 1:246. In the contest for the vice presidency, Gerry won 131 votes to Ingersoll’s 86.
35. The best guide to party affiliation in the Thirteenth Congress is Kenneth C. Martis, The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789–1989 (New York, 1989), 82, although I think his identification of Jacob Hufty of New Jersey as a Federalist is incorrect. (Martis lists Hufty as a Republican in the previous Congress.) My own breakdown for this Congress, which was based on voting records and speeches, can be found in “The Federalists and the War of 1812” (PhD dissertation, University of Illinois, 1972), appendix A. At the opening session of this Congress, the Republicans controlled 114 of 182 seats in the House and 28 of 36 seats in the Senate, but these proportions changed slightly later on because of deaths, contested elections, and resignations.
36. The Federalists had pockets of support in Ohio, Kentucky, and New Orleans, but elsewhere in the West their strength was negligible. Except for Savannah, their strength in Georgia was also negligible. For the election results elsewhere east of the Appalachian Mountains in 1812, see Washington National Intelligencer, October 22, 1812 (for VT); Keene Newhampshire Sentinel, January 9, March 6, and May 22, 1813 (for NH); James M. Banner, Jr., To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815 (New York, 1970), 361, 367 (for MA); Richard J. Purcell, Connecticut in Transition, 1775–1818 (Washington, DC, 1918), 290 (for CT); Samuel H. Allen, “The Federal Ascendency of 1812,” Narragansett Historical Register 7 (October, 1889), 390–94 (for RI); Alexander, Political History of New York, 1:213, 215 (for NY); Higginbotham, Keystone in the Democratic Arch, 267 (for PA); Walter R. Fee, The Transition from Aristocracy to Democracy in New Jersey, 1789–1829 (Sommerville, 1933), 179–82 (for NJ); John A. Munroe, Federalist Delaware, 1775–1815 (New Brunswick, 1954), 233–35 (for DE); L. Marx Renzulli, Jr., Maryland: The Federalist Years (Rutherford, 1972), 288 (for MD); Broussard, Southern Federalists, 294–95 (for VA, NC, and SC).
37. Calhoun to James Macbride, December 25, 1812, in Meriwether et al., Papers of John C. Calhoun, 1:146; Adam Seybert to Albert Gallatin, October 3, 1812, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 25; William H. Crawford to James Monroe, September 9, 1812, in Monroe Papers (LC), reel 5. See also speech of Felix Grundy, April 30, 1812, in AC, 12–1, 1354; Nathaniel Macon to Joseph H. Nicholson, April 22, 1812, in Nicholson Papers (LC); George Hay to Monroe, November 1, 1812, in Monroe Papers (NYPL); Clay to Caesar A. Rodney, December 29, 1812, in Hopkins and Hargreaves, Papers of Henry Clay, 1:750; Jonathan Roberts to William Jones, December 28, 1812, in Dudley and Crawford, Naval War, 1:635; Albert Gallatin to Thomas Jefferson, December 18, 1812, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 25; Augustus J. Foster to Lord Wellesley, March 12, 1812, in E. A. Cruikshank, The Political Adventures of John Henry: The Record of an International Imbroglio (Toronto, 1936), 129.
38. [SW] to JM, December 3, 1812, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 26; John A. Harper to William Plumer, January 5, 1813, in Plumer Papers (LC), reel 3.
39. John H. Frederick, “William Jones,” in DAB, 10:205; Senate Journal, 2:315.
40. JM to Henry Lee, February, 1827, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 21.
41. Macon to Joseph H. Nicholson, March 22, 1814, in Nicholson Papers (LC).
42. Albert Gallatin to JM, [January 4, 1813?] and [January 7, 1813], in Madison Papers (LC), reel 26; Gallatin to Thomas Jefferson, December 18, 1812, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 25.
43. Albert Gallatin to JM, [January 4, 1813?], and William H. Crawford to JM, January 6, 1813, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 26; George Hay to James Monroe, October 9 and December 13, 1812, in Monroe Papers (NYPL).
44. For an excellent study of this enigmatic figure, see C. Edward Skeen, John Armstrong, Jr., 1758–1843: A Biography (Syracuse, 1981).
45. Jonathan Roberts to Matthew Roberts, January 12, 1813, in Roberts Papers (HSP).
46. For an example of Armstrong’s penchant for intrigue, see answers to War Department circular, March 24, 1813, in WD (M222), reel 10, and Armstrong to William Duane, April 3, 1814, in WD (M6), reel 7. Armstrong had asked senior army officers to evaluate Duane’s military handbook and then had passed their comments on to Duane. The officers were almost uniformly critical of the handbook, and Armstrong was careful to tell Duane precisely what each officer had said. Apparently his aim was to isolate Duane (who was an army staff officer) and thus render him more dependent on the secretary of war.
47. William Plumer to John A. Harper, January 13, 1813, in Plumer Papers (LC), reel 3. See also Richard Rush to Charles J. Ingersoll, January 13, 1813, in Rush Papers (SR), reel 2.
48. Senate Journal, 2:316. See also Benjamin Tallmadge to John Cotton Smith, January 18, 1813, in Smith Papers (CHS).
49. Monroe to JM, December 27, 1813, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 26.
50. Gallatin to William Few, May 9, 1813, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 26. See also Gallatin to James W. Nicholson, May 5, 1813, ibid.
51. Jones to Alexander Dallas, July 19, 1813, in Dallas Papers (HSP).
52. AC, 12–2, 139–42.
53. Benjamin Tallmadge to James McHenry, December 2, 1812, in McHenry Papers (LC).
54. JM to Congress, November 4, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 11–16.
55. Ibid., 11.
56. Ibid., 11–12, 16.
57. John A. Harper to William Plumer, January 8, 1813, in Plumer Papers (LC), reel 3.
58. Speech of John Randolph, January 9, 1813, in AC, 12–2, 678.
59. Speech of Josiah Quincy, January 5, 1813, in AC, 12–2, 562, 600n.
60. John A. Harper to William Plumer, November 21, 1812, in Plumer Papers (LC), reel 3.
61. Speech of Stevenson Archer, January 6, 1813, in AC, 12–2, 594, 596.
62. Speech of Jonathan O. Moseley, January 2, 1813, in AC, 12–2, 485.
63. For more on this proposal, see chapter 11: The Treaty of Ghent.
64. Speech of Israel Pickens, February 5, 1813, in AC, 12–2, 1007. For similar sentiments, see Charles Kenny to Jonathan Roberts, February 12, 1813, in Roberts Papers (HSP).
65. AC, 12–2, 1339–42.
66. See letter from Washington, January 28, 1813, in Lexington Reporter, February 20, 1813.
67. Speech of John Clopton, February 12, 1813, in AC, 12–2, 1031; speech of Joseph Desha, February 5, 1813, in AC, 12–2, 995.
68. Speech of Charles Goldsborough, February 12, 1813, in AC, 12–2, 1053. See also Abijah Bigelow to Hannah Bigelow, February 7, 1813, in Clarence S. Brigham, ed., “Letters of Abijah Bigelow, Member of Congress, to His Wife, 1810–1815,” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 40 (October, 1930), 357; Samuel Taggart to John Taylor, February 4, 1813, in Mary R. Reynolds, ed., “Letters of Samuel Taggart, Representative in Congress, 1803–1814,” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 33 (October, 1923), 424; Washington National Intelligencer, February 13, 1813.
69. AC, 12–2, 108, 111, 1055.
70. Speech of David R. Williams, December 29, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 461–62; speech of George M. Troup, December 30, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 476.
71. John Devereux to William Gaston, July 6, 1813, in Gaston Papers (UNC), reel 2.
72. See [SW] to David R. Williams, November 11, 18, 20, and 25, 1812, in NASP: MA, 5:21–26; SW to Congress, December 23, 1812, in Monroe Papers (LC), reel 5.
73. AC, 12–2, 63, 459–844, 1322–25.
74. Lowndes to Elizabeth Lowndes, January 16, 1813, in Mrs. St. Julien Ravenel, Life and Times of William Lowndes of South Carolina, 1782–1822 (Boston, 1901), 119.
75. For more on contemporary wage rates, see chapter 4: The Campaign of 1812.
76. AC, 12–2, 26, 44–45, 193, 481, 1314–15, 1318–19.
77. AC, 12–2, 1314.
78. Speech of Ezekiel Bacon, November 9 and 20, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 145, 157–58. For the Federalist view, see speech of Laban Wheaton, November 20, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 157.
79. Story to Nathaniel Williams, May 27, 1813, in William W. Story, Life and Letters of Joseph Story, 2 vols. (Boston, 1851), 1:245.
80. Thomas Jesup to SW, January 20, 1815, in Jesup Papers (LC).
81. AC, 12–2, 108–9, 114, 1146, 1157, 1346–51.
82. AC, 12–2, 1350; “Rules and Regulations of the Army of the United States,” May 1, 1813, in ASP: MA, 1:425–37; Skeen, John Armstrong, 128–29.
83. Speeches of James Milnor and Thomas R. Gold, November 20, 1812, and Josiah Quincy and Timothy Pitkin, November 21, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 161–64, 168–69, 179.
84. Speech of Laban Wheaton, November 21, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 178.
85. AC, 12–2, 24.
86. AC, 12–2, 110, 922–23, 946; Washington National Intelligencer, February 1, 1813.
87. Thomas Jesup to James Taylor, December 28, 1812, in Jesup Papers (LC). See also Boston Yankee, January 1, 1813.
88. JM to Congress, November 4, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 15.
89. Washington National Intelligencer, November 28, 1812; letter from Washington, December 9, 1812, reprinted from New York Mercantile Advertiser in New York National Advocate, December 15, 1812.
90. AC, 12–2, 32, 119, 449–50, 1061, 1315–16, 1352.
91. AC, 12–2, 866–69.
92. Speech of Langdon Cheves, January 23, 1813, in AC, 12–2, 868–69.
93. Memorial of Baltimore Privateering Interests, November 10, 1812, in NASP: NA, 1:273–74; John Ferguson and John Lawrence to Langdon Cheves, November 23, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 433–34. See also John Binns to Jonathan Roberts, November 13, 1812, in Roberts Papers (HSP); Jerome R. Garitee, The Republic’s Private Navy: The American Privateering Business as Practiced by Baltimore during the War of 1812 (Middleton, 1977), 183.
94. ST to Langdon Cheves, December 8, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 434–36.
95. Report of House Ways and Means Committee, December 21, 1812, in ASP: F, 2:591; AC, 12–2, 36, 76, 106, 167, 908, 1168, 1346, 1319–21, 1328–29.
96. Statement of Jonathan Russell, [November, 1812], in AC, 12–2, 1267. See also ST to Langdon Cheves, November 18, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 1251–52.
97. Statement of Jonathan Russell, [November, 1812], in AC, 12–2, 1267.
98. London Morning Chronicle, August 1, 3, 4, 6, 13, 1812; letter from Liverpool, July 20, 1812, in Philadelphia Aurora, September 7, 1812; Worcester National Aegis, October 7, 1812; Jonathan Russell to Reuben Beasley, August 1, 1812, in Russell Papers (BU); Anthony Baker to FS, December 18, 1812, in Foreign Office Papers 5/88 (PRO).
99. Lemuel Trescott to ST, July 4, 1812, Peter Sailly to ST, July 7, 1812, Samuel Buell to ST, July 12 and August 8, 1812, and ST to Cheves, December 10, 1812, all in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 25.
100. William Montgomery to JM, August 25, 1812, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 14; Harrison, Diary of Thomas P. Cope (August 24, 1812), 277.
101. Circular of SN, August 28, 1812, in ND (M149), reel 10; Richard Rush to U.S. district attorneys, October 5, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 1257–58; Rush to U.S. district attorneys, October 15, 1812, in Philadelphia Aurora, October 26, 1812.
102. ST to Langdon Cheves, November 18, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 1252–54; Samuel Taggart to John Taylor, December 8, 1812, in Reynolds, “Letters of Samuel Taggart,” 412.
103. ST to Peter Sailly, August 6, 1812, ST to customs collectors, October 5, 1812, and ST to Larkin Smith, October 6, 1812, all in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 25.
104. ST to Langdon Cheves, November 18, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 1255. For Gallatin’s authority to remit fines and forfeitures, see AC, 4–2, 2953–54, and AC, 6–1, 1437.
105. Examination of merchants, [November, 1812], in AC, 12–2, 1259–61; Nathan Appleton et al. to New York committee of merchants, November 2, 1812, John Gore to Appleton, November 23, 1812, and Joseph Sewall and Giles Lodge to Appleton, November 27, 1812, all in Appleton Papers (MHS).
106. Speech of William M. Richardson, December 7, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 297. For similar sentiments, see speech of Langdon Cheves, December 4, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 255; William Plumer to John A. Harper, November 28, 1812, in Plumer Papers (LC), reel 2.
107. Giles to Wilson Cary Nicholas, December 10, 1812, in Nicholas Papers (UVA); speech of Langdon Cheves, December 4, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 254.
108. Philip S. Klein, ed., “Memoirs of a Senator from Pennsylvania: Jonathan Roberts, 1771–1854,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 61 (April, 1938), 244. See also Elisha Tracy to ST, December 14, 1812, and Joseph Whipple to ST, December 19, 1812, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reels 25 and 26; Nathaniel Saltonstall to Leverett Saltonstall, November 25, 1812, in Saltonstall Papers (MHS).
109. Speech of Richard M. Johnson, December 3, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 234. See also Lexington Reporter, December 19, 1812.
110. AC, 12–2, 33–34, 100, 450–51, 855, 1126, 1316, 1321–22, 1334–35. See also circular of ST, February 16, 1813, and James Lloyd to ST, February 19, 1813, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reels 25 and 26.
111. Report of House Ways and Means Committee, February 15, 1813, ST to Langdon Cheves, February 9, 1813, and Bill Partially to Suspend Non-Importation, in AC, 12–2, 1062–65.
112. Speech of Langdon Cheves, December 4, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 249.
113. Memorial of the Citizens of Baltimore, February 18, 1813, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 15.
114. Speech of Thomas P. Grosvenor, February 26, 1813, in AC, 12–2, 1138.
115. AC, 12–2, 110, 1099–1100, 1112–13.
116. Benjamin Romaine to ST, December 13, 1812, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 25; London Morning Chronicle, August 12 and September 18, 1812; Anthony Baker to FS, March 22, 1813, in Foreign Office Papers 5/88 (PRO); Edward Fox to Jonathan Roberts, November 10, 1812, in Roberts Papers (HSP); Philadelphia Democratic Press, reprinted in Richmond Enquirer, January 21, 1813; British Order-in-Council, November 13, 1812, in Niles’ Register 3 (February 20, 1813), 400; W. Freeman Galpin, “The American Grain Trade to the Spanish Peninsula, 1810–1814,” American Historical Review 28 (October, 1922), 29–33; Walter R. Copp, “Nova Scotian Trade during the War of 1812,” Canadian Historical Review 18 (June, 1937), 150; Mahan, Sea Power, 1:265, 410–11; Carl Sea
burg and Stanley Paterson, Merchant Prince of Boston: Colonel T. H. Perkins, 1764–1854 (Cambridge, 1971), 237.
117. Galpin, “American Grain Trade,” 25.
118. Statement of John Purviance and William Pinkney, October 12, 1812, in Boston Columbian Centinel, October 5, 1814; ST to Larkin Smith, July 24, 1812, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 25. The government did threaten to prosecute the British agent for prisoners of war in Philadelphia and the former British consul at Boston for issuing licenses, but both men were allowed to leave the country instead. See Niles’ Register 5 (September 4, 1813), 4; Brant, James Madison, 6:171.
119. British circular, November 9, 1812, in Niles’ Register 3 (February 27, 1813), 415.
120. JM to Congress, February 24, 1813, in AC, 12–2, 1116–17.
121. AC, 12–2, 121, 1150–51.
122. Speech of Langdon Cheves, December 4, 1812, in AC, 12–2, 250.
123. AC, 12–2, 142–44, 212–14, 216–17.
124. AC, 12–2, 121, 1146, 1153, 1163–64.
125. Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, December 1, 1812, in ASP: F, 2:580.
126. Gallatin’s revised estimates are summarized in speech of Langdon Cheves, January 23, 1813, in AC, 12–2, 870. See also Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, December 1, 1812, in ASP: F, 2:580–81.
127. ST to JM, [November, 1812], in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 25.
128. AC, 12–2, 75, 97, 907–8, 919–20, 1326–28, 1330–33.
129. AC, 12–2, 1065.
130. See AC, 12–2, 1076–79. See also Artemas Ward to Josiah Quincy, June 9, 1813, in Edmund Quincy, Life of Josiah Quincy of Massachusetts, 4th ed. (Boston, 1868), 320.
131. AC, 12–2, 110, 1082–90, 1101, 1110, 1114, 1120–23, 1334.
132. New York National Advocate, March 9, 1813.
133. For more on the Russian proposal, see chapter 11: The Treaty of Ghent.
134. Adams, History, 2:648–50; Brant, James Madison, 6:153–59; Raymond Walters, Jr., Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat (New York, 1957), 259.
135. John Lovett to Joseph Alexander, June 17, 1813, and to Solomon Van Rensselaer, July 16, 1813, in Catharina V. R. Bonney, A Legacy of Historical Gleanings, 2 vols., 2nd ed. (Albany, 1875), 1:300, 302.
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