118. Robert Ross to SSWC, August 30, 1814, in London Times, September 28, 1814.
119. Statement of James Monroe, November 13, 1814, in ASP: MA, 1:536.
120. Memorandum of James Madison, August 24, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 16; statement of James Monroe, November 13, 1814, Report of Tobias Stansbury, November 15, 1814, and William Simmons to Richard M. Johnson, November 28, 1814, in ASP: MA, 1:536–37, 561, 596–97.
121. [George R. Gleig], A Subaltern in America, Comprising His Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army . . . during the Late War (Philadelphia, 1833), 66–67.
122. See, for example, notice of a new poem, “Bladensburg Races, or, The Devil Take the Foremost,” in Georgetown Federal Republican, January 7, 1815; and “The ‘Bladensburg Races,’” Magazine of History (October–November, 1914), 204–11.
123. Ross to SSWC, August 30, 1814, in London Times, September 28, 1814.
124. William Winder to SW, August 27, 1814, in Brannan, Official Letters, 400–402; Narrative of William Winder, September 26, 1814, and Joshua Barney to SN, August 29, 1814, in ASP: MA, 1:557–58, 579–80; Robert Ross to SSWC, August 30, 1814, in Niles’ Register 7 (December 31, 1814), 277–78; Bulletin of Admiralty, September 27, 1814, in Naval Chronicle 32 (July-December, 1814), 247–49; Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 2:156–80; Tucker, Poltroons and Patriots, 2:501–51; Lord, Dawn’s Early Light, 59–143.
125. Dolley Madison to Lucy Todd, August 23, 1814, in David B. Mattern and Holly C. Shulman, eds., The Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison (Charlottesville, 2003), 193; Tucker, Poltroons and Patriots, 2:570–74.
126. S. Burch and J. T. Frost to Patrick Magruder, September 15, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 307. See also Magruder to Speaker of the House, December 17, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 953–57.
127. Memorandum of [James Monroe], [August, 1814], in Madison Papers (LC), reel 16; Brant, James Madison, 6:306–8; William Seale, The President’s House: A History, 2 vols. (Washington, DC, 1986), 1:134–35; Tucker, Poltroons and Patriots, 2:574–75; Lord, Dawn’s Early Light, 151–53.
128. G. C. Moore Smith, ed., The Autobiography of Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Smith, 2 vols. (London, 1902), 1:200. See also [George R. Gleig], A Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army at Washington, Baltimore, and New Orleans (Philadelphia, 1821), 134–35; letter from midshipman on H.M.S. Espoir, in Niles’ Register 7 (Supplement), 150.
129. William Wirt to Elizabeth Wirt, October 24, 1814, in Wirt Papers (MdHS), reel 2.
130. Mrs. A. Peter to Timothy Pickering, August 28, 1814, in Pickering Papers (MHS), reel 30; George Cockburn to Alexander Cochrane, August 27, 1814, in Dudley and Crawford, Naval War, 3:220–23; James Scott, Recollections of a Naval Life, 3 vols. (London, 1834), 3:298–312; Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 2:180–210; Anthony Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, 1998), 99–111.
131. Letter of William Thornton, August 30, 1814, in Washington National Intelligencer, September 7, 1814; Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 2:184.
132. Thomas Tingey to SN, August 27 and October 18, 1814, in ND (M125), reels 38 and 40; editorial notes in Dudley and Crawford, Naval War, 1:91, 128.
133. Washington National Intelligencer, August 30–31, 1814. See also letter from Washington, August 27, [1814], in Philadelphia Aurora, August 30, 1814; Margaret Bayard Smith to Jane Kirkpatrick, August 30, [1814], in Gaillard Hunt, ed., The First Forty Years of Washington Society, Portrayed by the Family Letters of Mrs. Samuel Harrison Smith (Margaret Bayard) (New York, 1906), 113.
134. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns, 132.
135. Washington National Intelligencer, September 1, 1814; [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns, 132–33, 140–41; Scott, Recollections of a Naval Life, 3:313; Moore Smith, Autobiography of Harry Smith, 1:203.
136. Washington National Intelligencer, August 31, 1814. See also Scott, Recollections of a Naval Life, 3:312–13.
137. Moore Smith, Autobiography of Harry Smith, 1:204.
138. John Rodgers to SN, September 9, 1814, in ND (M125), reel 39; General Orders of November 17, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 66; Report of Alexandria Common Council, September 7, 1814, and Samuel T. Dyson to SW, August 29, 1814, in ASP: MA, 1:589–91; Elers Napier, The Life and Correspondence of Admiral Sir Charles Napier, 2 vols. (London, 1862), 1:80; Pitch, Burning of Washington, ch. 11.
139. Report of Alexandria Common Council, September 7, 1814, in ASP: MA, 1:591; James Gordon to Alexander Cochrane, September 9, 1814, in Dudley and Crawford, Naval War, 3:238–42; Edward Codrington to wife, September 10, 1814, in Jane Bourchier, Memoir of the Life of Admiral Sir Edward Codrington, 2 vols. (London, 1873), 1:319; Napier, Admiral Charles Napier, 1:80–86.
140. Scott, Recollections of a Naval Life, 3:314–15. For similar sentiments, see Codrington to wife, September 10, 1814, in Bourchier, Edward Codrington, 2:319; and James, Naval History of Great Britain, 6:311–12.
141. Memorandum of James Madison, [August 29, 1814], in Madison Papers (LC), reel 16; Brant, James Madison, 6:312; James W. Hammack, Jr., Kentucky and the Second American Revolution: The War of 1812 (Lexington, 1976), 93–94.
142. Quoted in Lord, Dawn’s Early Light, 216.
143. Margaret Bayard Smith to Jane Kirkpatrick, August 30, [1814], in Hunt, First Forty Years of Washington Society, 115; Mrs. A. Peter to Timothy Pickering, August 28, 1814, in Pickering Papers (MHS), reel 30. See also George Hay to James Monroe, September 10, 1814, in Monroe Papers (NYPL).
144. Memorandum of James Madison, [August 29, 1814], in Madison Papers (LC), reel 16; John Armstrong to Baltimore Patriot, September 3, 1814, reprinted in Washington National Intelligencer, September 8, 1814; Williams, Invasion of Washington, 105–6.
145. Armstrong to Joseph Desha, October 2, 1814, in Desha Papers (LC).
146. Annual Register for 1814 [General History], 185. See also Trenton True American, December 5, 1814.
147. Quoted in Niles’ Register 7 (December 31, 1814), 275 (most capital letters omitted). See also ibid., (February 18, 1815), 392; Annual Register for 1814 [General History], 206; speeches of Samuel Whitbread, November 8, 1814, and James Mackintosh, April 11, 1815, in Parliamentary Debates, 29:47 and 30:526; London Morning Chronicle, November 2, 1814; Trenton True American, December 5, 1814.
148. Prince Regent to Parliament, November 8, 1814, in Parliamentary Debates, 29:2. See also Naval Chronicle 32 (July-December, 1814), 247, 249; London Morning Chronicle, September 28, 1814.
149. Cobbett’s Weekly Register, reprinted in Niles’ Register 8 (Supplement), 34. See also ibid. 7 (December 31, 1814), 276.
150. Edward Codrington to wife, September 10, 1814, in Bourchier, Edward Codrington, 1:320. See also Mahon, “British Command Decisions,” 63.
151. The details of Baltimore’s preparations can be followed in Samuel Smith Papers (LC), reels 3–4. See also Frank A. Cassell, “Baltimore in 1813: A Study of Urban Defense in the War of 1812,” Military Affairs 33 (December, 1969), 349–61; Frank A. Cassell, Merchant Congressman in the Young Republic: Samuel Smith of Maryland, 1752–1839 (Madison, 1971), 182–204; and Joseph A. Whitehorne, The Battle for Baltimore, 1814 (Baltimore, 1997), 162–74.
152. Henry Crease to Alexander Cochrane, September 1, 1814, and Philip Reed to Benjamin Chambers, September 3, 1814, in Dudley and Crawford, Naval War, 3:234–37.
153. Lord Byron, “Elegiac Stanzas on the Death of Sir Peter Parker, Bart.,” October, 1814, in George Gordon Byron, The Poetical Works of Lord Byron (London, 1935), 76.
154. John Stricker to Samuel Smith, September 15, 1814, in Brannan, Official Letters, 420–24; George Cockburn to Alexander Cochrane, September 15, 1814, and Arthur Brooke to SSWC, September 17, 1814, in Dudley and Crawford, Naval War, 3:279–85; [Gleig], Subaltern in America, 128; Niles’ Register 7 (December 3, 1814), 200–201; Whitehorne, Battle for Baltimore, 176–83.
155. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns, 178.
156. Samuel Smith to SW, September 19, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 66; George Cockburn to
Alexander Cochrane, September 15, 1814, and Arthur Brooke to SSWC, September 17, 1814, in Dudley and Crawford, Naval History, 3:279–85; [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns, 197.
157. Quoted in John S. Pancake, Samuel Smith and the Politics of Business: 1752–1839 (University, AL, 1972), 130.
158. George Armistead to SW, September 24, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 59; Alexander Cochrane to FSA, September 17, 1814, and Cochrane to Viscount Melville, September 17, 1814 in Dudley and Crawford, Naval War, 3:286–91.
159. Washington National Intelligencer, September 26, 1814; Tucker, Poltroons and Patriots, 2:585–90; Lord, Dawn’s Early Light, 240–46, 291–97; Oscar Sonneck, “The Star Spangled Banner,” rev. ed. (Washington, DC, 1914), 9–63.
160. Hickey, Don’t Give Up the Ship, 87–89.
161. Letter of Robert Wright, October 19, 1814, in Brannan, Official Letters, 449–50. See also William Wirt to ———, August 21, 1814, in Wirt Papers (LC), reel 1; Nathaniel Fenwick to SW, September 26, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 61.
162. Niles’ Register 7 (October 27, 1814), 110, and (Supplement), 158.
163. Proclamation of Alexander Cochrane, April 2, 1814, in Dudley and Crawford, Naval War, 3:60.
164. Henry Clay to Rufus King, May 10, 1825, in ASP: FR, 6:342; John McNish Weiss, “The Corps of Colonial Marines, 1814–1816: A Summary,” Immigrants and Minorities 15 (March, 1996), 80–84. The figure of 3,600 represents only proven claims. Counting all others, including those who escaped from Spanish Florida, the figure is probably close to 4,000. The British recruited another 325 Colonial Marines from the backcountry of Georgia and Florida.
165. Cockburn to Alexander Cochrane, July 17, 1814, in Dudley and Crawford, Naval War, 3:156; and Cockburn, quoted in Frank A. Cassell, “Slaves of the Chesapeake Bay Area and the War of 1812,” Journal of Negro History 57 (April, 1972), 151.
166. The pertinent documents on this campaign can be found in [Scott Butler and Patricia Stallings], Phase III Archaeological Data Recovery for the War of 1812 Military Cantonment at Point Peter (Sites 9CM244 and 9CM 245), Cumberland Harbour Development, Camden County, Georgia. This unpublished study was produced by Brockington and Associates of Atlanta, Georgia, in 2008. See also Mary R. Bullard, Black Liberation on Cumberland Island in 1815 (DeLeon Springs, 1983), chs. 5–6, and Cumberland Island: A History (Athens, 2003), 118–22; and Quimby, U.S. Army, 2: 938–40.
167. There are a number of good accounts of the Gulf Coast campaign. See Charles B. Brooks, The Siege of New Orleans (Seattle, 1961); Wilburt S. Brown, The Amphibious Campaign for West Florida and Louisiana, 1814–1815: A Critical Review of Strategy and Tactics at New Orleans (University, AL, 1969); Frank L. Owsley, Jr., Struggle for the Gulf Borderlands: The Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans, 1812–1815 (Gainesville, 1981); and Robin Reilly, The British at the Gates: The New Orleans Campaign in the War of 1812, rev. ed. (Toronto, 2002). Of special note is a contemporary history written by Andrew Jackson’s chief engineer that includes many documents: Arsène Lacarrière Latour: Historical Memoir of the War in West Florida and Louisiana in 1814–15 (1816; edited and expanded by Gene A. Smith, Gainesville, 1999).
168. London Courier, reprinted in Niles’ Register 5 (December 11, 1813), 250; John K. Mahon, “British Strategy and Southern Indians: War of 1812,” Florida Historical Quarterly 44 (April, 1966), 285–302; Frank L. Owsley, Jr., “The Role of the South in the British Grand Strategy in the War of 1812,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 31 (Spring, 1972), 22–38.
169. Brown, Amphibious Campaign, 36, 172.
170. For more on this matter, see Hickey, Don’t Give Up the Ship, 279–81.
171. SSWC to Ross, September 6, 1814, in Admiralty Records 1/4360, pp. 58–65 (transcript supplied by Naval History and Heritage Command, Washington, DC).
172. Alexander Cochrane to Edward Nicholls, [July 4, 1814], Admiralty Records 1/506, fols. 480–85 (transcript supplied by Naval History and Heritage Command, Washington, DC); Andrew Jackson to SW, June 27, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 63; Owsley, Struggle for the Borderlands, 98–100; Mahon, War of 1812, 341–43.
173. Owsley, Struggle for the Borderlands, 105–7; Mahon, War of 1812, 345–47.
174. Proclamation of Edward Nicolls, August 29, 1814, in Niles’ Register 7 (November 5, 1814), 134–35.
175. William Lawrence to Andrew Jackson, September 15–16, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 63; Latour, Historical Memoir (expanded ed.), 33–41.
176. Jackson to SW, July 30, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 63.
177. SW to Andrew Jackson, October 21, 1814, in Jackson Papers (LC), reel 13.
178. Andrew Jackson to SW, November 14, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 63; Jackson to Willie Blount, November 14, 1814, in Jackson Papers (LC), reel 14; Latour, Historical Memoir (expanded ed.), 42–46.
179. Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 71.
180. Brown, Amphibious Campaign, 47.
181. [John Windship] to William Plumer, March 20, 1814, in Plumer Papers (NHHS), reel 2.
182. Thomas Flournoy to SW, March 14 and 25, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 52. Quotation from March 14 letter.
183. Latour, Historical Memoir (expanded ed.), 59; Francois-Xavier Martin, The History of Louisiana, From the Earliest Period, 2 vols. (New Orleans, 1827–29), 2:340. See also letter from New Orleans, December 16, 1814, in Richmond Enquirer, January 14, 1815; George Poindexter to SW, February 5, 1815, in Monroe Papers (NYPL).
184. Jackson to SW, December 27, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 63; Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 74–75, 84–87; Brown, Amphibious Campaign, 63–69.
185. General Orders of December 16, 1814, in Niles’ Register 7 (January 14, 1815), 316–17.
186. Latour, Historical Memoir (expanded ed.), 59.
187. Proclamation of Andrew Jackson, September 21, 1814, and William Claiborne to Jackson, October 17 and 24, 1814, in Jackson Papers (LC), reels 13 and 62; General Order of December 14, 1814, in Niles’ Register 7 (January 28, 1814), 345; Jackson to SW, December 27, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 63; Jackson to Claiborne, October 31, 1814, in John S. Bassett, ed., Correspondence of Andrew Jackson, 6 vols. (Washington, DC, 1926–33), 2:88; Latour, Historical Memoir (expanded ed.), 55–56; Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 118.
188. Daniel Patterson to SN (2 letters), October 10, 1814, in ND (M147), reel 5.
189. George Poindexter to James Monroe, February 5, 1815, in Monroe Papers (NYPL).
190. Proclamation of Andrew Jackson, September 21, 1814, in Jackson Papers (LC), reel 62.
191. See documents in Latour, Historical Memoir (expanded ed.), 188–92; Andrew Jackson to David B. Morgan, January 8, 1815, in Jackson Papers (LC), reel 62; and Proclamation of James Madison, February 6, 1815, in AC, 13–3, 1829–30. Jean Laffite’s contribution to the ensuing victory has been exaggerated, in part because of a spurious Laffite memoir that surfaced in the 1950s. See Robert C. Vogel, “Jean Laffite, the Baratarians, and the Battle of New Orleans: A Reappraisal,” Louisiana History 41 (Summer, 2000), 261–76; William C. Davis, The Pirates Laffite: The Treacherous World of the Corsairs of the Gulf (New York, 2005), ch. 11; and Hickey, Don’t Give Up the Ship, 282–84.
192. Brown, Amphibious Campaign, 93.
193. Moore Smith, Autobiography of Harry Smith, 1:247.
194. Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 68.
195. Quoted in Mahon, War of 1812, 352.
196. Ibid., 352–53; Mahon, “British Strategy and Southern Indians,” 298.
197. Brown, Amphibious Campaign, 76–77; Owsley, Struggle for the Borderlands, 126–27.
198. Thomas ap Catesby Jones to Daniel Patterson, March 12, 1814, in Brannan, Official Letters, 487–89; Latour, Historical Memoir (expanded ed.), 50–54; Gene A. Smith, Thomas ap Catesby Jones: Commodore of Manifest Destiny (Annapolis, 2000), 26–29; Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 90–97.
199. Codrington to wife, December 23 and 27, 1814, in Bourchier, Edward Codrington, 1:332–33.
200. Letter of Eligius Fromentin, December 30, 1814, in Niles’ Register 7 (February 4, 1815), 360; Latour, Hist
orical Memoir (expanded ed.), 66–72; Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 129–35.
201. Daniel Patterson to SN, December 28, 1814, in ND (M147), reel 5; Edward Codrington to wife, December 27, 1814, in Bourchier, Edward Codrington, 1:333; Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 140–44.
202. [Gleig], Subaltern in America, 221.
203. Andrew Jackson to SW, December 27, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 63; John Keane to Edward Pakenham, [December, 1814], in The Annual Register . . . for the Year 1815 {Appendix to Chronicle] (London, 1816), 144–47; [Gleig], Subaltern in America, 219; Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 144–50, Reilly, British at the Gates, 254–58.
204. Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 164–73.
205. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns, 310. See also Brown, Amphibious Campaign, 179.
206. Andrew Jackson to SW, December 29, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 63; John D. Henley to Daniel Patterson, December 28, 1814, and Patterson to SN, December 29, 1814, in ND (M147), reel 5; Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 178–79.
207. Andrew Jackson to SW, December 29, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 63; Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 183–93.
208. Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 197–98; Brown, Amphibious Campaign, 119–20.
209. [Gleig], Subaltern in America, 250.
210. Edward Codrington to wife, January 4, 1815, in Bourchier, Edward Codrington, 1:334; Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 198–206; Brown, Amphibious Campaign, 121–28; Reilly, British at the Gates, 291–301.
211. Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 213.
212. Ibid., 210–12; Brown, Amphibious Campaign, 128–31.
213. Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 220–25.
214. Daniel Patterson to SN, January 13, 1815, ND (M147), reel 5; William Thornton to Edward Pakenham, [January, 1815], in Annual Register for 1815 [Appendix to Chronicle], 147–49; Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, ch. 19; Brown, Amphibious Campaign, ch. 9.
215. Letter from New Orleans, January 13, 1815, in Richmond Enquirer, February 11, 1815.
216. Moore Smith, Autobiography of Harry Smith, 1:247. For similar sentiments, see [Gleig], Subaltern in America, 260–62.
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