Year Zero

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Year Zero Page 42

by Ian Buruma


  Soong, T. V., 326

  Soviet soldiers, 79

  Cossacks, 145, 146, 148–49, 151–53, 168

  in Poland, 88, 91, 92

  revenge against Germans by, 79–80, 82–84

  revenge against Japanese by, 80

  Soviet Union, 9, 17, 18, 54, 64, 66, 103, 254, 272, 323, 325, 330

  atomic bomb of, 313

  China and, 80–82, 195–97

  Cold War and, 9–10, 103, 270, 272, 294, 303, 327–28

  Czechoslovakia and, 97

  death toll from World War II, 78–79

  former Nazi Party members and, 180–81

  German reeducation and, 284–85

  German retreat from, 79

  Germany occupied by, 39, 42, 67, 82–84, 284–85, 292

  Germany’s recovery and, 181

  Greece and, 110

  Japan and, 66–67, 69, 80, 297

  Korea and, 264, 266–69

  Manchuria invaded by, 66–67, 69, 195

  Nuremberg trials and, 233–34

  Poland and, 88, 91, 92, 319–22, 323, 328

  Russians forcibly returned to, 150–53

  starvation in, 79

  United Nations and, 316, 318, 319, 321, 328–29

  Speer, Albert, 258

  Spender, Stephen, 58, 60, 226, 281–83

  Spengler, Oswald, 288

  Spinelli, Altiero, 311

  Stalin, Joseph, 8, 17, 18, 20, 91, 97, 106, 132, 147, 149, 150, 154, 155, 170, 195, 199, 205, 210, 243, 272, 316–20, 327–28, 330, 335

  benign view of, 150, 154, 308

  Stalingrad, 60

  Stalin Organs, 4, 5

  Stars and Stripes, 41, 143

  starvation, see hunger

  Stettinius, Edward R., Jr., 321, 327

  Stilwell, Joseph, 191–92

  Stimson, Henry, 65–66

  Storm, Wim, 50

  Strachey, John, 57

  strategic trust territories, 325

  Streicher, Julius, 231

  Sudetenland, 95, 155, 157, 158, 253

  Suharto, 120

  Sukarno, 111, 114–16, 119, 120, 189, 315, 323

  Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, Duke de, 311

  Sumatra, 114, 118

  Sumitomo, 187

  Supreme Court, U.S., 216

  Surabaya, 116, 118–20

  Syahrir, Sutan, 115

  Sykes-Picot Agreement, 325

  Syria, 323–25

  Szabad Nép, 206–7

  Szálasi, Ferenc, 206

  Takami Jun, 44, 46–47, 304

  Tanaka Kakuei, 102

  Taruc, Luis, 188, 190, 191

  Tarvisio, 98

  Teheran Conference, 154, 210, 316, 329

  Templer, Gerald, 65

  Terakoya, 300

  Teveth, Shabtai, 165

  Thatcher, Margaret, 273

  Thimonnier, René, 293

  This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen (Borowski), 76

  Thorez, Maurice, 50, 199

  Threepenny Opera (Brecht), 283–84, 285

  Tilhaz Tizi Gesheften (TTG), 98–99

  Time, 143, 219, 221–22, 321

  Times (London), 41, 145, 227, 228, 229, 277, 314, 326

  Tito, Josip Broz, 103, 145, 146, 148–51

  Togliatti, Palmiro, 272

  Tojo Hideki, 212

  Tokyo, 60, 61, 62, 69

  Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, 185, 234

  Toynbee, Arnold, 308, 309, 310, 314

  Transjordan, 325

  Treaty of Lausanne, 155

  Treblinka, 89–90

  Treitschke, Heinrich von, 288

  trials, 233

  in Greece, 207–9

  People’s Courts, 203–7, 267

  see also war crimes trials

  Truffaut, François, 309

  Truman, Harry, 18, 154, 166, 167, 296, 297–98, 319, 323

  Tsingtao, 193–94

  Tsuneishi, Warren, 266

  tuberculosis, 61, 165

  Tuohy, John, 154

  Turkey, 155, 311

  typhoid, 61

  typhus, 29, 56, 61, 81, 165, 228

  Ukraine, 156, 168, 170, 319

  United Nations, 9, 31, 308–9, 312–30

  Bretton Woods Conference, 317–18

  Charter of, 310, 313, 314, 322, 326

  Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 318

  Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 64, 316–17

  San Francisco Conference, 310, 312–14, 318–27

  Syrian crisis and, 323–24

  Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 309, 322

  Urquhart, Brian, 15, 16, 21, 29, 31, 307–9, 321

  Ustaša, 102, 145, 149

  Utrecht, 48

  Utrecht University, 2–3, 6–7

  Valéry, Paul, 286

  van Berkum, Carla, 118–19

  van Berkum, Peter, 117–18

  Varkiza Agreement, 208–9

  V-E Day, 17–22, 48

  Velouchiotis, Aris, 108

  vengeance, see revenge

  Venizelos, Eleftherios, 107

  Ventotene Manifesto, 311

  veterans:

  return home, 139–45; see also homecomings

  violent acts committed by, 144

  Vian, Boris, 291

  Vietminh, 120–21, 124, 312

  Vietnam, 102, 106, 120–22, 124–27

  Vietnam War, 142, 303

  War, The (Duras), 138–39

  Warburg, Sigmund, 182

  war crimes trials, 210–37

  at Bergen-Belsen, 228–30, 234

  of Homma, 213

  in Hungary, 206–7

  of Ishii, 210–12

  of Japanese war criminals, 212–18

  of Laval, 200, 218–25, 229

  of Mussert, 218–21, 222–24

  new legal categories devised for, 234, 322

  Nuremberg, 183, 185, 216–18, 226, 228, 230–37, 244, 322, 331

  Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, 185, 234

  of Yamashita, 212–17, 218

  Warsaw, 60–61, 75–76, 256

  Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 161

  Webster, C. K., 322, 327

  Westerling, Raymond “Turk,” 119–20

  West, Rebecca, 232

  West Germany, 183, 271, 272, 282, 336

  White, E. B., 310, 320, 326

  White Paper, 167

  Whitney, Courtney, 176

  Willoughby, Charles, 176, 211

  Wilson, Edmund, 57, 59, 104, 106, 107, 110, 246–47

  Wilson, Harold, 271

  Winwood, Major, 230

  Wolf, Friedrich, 284

  Wolf, Markus, 284

  Wollheim, Richard, 31

  Woman in Berlin, A, 42, 83

  women:

  independence of, 8, 23

  voting rights for, 51, 85, 186

  see also sexuality

  Worden, William L., 295

  world government, 309–11, 327, 329–30

  Atlantic Charter and, 314–15, 323, 324

  atomic bomb and, 313

  British Empire as model for, 310

  League of Nations and, 9, 308, 309, 314, 316, 318, 322

  United Nations and, see United Nations

  Yalta Conference, 92, 151, 155, 316, 319–20, 322, 327–29

  Yamashita Tomoyuki, 40, 212–17, 218

  Yank, 61, 72, 154, 159, 214, 215–16, 226, 265, 266, 281, 320

  Yasuda, 187

  Yediot Ahronot, 161

  Young Hearts (Hatachi no Seishun), 38

  Yo Un-hong, 266

  Yo Un-hyong,
263–64, 266, 267

  Yugoslavia, 102, 103, 146–50

  Tito and Partisans in, 103, 145, 146, 148–51

  Zaaijer, J., 223

  zaibatsu, 186–87, 260, 261

  Zangen, Wilhelm, 182

  zazous, 291

  Zeineddine, Farid, 320

  Zhukov, Georgy, 17–18, 21, 79

  Zionism, 99, 100, 161–68, 244

  Zuckmayer, Carl, 40, 60, 71, 179

  IMAGE CREDITS

  1: Courtesy of the author.

  2: Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-E0406-0022-018.

  3: Image bank WW2–Resistance Museum Amsterdam. VMA 113642.

  4: © IWM (EA 65799).

  5: Associated Press/Charles Gorry.

  6: Image bank WW2–IOD. NIOD 187641.

  7: Image bank WW2–NIOD. NIOD 95246.

  8: Associated Press/British Official Photo.

  9: Nationaal Archief/Spaarnestad Photo/Wiel van der Randen.

  10: © IWM (5467).

  11: © IWM (69972).

  12: © IWM (6674).

  13: Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-M1205-331.

  14: Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-S74035.

  15: With permission from the National Archives and Records Administration.

  16: Associated Press.

  17: Associated Press.

  18: Associated Press/Peter J. Carroll.

  19: © Bettmann/Corbis.

  20: © Bettmann/Corbis.

  21: AFP/Getty Images.

  22: Nationaal Archief/Spaarnestad Photo/Photographer unknown.

  23: Image bank WW2–Resistance Museum South Holland. VMZH 131931.

  24: © IWM (CF 926).

  25: Image bank WW2–NIOD. NIOD 61576.

  26: © IWM (HU 55965).

  27: Associated Press.

  * To avoid confusion, I should mention that Dutch Mennonites are very different from their American brethren. Dutch Mennonites tend to be rather progressive, open to other faiths, and not at all reclusive. The opposite tends to be true of American and German Mennonites, which caused a certain degree of awkwardness when bearded figures in old-fashioned black suits turned up on formal visits to my grandfather in Nijmegen.

  * In fact, the operation in its planning stages was commonly referred to as “the party.” One of the most famous officers in the Battle of Arnhem, Colonel John Frost, had even planned to bring his golf clubs to Holland.

  * In 1988, the mayor of Nagasaki, a Christian named Motoshima Hitoshi, stated that Emperor Hirohito should have borne some responsibility for the war. He became a target of the far right. Two years later, a hit man shot him in the back.

  * These buildings are still there. Their bombastic style appealed to the Chinese Communists. The transition seemed entirely natural: the former Kwantung Army building is now the Communist Party headquarters, and so on.

  * George Bancroft (1800–1891), American historian and statesman.

  * His chief aide was Brigadier John Profumo, the politician who was eventually brought down by his liaison with the call girl Christine Keeler.

 

 

 


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