by Bruce Catton
11 Lew Wallace: An Autobiography, Vol. II, p. 524; History of the 53rd Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, p. 49; Army Memoirs of Lucius W. Barber, p. 53; Official Records, Vol. X, Part 1, p. 226; Downing’s Civil War Diary, p. 41.
12 History of the 53rd Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, p. 55.
13 Ulysses S. Grant and the Period of National Preservation and Reconstruction, p. 135; Official Records, Vol. X, Part 1, p. 158; A History of the Sixth Iowa Infantry, p. 80; History of the 15th Regiment Iowa Veteran Volunteer Infantry, pp. 83, 110-11.
14 History of the 53rd Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, p. 51.
15 A History of the Sixth Iowa Infantry, p. 89.
16 Official Records, Vol. X, Part 1, p. 375.
17 Memoirs of the War, by Capt. Ephraim A. Wilson, p. 112; Downing’s Civil War Diary, p. 43.
Springtime of Promise
1 Official Records, Vol. X, Part 1, p. 396.
2 Ibid., Vol. VI, p. 432.
3 Ibid., p. 832.
4 B. & L., Vol. II, pp. 25-29.
5 Official Records, Vol. VI, p. 889.
6 There are excellent accounts of the running of the forts in B. & L., Vol. II, pp. 33-91.
7 B. & L., Vol. II, p. 20.
8 Ohio at Shiloh: Report of the Commission, pp. 79-80.
9 The Sherman Letters: Correspondence between General and Senator Sherman from 1837 to 1891, pp. 143-45.
10 Army Memoirs of Lucius W. Barber, pp. 62-63.
11 History of the Sixth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, by C. C. Briant, pp. 130-31.
12 Ibid., p. 138.
13 Official Records, Vol. X, Part 2, pp. 166, 172, 214.
14 Ibid., p. 548.
15 Ibid., p. 252.
16 For a discussion of this point, see Van Horne, Vol. I, p. 129.
Invitation to General Lee
1 Mr. Lincoln’s Army, pp. 109-12.
2 B. & L., Vol. I, pp. 693-700. Americans often speak of Merrimac as the world’s first ironclad warship; actually when Merrimac was rebuilt the British navy had two ironclads in commission and the French had one.
3 Ibid., pp. 701-3, 719-50.
4 The point is stressed by Col. John Taylor Wood, CSA, in B. & L., Vol. I, p. 711.
5 By all odds the best account of the whole valley operation is the one contained in Col. G. F. R. Henderson’s classic biography, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War.
Delusion and Defeat
1 The point is discussed in detail in Mr. Lincoln’s Army, pp. 131-33.
2 Cox, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 253; Official Records, Vol. XI, Part 3, p. 340.
3 Ibid., pp. 250-51.
4 B. & L., Vol. II, p. 337.
5 Official Records, Vol. XI, Part 3, p. 266.
6 B. & L., Vol. III, pp. 394-95.
Chapter Six: TURNING POINT
Kill, Confiscate or Destroy
1 Ormsby MacKnight Mitchel, Astronomer and General, pp. 284-88, 315; Van Horne, Vol. I, pp. 130-32.
2 Ormsby MacKnight Mitchel, pp. 306-14, 330.
3 The Nineteenth Illinois, by J. Henry Haynie, pp. 131-39, 144-46, 159, 165, 167; Three Years with the Armies of the Ohio and the Cumberland, by Angus L. Waddle, p. 17; Cox, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 436; Official Records, Vol. X, Part 2, pp. 212-13. Details about Turchin’s court-martial can be found in Official Records, Vol. XVI, Part 2, pp. 273-78.
4 The Nineteenth Illinois, p. 171.
5 Army Life of an Illinois Soldier: Letters and Diary of the Late Charles W. Wills, pp. 132, 134.
6 Ibid., p. 74.
7 Official Records, Vol. XVII, Part 2, p. 81; The History of Fuller’s Ohio Brigade, p. 50.
8 History of the 51st Indiana Veteran Volunteer Infantry, pp. 26-27, 31; Letters from the Army, by B. F. Stevenson, p. 247; With the Rank and File, by Thomas J. Ford, p. 120. Some mention should be made of the Union brigadier in Louisiana who solemnly warned his troops not to catch any chickens or geese in such a clumsy way as to get bitten (History of the 77th Illinois Volunteer Infantry).
9 Official Records, Vol. XVI, Part 1, p. 640. Perfectly typical of the Union soldier’s attitude is the blunt remark, “We thought anything belonging to a secessionist was for plunder,” in the manuscript letters of Elmer J. Barker, 5th New York Cavalry.
10 Story of the Service of Company E and of the 12th Wisconsin Regiment, pp. 125-26.
11 Official Records, Vol. XVI, Part 1, p. 644.
12 Letters of Ulysses S. Grant to His Father and Youngest Sister, edited by Jesse Grant Cramer, pp. 69, 88; General Grant’s Letters to a Friend, with Introduction and Notes by James Grant Wilson, p. 27.
13 Ormsby MacKnight Mitchel, pp. 317-19; Memoirs of a Volunteer, pp. 96, 103.
14 Mr. Lincoln’s Army, pp. 155-56.
Cheers in the Starlight
1 Official Records, Vol. XI, Part 3, pp. 337-38.
2 Pope’s weird account of this campaign and battle is in B. & L., Vol. II, pp. 449-94.
3 The Living Lincoln, pp. 492, 493-94.
4 Mr. Lincoln’s Army, pp. 51-54.
High-Water Mark
1 Official Records, Vol. XVI, Part 2, p. 497. For a similar query sent by Lincoln to Gen. Horatio G. Wright at Cincinnati, see p. 496; Buell’s reply is p. 500.
2 Ibid., p. 421.
3 Ibid., Vol. XVII, Part 2, p. 222.
4 Mr. Lincoln’s Army, pp. 167-69.
5 A first-rate study of the Antietam campaign is to be found in The Antietam and Fredericksburg, by Francis W. Palfrey.
6 B. & L., Vol. II, p. 627.
7 For a good brief account of Antietam, see Jacob Cox in B. & L., Vol. II, pp. 630-60.
Chapter Seven: I SEE NO END
The Best There Was in the Ranch
1 Military Reminiscences of the Civil War, by Jacob Cox, Vol. I, pp. 358-61.
2 The Sherman Letters: Correspondence between General and Senator Sherman from 1837 to 1891, pp. 164-65.
3 Ibid., pp. 166, 185.
4 B. & L., p. 43. This volume contains an extensive discussion of the Kentucky campaign, written by General Buell. Buell was in many ways an unfortunate man; in no way more unfortunate than in the fact that his lengthy, well-reasoned explanations of the things he did during the war have a stodgy, pedestrian quality which makes them all but literally unreadable. See also The Story of a Thousand, by Albion W. Tourgee, p. 70 ff.
5 History of the 10th Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, pp. 171-172; Official Records, Vol. XVI, Part 1, pp. 662, 693.
6 Van Horne, Vol. I, pp. 185-95; Co. Aytch: Maury Gray’s First Tennessee Regiment, by Sam R. Watkins, p. 81; Manuscript diary of Henry Mortimer Hempstead, 2nd Michigan Cavalry.
7 Van Horne, Vol. I, pp. 197-99, 205; Official Records, Vol. XVI, Part 2, pp. 622, 626-27.
8 B. & L., Vol. II, pp. 737-57; History of Fuller’s Ohio Brigade, pp. 86, 89.
9 Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Vol. I, p. 420.
There Was No Patience
1 History of the 38th Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, p. 66.
2 A History of the Sixth Iowa Infantry, pp. 174-75.
3 Three Years in the Army: The Story of the 13th Massachusetts Volunteers, by Charles E. Davis, Jr., pp. 24-26.
4 Army Letters, 1861-1865, by Oliver Willcox Norton, p. 27.
5 History of the 10th Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, p. 170; Mr. Lincoln’s Army, p. 199.
6 Reminiscences of the Civil War, from Diaries of Members of the 103rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry, compiled by a committee, p. 26; History of the 24th Michigan of the Iron Brigade, by O. B. Curtis, p. 65.
7 History of Fuller’s Ohio Brigade, p. 67.
8 Army Memoirs of Lucius W. Barber, p. 91; A History of the Sixth Iowa Infantry, p. 147; Downing’s War Diary, pp. 80, 92; History of the 16th Battery of Ohio Volunteer Light Artillery, p. 35.
9 The Story of a Cavalry Regiment, p. 404.
10 History of the 38th Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, p. 18; History of the 15th Regiment Iowa Veteran Volunteer Infantry, p. 85; The Story of
a Cavalry Regiment, pp. 54-55.
11 The Wild Riders of the First Kentucky Cavalry, pp. 162, 164.
12 Official Records, Vol. XX, Part 2, p. 69.
13 The Living Lincoln, pp. 519-20, 522; Official Records, Series 3, Vol. II, pp. 892-97.
Thin Moon and Cold Mist
1 For an extended discussion of the difficulty in regard to the pontoons, see Glory Road, pp. 34-39.
2 Any reader who wants source references for Fredericksburg will find a tabulation in the “Notes” section of the afore-mentioned Glory Road.
3 For various glimpses of Rosecrans, see History of the 104th Regiment of Illinois Volunteer Infantry, by William Wirt Calkins, p. 44; Greene County Soldiers in the Late War, by Ira S. Owens, p. 27; Cox, op. cit. Vol. I, pp. 111-12, 127, 133.
4 The Life of Major General George H. Thomas, pp. 75-76, 84-89.
5 Van Horne, Vol. I, pp. 228-29; History of the Sixth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, p. 176.
6 Ibid., pp. 194-95; History of the 34th Regiment of Illinois Volunteer Infantry, by Edwin W. Payne, pp. 43-44.
7 Van Horne, Vol. I, pp. 234-38; B. & L., Vol. III, pp. 620-29.
8 Official Records, Vol. XX, Part 1, p. 234.
9 The Life of Major General George H. Thomas, p. 97.
10 With the Rank and File, p. 9; History of the 38th Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, pp. 61-63; Echoes of the Civil War as I Hear Them, by Michael H. Fitch, pp. 105-8; Greene County Soldiers in the Late War, pp. 33-35.
Down the River
1 Official Records, Vol. XVII, Part 2, pp. 274, 275, 278, for McClernand’s letters to Stanton. His confidential orders, signed by Stanton and dated October 20, 1862, are in the same volume, p. 282.
2 Ibid., pp. 300, 302.
3 Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Vol. I, p. 426.
4 Ibid., pp. 427-28.
5 Official Records, Vol. XVII, Part 2, pp. 400, 401-2, 420.
6 Ibid., p. 425.
7 Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Vol. I, pp. 430-31. There is an appreciative discussion of the little game in Earl Schenck Miers’ The Web of Victory, pp. 34-35. Lloyd Lewis also examines it in his Sherman, Fighting Prophet.
8 Under the Old Flag, by James Harrison Wilson, Vol. I, p. 141.
9 Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Vol. I, pp. 434-35.
10 Lewis, op. cit., pp. 259-60.
11 Official Records, Vol. XVII, Part 2, p. 534.
12 Lewis, op. cit., p. 262.
Chapter Eight: SWING OF THE PENDULUM
The Hour of Darkness
1 Manuscript Letters of John W. Chase; War Letters of William Thompson Lusk, pp. 245, 256.
2 Army Life of an Illinois Soldier, pp. 153-54; Memoirs of the War, by Capt. Ephraim A. Wilson, pp. 151-52; Echoes of the Civil War as I Hear Them, p. 118; Official Records, Vol. XX, Part 2, pp. 318, 323.
3 Gosnell, op. cit., p. 146; Story of the 83rd Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, by Joseph Grecian, p. 22; Letters from the Army, p. 184.
4 Manuscript letters of Isaac Jackson, 83rd Ohio; manuscript letters of George L. Lang, 12th Wisconsin; History of the 77th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, p. 120, pasuim.
5 Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers in the War of the Rebellion, Vol. V, pp. 741-88; Iowa and the Rebellion, by Lurton Dunham Ingersoll, pp. 661-63.
6 Letters from the Army, p. 174; Reminiscences of the Civil War, from Diarius of Members of the 103rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry, p. 54.
7 Mr. Lincoln’s Army, p. 299.
8 “Some Recollections of Grant,” by S. H. M. Byers, from The Annals of War Written by Leading Participants, pp. 342-43.
9 Three Years with the Armies of the Ohio and the Cumberland, pp. 46, 48; Official Records, Vol. XX, Part 1, p. 197.
10 “Characteristics of the Armies,” by H. V. Redfield, from The Annals of the War, pp. 361-65. Note an eastern soldier’s comment: “In manners, in the conduct of soldiers and the discipline, these bundles of rags, these cough-racked, diseased and starved men [i.e., the Confederates] excel our well-fed, well-clothed, our best soldiers.” (Manuscript letters of James Gillette.)
11 Official Records, Vol. XXIV, Part 1, p. 222.
12 Glory Road, pp. 156-63; manuscript letters of John W. Chase.
13 Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers, by Rufus R. Dawes, p. 125.
Stalemate in the Swamps
1 Reminiscences of the Civil War, from Diaries of Members of the 103rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry, p. 15.
2 See T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and the Radicals, p. 275 if.
3 Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Vol. I, pp. 442-49; Under the Old Flag, Vol. I, pp. 154-55.
4 Ibid., p. 152.
5 B. & L., Vol. III, pp. 561-63.
6 Ibid., pp. 563-64; The Web of Victory, by Earl Schenck Miers, pp. 119-30.
The Face of the Enemy
1 Official Records, Vol. XVII, Part 2, p. 424.
2 The Web of Victory, pp. 54-55.
3 History of the Negro Troops in the War of the Rebellion, by George W. Williams, pp. 106-7.
4 Ibid., p. 108.
5 Army Life of an Illinois Soldier, pp. 126, 166-67.
6 History of the 53rd Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, pp. 102-3; George Williams, op. cit., p. 110.
7 The Negro in the Civil War, by Benjamin Quarles, pp. 8-9, 200-1.
8 Musket and Sword, by Edwin C. Bennett, p. 315.
9 Personal Recollections, by Maj. Gen. Grenville M. Dodge, p. 14.
10 Story of the Service of Company E and the 12th Wisconsin Regiment, pp. 188-90.
11 George Williams, op. cit., pp. 161-62, 166.
12 Quarles, op. cit., p. 201.
13 T. Harry Williams, op. cit., p. 291; Quarles, op. cit., p. 184.
End of a Campaign
1 B. & L., Vol. III, pp. 441-59.
2 The Sherman Letters: Correspondence between General and Senator Sherman, p. 192.
3 Three Years with Grant, by Sylvanus Cadwallader, edited by Benjamin P. Thomas, pp. 61-62.
4 The Rise of U. S. Grant, pp. 288-89; Under the Old Flag, Vol. I, pp. 158-60; The Web of Victory, pp. 138-39.
5 Lewis, op. cit., pp. 270-71.
6 Story of the Service of Company E and of the 12th Wisconsin Regiment, p. 179; A Soldier Boy’s Letters to his Father and Mother, pp. 46, 54.
7 Muskets and Medicine, pp. 73-74, 84; Downing’s War Diary, p. 113.
8 Under the Old Flag, Vol. I, pp. 168-69; History of the 77th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, pp. 132-33.
9 Under the Old Flag, Vol. I, p. 164; Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Vol. I, pp. 463-64.
10 Ulysses S. Grant and the Period of National Preservation and Reconstruction, p. 160.
11 Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Vol. I, p. 488. For a first-rate account of the Grierson raid and an appealing sketch of Grierson himself, the reader is referred to D. Alexander Brown’s excellent book, Grierson’s Raid.
12 Reunion of the 33rd Illinois Regiment; Report of Proceedings, p. 13; B. & L., Vol. III, pp. 499, 501.
13 Lewis, op. cit., p. 273.
14 Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Vol. I, p. 480: “I felt a degree of relief scarcely ever equalled since.… I was on dry ground on the same side of the river with the enemy.”
15 The Story of a Cavalry Regiment, p. 84; Three Years with Grant, pp. 74-75.
16 History of the 33rd Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry, p. 39.
17 Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Vol. I, p. 526.
Chapter Nine: THE TREES AND THE RIVER
Final Miscalculation
1 The Campaign of Chancellorsville, by John Bigelow, Jr., p. 221. A list of sources for the Chancellorsville portion of this chapter will be found in Glory Road, pp. 386-90.
2 See R. E. Lee, by Douglas Southall Freeman, Vol. III, pp. 18-19.
Moment of Truth
1 The Road to Richmond, by Major Abner R. Small, p. 94; The History of the Ninth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, by Daniel George MacNamara, p. 299.
2 The Life an
d Letters of George Gordon Meade, by Col. George Meade, Vol. I, p. 372.
3 History of the 12th Regiment New Hampshire Volunteers, by Capt. A. W. Bartlett, p. 114; Three Years Campaign of the Ninth N.Y.S.M. during the Southern Rebellion, by John W. Jaques, p. 149; The Story of the 15th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, by Andrew E. Ford, p. 256; The Twentieth Connecticut: A Regimental History, by John W. Storrs, p. 70; History of the First Regiment Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, by R. I. Holcombe, p. 330.
4 In Glory Road, this author somehow identified the tune that took the first brigade into battle as “The Girl I Left Behind Me.” A courteous letter from the grandson of the Gen. Rufus Dawes who commanded the 6th Wisconsin of that brigade at Gettysburg has provided the necessary correction. Mr. Dawes recalls that as a small boy he often saw his father or one of his uncles come into the parlor where the old soldier was sitting and pick “The Campbells Are Coming” out on the piano, one-finger fashion, “just to see the old man’s beard bristle.”
5 Manuscript letters of John W. Chase.
Unvexed to the Sea
1 B. & L., Vol. III, p. 517; Three Years with Grant, p. 89.
2 B. & L., Vol. III, p. 518; History of the 33rd Regiment Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry, p. 44.
3 Under the Old Flag, Vol. I, pp. 180-83; Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Vol. I, p. 531.
4 Manuscript letters of Abram S. Funk, 35th Iowa; manuscript letters of George L. Lang, 12th Wisconsin.
5 History of the 16th Battery of Ohio Volunteer Light Artillery, pp. 73, 75.
6 Three Years with Grant, pp. 103-9. For a highly critical analysis of the Cadwallader memoirs, see Kenneth Williams in American Heritage, Vol. VII, No. 5.
7 Lewis, op. cit., pp. 282-84; Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Vol. I, pp. 546-47.