Unfair

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Unfair Page 68

by Adam Benforado


  Harmon, Rachel. “Promoting Policing at Its Best.” Virginia Journal 15 (2012): 33–57.

  Hartje, Rachel. “A Jury of Your Peers? How Jury Consulting May Actually Help Trial Lawyers Resolve Constitutional Limitations Imposed on the Selection of Juries.” California Western Law Review 41 (2005): 479–506.

  Hutson, Matthew. “Unnatural Selection.” Psychology Today 40 (2007): 90–95.

  Joy, Peter A., and Kevin C. McMunigal. “Witness Preparation: When Does It Cross the Line?” Criminal Justice 17 (2002): 48.

  “Juror Information Questionnaire.” 234 Pa. Code Rule 632. http://www.pacode.com/​secure/data/234/​chapter6/s632.html.

  Kassin, Saul M., Richard A. Leo, Christian A. Meissner, Kimberly D. Richman, Lori H. Colwell, Amy-May Leach, and Dana La Fon. “Police Interviewing and Interrogation: A Self-Report Survey of Police Practices and Beliefs.” Law and Human Behavior 31 (2007): 381–400.

  Kressel, Neil J., and Dorit F. Kressel. Stack and Sway: The New Science of Jury Consulting. Cambridge, MA: Westview, 2002.

  Lackey, Robert T. “Science, Scientists, and Policy Advocacy,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Papers. Paper 142 (2007). http://digitalcommons.unl​.edu/​usepapapers​/142.

  Lattman, Peter. “Jury Is Seated in Rajat Gupta Trial.” New York Times, May 21, 2012.

  LeGrande, Nicole, and Kathleen Mierau. “Witness Preparation and the Trial Consulting Industry.” Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 17 (2004): 947–60.

  Leo, Richard A. “Inside the Interrogation Room.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86 (1996): 266–303.

  Leo, Richard A., Steven A. Drizin, Peter J. Neufeld, Bradley R. Hall, and Amy Vatner. “Bringing Reliability Back In: False Confessions and Legal Safeguards in the Twenty-First Century.” Wisconsin Law Review 2 (2006): 479–539.

  Lieberman, Joel D. “The Utility of Scientific Jury Selection: Still Murky After 30 Years.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 20 (2011): 48–52.

  Lieberman, Joel D., and Bruce D. Sales. Scientific Jury Selection. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2007.

  McDermott, Tricia. “The Jury Consultants.” CBS News, June 2, 2004. http:​//www.cbsnews.com/​8301-​18559_162-620794​.html.

  Miranda v. Arizona. 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

  Model Criminal Jury Instructions § 1.01–.19.

  Model Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 3.4(b).

  Moore, Sarah G., David T. Neal, Gavan J. Fitzsimons, and Baba Shiv. “Wolves in Sheep’s Clothing: How and When Hypothetical Questions Influence Behavior.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 117 (2012): 168–78.

  National Conference of Bar Examiners. “The Multistate Bar Examination (MBE).” http://www.ncbex.org/​about-ncbe-exams/mbe/.

  National Legal Aid and Defender Association. “Collected Quotes Pertaining to Equal Justice.” Communication Resources. Accessed May 4, 2014. http://www.nlada.org/​News/Equal_​Justice_Quotes.

  Noë, Alva. “When Science Becomes News, the Facts Can Go Up in Smoke.” NPR, May 4, 2014. http://www.npr.org/​blogs/13.7/2014/05/​04/308926616/​when-science-​becomes-news-the-​facts-can-go-up-in-smoke?utm_source​=facebook.com&utm_medium​=social&utm_campaign​=npr&utm_term​=nprnews&utm_content​=20140504.

  Oliver, Myrna. “R. D. Herman, ‘Harrisburg 7’ Trial Judge.” Los Angeles Times, April 9, 1990.

  O’Rourke, William. The Harrisburg 7 and the New Catholic Left. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2012.

  Owens, Simon. “Is the Academic Publishing Industry on the Verge of Disruption?” U.S. News and World Report, July 23, 2012.

  Parascandola, Rocco, Jenna O’Donnell, and Larry McShane. “NYPD Stop-and-Frisks Drop 99% in Brooklyn, While Shootings Increase in Brownsville, East New York.” New York Daily News, August 16, 2014.

  Paterson, Stephen J., and Norma J. Silverstein. “Jury Research: How to Use It.” United States Attorneys’ Bulletin 48, no. 3 (2000): 1–29.

  People v. Lloyd. Trial Transcript No. 85-00376 (Mich. Rec. Ct. May 2, 1985).

  People v. McGuirk. 245 N.E.2d 917 (Ill.App. 1969).

  Pielke, Robert A., Jr. The Honest Broker: Making Sense of Science in Policy and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

  Posey, Amy J., and Lawrence S. Wrightsman. Trial Consulting. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

  Robbennolt, Jennifer K., and Matthew Taksin. “Jury Selection, Peremptory Challenges, and Discrimination.” APA Monitor on Psychology 40 (2009): 18.

  Rogers, Richard. “Getting It Wrong About Miranda Rights: False Beliefs, Impaired Reasoning, and Professional Neglect.” American Psychologist 66 (2011): 728–36.

  Salinas v. Texas. 133 S.Ct. 2174 (2013).

  Serio, Steven C. “A Process Right Due? Examining Whether a Capital Defendant Has a Due Process Right to a Jury Selection Expert.” American University Law Review 53 (2004): 1143–86.

  Shipler, David. “Why Do Innocent People Confess?” New York Times, February 23, 2012.

  Shipp, E. R. “Jay Schulman, Expert on Juries.” New York Times, December 3, 1987.

  Simon, Dan. In Doubt: The Psychology of the Criminal Justice Process. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.

  Sommers, Samuel, and Michael Norton. “Race-Based Judgments, Race-Neutral Justifications: Experimental Examination of Peremptory Use and the Batson Challenge Procedure.” Law and Human Behavior 31 (2007): 261–73.

  State v. Earp. 571 A.2d 1227 (Md. 1990).

  State v. McCormick. 259 S.E.2d 880 (N.C. 1979).

  State v. Sobczak. 347 Wis.2d 724 (2013).

  Swain v. Alabama. 380 U.S. 202 (1965).

  “Trial Consulting and Research.” DecisionQuest. Accessed May 4, 2014. http://www.decisionquest.com/​utility/showArticle​/?obiectID=1536.

  “Trial Consulting for Criminal Cases.” NJP Litigation Consulting. Accessed May 4, 2014. http://www.nip.com/​notable_CriminalCases​_cases.html.

  United States. v. MacDonald. 456 U.S. 1 (1982).

  United States v. Sayakhom. 186 F.3d 928 (1999).

  “Use of Jury Consultants.” USLegal.com. Accessed May 4, 2014. http://courts.uslegal.com/​jury-system/​selection-process-at-the-courthouse/​use-of-iury-consultants/.

  Wiener, Richard L., and Brian H. Bornstein. “Introduction: Trial Consulting from a Psycholegal Perspective.” In Handbook of Trial Consulting. New York: Springer, 2011.

  Wingrove, Twila, Angela L. Korpas, and Robert F. Belli. “The Use of Survey Research in Trial Consulting.” In Handbook of Trial Consulting, edited by Richard L. Wiener and Brian H. Bornstein. New York: Springer, 2011.

  Wydick, Richard C. “The Ethics of Witness Coaching.” Cardozo Law Review 17 (1995): 1–52.

  12. WHAT WE CAN DO ~ THE FUTURE

  “A New Perspective on Crime Scenes: The Man on the Bed.” New York Times, November 18, 2011.

  Alliance for Excellent Education. Saving Futures, Saving Dollars: The Impact of Education on Crime Reduction and Earnings. Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education, 2013.

  Anderson, D. Mark. “In School and Out of Trouble? The Minimum Dropout Age and Juvenile Crime.” Review of Economics and Statistics 96 (2014): 318–31.

  Bartlett, Robert. Trial by Fire and Water: The Medieval Judicial Order. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

  Baumeister, Roy F. Evil: Inside Human Cruelty and Violence. New York: W. H. Freeman, 1997.

  Baumeister, Roy F., E. J. Masicampo, and C. Nathan DeWall. “Prosocial Benefits of Feeling Free: Disbelief in Free Will Increases Aggression and Reduces Helpfulness.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35 (2009): 260–68.

  Benforado, Adam. “Quick on the Draw: Implicit Bias and the Second Amendment.” Oregon Law Review 89, no. 1 (2010): 1–80.

  Benton, John F., ed. Self and Society in Medieval France: The Memoirs of Abbot Guilbert of Nogent. New York: Harper Torchbacks, 1970.

  Berkowitz, Leonard. “Evil Is More Than Banal: Situationism and the Concept of Evil
.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 3 (1999): 246–53.

  BI Incorporated. Overview of the Illinois DOC High-Risk Parolee Reentry Program and 3-Year Recidivism Outcomes of Program Participants. 2002.

  Birnbaum, Phil. “A Guide to Sabermetric Research.” Society for American Baseball Research. Accessed November 7, 2014. http://sabr.org/​sabermetrics.

  Block, Melissa. “Theodore Parker and the ‘Moral Universe.’ ” NPR, September 2, 2010. http://www.npr.org/​templates/​story/story.php?storyId=129609461.

  Blumstein, Alfred, and Kiminori Nakamura. “ ‘Redemption’ in an Era of Widespread Criminal Background Checks.” NIJ Journal 263 (2009): 10–17.

  Boak, Dick. “Welcome.” 2008. http://www.dickboak.com/​dickboak_website​/Home.html.

  Bono, Giacomo, Michael E. McCullough, and Lindsey M. Root. “Forgiveness, Feeling Connected to Others, and Well-Being: Two Longitudinal Studies.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34, no. 2 (2008): 182–95.

  Bornstein, Brian, and Edie Greene. “Jury Decision Making: Implications For and From Psychology.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 20 (2011): 63–67.

  Bowden, Mark. “The Killing Machines.” Atlantic, August 14, 2013. http://www.theatlantic.com/​magazine/​archive/2013/09/​the-killing-machines-how​-to-think-about-drones/309434/.

  Buntin, John. “What Does It Take to Stop Crips and Bloods from Killing Each Other?” New York Times, July 10, 2013.

  Cassell, Paul G. “Standing for Victims: They Need Their Own Constitutional Amendment.” Slate, June 14, 2012. http://hive.slate.com/​hive/how-can​-we-fix-constitution/article​/standing-for-victims.

  Chesterton, G. K. “G. K. Chesteron Empanels a Jury.” Lapham’s Quarterly. Accessed May 20, 2014. http://www.laphamsquarterly.org/​voices-in-time​/g-k-chesteron-empanels-a-jury.php?page=all.

  Clark, Cory J., Jamie B. Luguri, Peter H. Ditto, Joshua Knobe, Azim F. Shariff, and Roy F. Baumeister. “Free to Punish: A Motivated Account of Free Will Belief.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 106 (2014): 501–13.

  Clarke, Randolph, and Justin Capes. “Incompatibilist (Nondeterministic) Theories of Free Will.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, August 17, 2000. http://plato.stanford.edu/​entries/incompatibilism​-theories/.

  Correll, Joshua, Bernadette Park, Charles M. Judd, and Bernd Wittenbrink. “The Influence of Stereotypes on Decisions to Shoot.” European Journal of Social Psychology 37 (2007): 1102–17.

  Correll, Joshua, Bernadette Park, Charles M. Judd, and Bernd Wittenbrink. “The Police Officer’s Dilemma: Using Ethnicity to Disambiguate Potentially Threatening Individuals.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002): 1314–29.

  Correll, Joshua, Bernadette Park, Charles M. Judd, Bernd Wittenbrink, and Melody S. Sadler. “Across the Thin Blue Line: Police Officers and Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92, no. 6 (2007): 1006–23.

  Correll, Joshua, Geoffrey R. Urland, and Tiffany A. Ito. “Event-Related Potentials and the Decision to Shoot: The Role of Threat Perception and Cognitive Control,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 42 (2006): 120–28.

  “Cost.” National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty. Accessed May 27, 2014. http://www.ncadp.org/​pages/cost.

  Council on Crime and Justice. Low Level Offenses in Minneapolis: An Analysis of Arrests and Their Outcomes. 2004.

  Cournoyer, Caroline. “Courtroom Violence on the Rise.” Governing the States and Localities, January 19, 2012. http://www.governing.com/​blogs/view/courtroom​-violence-on-the-rise.html.

  Danzig, Christopher. “Video Arraignments Save Money and Make Judges Feel Safer.” Above the Law, June 17, 2011. http://abovethelaw.com/​2011/06/​video-arraignments-​save-money-and-make-judges-feel-safer/.

  Darley, John M. “Social Organization for the Production of Evil.” Psychological Inquiry 3 (1992): 199–218.

  “Death Penalty Cost.” Amnesty International. Accessed May 27, 2014. http://www.amnestyusa.org/​our-work/issues/​death-penalty/​us-death-penalty-facts​/death-penalty-cost.

  DeMatteo, David, Casey LaDuke, Benjamin R. Locklair, and Kirk Heilbrun. “Community-Based Alternatives for Justice-Involved Individuals with Severe Mental Illness: Diversion, Problem-Solving Courts, and Reentry.” Journal of Criminal Justice 41 (2013): 64–71.

  DeMatteo, David, Sanjay Shah, Megan Murphy, and Julie Present Koller. “Treatment Models for Clients Diverted or Mandated into Drug Treatment.” In Addictions: A Comprehensive Guidebook, 2nd ed., edited by Barbara S. McCrady and Elizabeth E. Epstein. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.

  Devers, Lindsey. U.S. Department of Justice. Plea and Charge Bargaining Research Summary. January 21, 2011.

  Digital Media Law Project. “Recording Public Meetings and Court Hearings.” Accessed May 23, 2014. http://www.dmlp.org/​legal-guide/recording​-public-meetings​-and-court-hearings.

  Digital Media Law Project. “State Law: Recording.” Accessed May 23, 2014. http://www.dmlp.org/​legal-guide/​state-law-recording.

  Dorf, Michael C., and Charles Frederick Sabel. “Drug Treatment Courts and Emergent Experimentalist Government.” Vanderbilt Law Review 53, no. 3 (2000): 831–83.

  Dubber, Markus Dirk. “American Plea Bargains, Germany Lay Judges, and the Crisis of Criminal Procedure.” Stanford Law Review 49 (1997): 547–605.

  Eagleman, David. “The Brain on Trial.” Atlantic, June 7, 2011. http://www.theatlantic.com/​magazine/archive​/2011/07/the-brain​-on-trial/308520/​?single_page=true.

  Eagleman, David. Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain. New York: Vintage, 2011.

  Ellard, John H., Christina D. Miller, Terri-lynne Baumle, and James M. Olson. “Just World Processes in Demonizing.” In The Justice Motive in Everyday Life, edited by Michael Ross and Dale T. Miller. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

  Emmets, Katie. “Local Police Use Blood-Clotting Agent to Save Lives.” Alligator, January 30, 2009.

  Exline, Julie Juola, Everett L. Worthington Jr., Peter Hill, and Michael E. McCullough. “Forgiveness and Justice: A Research Agenda for Social and Personality Psychology.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 7, no. 4 (2003): 337–48.

  Fallis, David S. “ShotSpotter Detection System Documents 39,000 Shooting Incidents in the District.” Washington Post, November 2, 1013.

  Farah, Martha. “Neuroethics: The Practical and the Philosophical.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 (2005): 34–40.

  Flatley, Joseph L. “World’s First Remote Heart Surgery Completed in Leicester, UK.” Engadget, May 4, 2010. http://www.engadget.com/​2010/05/04/worlds-first​-remote-heart-surgery-completed-in​-leicester-uk/.

  Fried, Barbara H. “Beyond Blame.” Boston Review, June 28, 2013.

  Funk, Friederike, Victoria McGeer, and Mario Gollwitzer. “Get the Message: Punishment Is Satisfying If the Transgressor Responds to Its Communicative Intent.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 40, no. 8 (2014): 986–97.

  Gowdy, J. D. “The Bill of Rights and James Madison’s Statesmanship.” The Washington, Jefferson, and Madison Institute (blog), June 9, 2013. http://wimi.blogspot.com/​2013​/06/the-bill-of​-rights-and-james-madisons.html.

  Greenwald, Anthony G., Mark A. Oakes, and Hunter G. Hoffman. “Targets of Discrimination: Effects of Race on Responses to Weapons Holders.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 39 (2003): 399–405.

  Hastings, Michael. “The Rise of the Killer Drones: How America Goes to War in Secret.” Rolling Stone, April 16, 2012.

  Huddleston, C. West, Douglas B. Marlowe, and Rachel Casebolt. Painting the Current Picture: A National Report Card on Drug Courts and Other Problem Solving Court Programs in the United States. Alexandria, VA: National Drug Court Institute, 2008.

  In re Devon T. 584 A.2d 1287 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1991).

  Inbau, Fred E., John E. Reid, Joseph P. Buckley, and Brian C. Jayne. Criminal Interrogation and Confessions. Burlington, MA: Jones
& Bartlett Learning, 2011.

  Innocence Project. Reevaluating Lineups: Why Witnesses Make Mistakes and How to Reduce the Chance of a Misidentification. New York: Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University.

  James, Erwin. “The Norwegian Prison Where Inmates Are Treated Like People.” Guardian, February 24, 2013.

  Kassin, Saul M., Steven A. Drizin, Thomas Grisso, Gisli H. Gudjonsson, Richard A. Leo, and Allison D. Redlich. “Police-Induced Confessions: Risk Factors and Recommendations.” Law and Human Behavior 34 (2019): 3–38.

  Kastre, Tammy, and David Kleinman. “Providing Trauma Care.” Police, January 24, 2013. http://www.policemag.com/​channel/patrol​/articles/2013/01/​trauma-care-the-first-five-minutes.aspx.

  Krey, Volker F. “Characteristic Features of German Criminal Proceedings: An Alternative to the Criminal Procedure Law of the United States?” Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review 21 (1999): 591–603.

  “L.A. Now Live: First Homicides of 2014 and L.A.’s Crime Statistics.” Los Angeles Times, January 6, 2014.

  Lai, Calvin K., Kelly M. Hoffman, and Brian A. Nosek. “Reducing Implicit Prejudice.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 7 (2013): 315–30.

  Lai, Calvin K., Maddalena Marini, Steven A. Lehr, Carlo Cerruti, Jiyun-Elizabeth L. Shin, Jennifer A. Joy-Gaba, Arnold K. Ho, Bethany A. Teachman, Sean P. Wojcik, Spassena P. Koleva, Rebecca S. Frazier, Larisa Heiphetz, Eva E. Chen, Rhiannon N. Turner, Johnathan Haidt, Selin Kessebir, Carlee Beth Hawkins, Hilary S. Schaefer, Sandro Rubichi, Giuseppe Sartori, Christopher M. Dial, N. Sriram, Mahzarin R. Banaji, and Brian A. Nosek. “Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: I. A Comparative Investigation of 17 Interventions.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143, no. 4 (2014): 1765–85.

  Langan, Patrick A., and David J. Levin. U.S. Department of Justice. Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994. 2002.

  Langbein, John H. “Torture and Plea Bargaining.” University of Chicago Law Review 46 (1978): 3–22.

  Larsen, Allison Orr. “Confronting Supreme Court Fact Finding.” Virginia Law Review 98 (2012): 1255–1312.

 

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