by James Grant
19Barrington, The Love Letters, 55.
20Barrington, The Love Letters, 45.
21Barrington, The Love Letters, 55.
22Barrington, The Love Letters, 57.
23Barrington, The Love Letters, 117.
24Barrington, The Love Letters, 66.
25Barrington, The Love Letters, 71.
26“The Literary Examiner,” The Examiner: A Weekly Paper, on politics, literature, and the fine arts, February 6, 1858, 84.
27Barrington, The Love Letters, 83.
28Barrington, The Love Letters, 53.
29Barrington, The Love Letters, 97.
30Barrington, The Love Letters, 98.
31Barrington, The Love Letters, 60.
32Westwater, The Wilson Sisters, 24.
33Barrington, The Love Letters, 60.
34Barrington, The Love Letters, 91.
35Westwater, The Wilson Sisters, 44.
36Barrington, The Love Letters, 153.
37Barrington, The Love Letters, 111.
38Barrington, The Love Letters, 52.
39Barrington, The Love Letters, 197.
40Barrington, Life of Walter Bagehot, 253.
41Barrington, Life of Walter Bagehot, 255–56.
42Barrington, The Love Letters, 177.
CHAPTER 7: A DEATH IN INDIA
1Emilie I. Barrington, The Servant of All, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1927), 2:154.
2Walter Bagehot, Parliamentary Reform: An Essay (London: Chapman and Hall, 1859), 4.
3Bagehot, Parliamentary Reform, 13.
4Bagehot, Parliamentary Reform, 10.
5Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:547.
6Barrington, Servant of All, 2:133–34.
7Barrington, Servant of All, 2:137.
8Eliza Bagehot, Journal and Letters, Diaries of Eliza Bagehot, 1850–1921 (London: Oxford Microform Publications, 1977), 32.
9Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:549.
10Edwards, The Pursuit of Reason, 261.
11Bagehot, Collected Works, 2:111.
12Bagehot, Collected Works, 2:133.
13Bagehot, Collected Works, 2:119.
14Bagehot, Collected Works, 2:136.
15Bagehot, Collected Works, 2:142.
16Bagehot, Collected Works, 2:148.
17Buchan, The Spare Chancellor, 114.
18Eliza Bagehot, Journal, 28.
19Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:552.
20Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:549.
21Barrington, Servant of All, 2:167.
22Barrington, Servant of All, 2:167.
23Barrington, Servant of All, 2:171.
24Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:553.
25Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:563.
26Barrington, Servant of All, 2:217.
27Barrington, Servant of All, 2:213.
28Barrington, Servant of All, 2:232.
29Barrington, Servant of All, 2:252.
30Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:564–65.
31Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:564.
32Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:566.
33Barrington, Life of Walter Bagehot, 337.
CHAPTER 8: THE “PROBLEM” OF W. E. GLADSTONE
1Barrington, Life of Walter Bagehot, 327.
2Barrington, Life of Walter Bagehot, 357.
3Roy Jenkins, Gladstone: A Biography (New York: Random House, 1997), 223.
4Jenkins, Gladstone, 222.
5Jenkins, Gladstone, 224.
6156 Parl. Deb. (3d ser.) (1860) col. 848.
7156 Parl. Deb. (3d ser.) (1860) col. 850.
8Walter Bagehot, Biographical Studies, ed. Richard Holt Hutton (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1907), 97.
9Wikipedia contributors, “The Fortnightly Review,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fortnightly_Review&oldid=800433439 (accessed February 8, 2018).
10Bagehot, Biographical Studies, 95.
11Bagehot, Biographical Studies, 96.
12Bagehot, Biographical Studies, 103.
13Bagehot, Biographical Studies, 113.
14Bagehot, Biographical Studies, 105.
15H. C. G. Matthew, “Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898), prime minster and author,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
16Jenkins, Gladstone, 48, 54.
17Jenkins, Gladstone, 141–42.
18Jenkins, Gladstone, 14.
19D. A. Smith, “Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, second baronet (1806–1863), politician and author,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
20Jenkins, Gladstone, 15.
21Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:587–90.
22Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:594–95.
23Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:593.
24Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:592.
25“The Bank Notes Issue Bill,” the Economist, May 27, 1865, 621.
26“The Chancellor of the Exchequer has acted,” The Times, June 3, 1865.
27Hugh Brogan, “America and Walter Bagehot,” Journal of American Studies, vol. 11, no. 3 (December 1977): 339.
28Edwards, The Pursuit of Reason, 306.
29Edwards, The Pursuit of Reason, 311.
30Edwards, The Pursuit of Reason, 311.
31Brogan, “America and Walter Bagehot,” 339.
32Edwards, The Pursuit of Reason, 308.
33Jenkins, Gladstone, 237.
34John Morley, The Life of William Ewart Gladstone, 3 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1903), 2:81–82.
35Allan Nevins, The War for the Union: War Becomes a Revolution, 1862-1863 (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1960), 269.
36“Recognition Or Mediation?,” the Economist, October 18, 1862, 1149.
37Adam Lynd Rowe, Teaching Fellow in the Social Sciences at The University of Chicago
38“The Emancipation Proclamation,” the Economist, October 25, 1862, 1177.
39Brogan, “America and Walter Bagehot,” 341.
40Bryan Taylor, “The Confederate Cotton Zombie Bonds,” Global Financial Data, March 19, 2014, https://www.globalfinancialdata.com/GFD/Blog/the-confederate-cotton-zombie-bonds.
41Brogan, “America and Walter Bagehot,” 341.
42“Rumours Of Peace,” the Economist, February 4, 1865, 126.
43“The Fall Of Richmond And Its Effect Upon English Commerce,” the Economist, April 22, 1865, 461.
44“The Assassination Of Mr. Lincoln,” the Economist, April 29, 1865, 495.
45Allan Nevins, The War For the Union: The Organized War, 1863-1864 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1971), 512.
CHAPTER 9: “THEREFORE, WE ENTIRELY APPROVE”
1Bagehot, Collected Works, 9:389.
2Bagehot, Collected Works, 9:397.
3Viscount Goschen, Essays and Addresses on Economic Questions 1865–1893: With Introductory Notes 1905 (London: Edward Arnold, 1905), 26.
4Thomas J. Spinner, “Goschen, George Joachim, first Viscount Goschen (1831–1907), politician and financier,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
5Goschen, Essays and Addresses, 17.
6Goschen, Essays and Addresses, 37.
7Goschen, Essays and Addresses, 19.
8Goschen, Essays and Addresses, 24, 27.
9O’Brien, The Correspondence of Lord Overstone, 3:1067.
10O’Brien, The Correspondence of Lord Overstone, 3:1112.
11O’Brien, The Correspondence of Lord Overstone, 3:1017.
12King, History of the London Discount Market, 231.
13Report of the case of The Queen v. Gurney and Others, 1870, 32.
14The Queen v. Gurney and Others, 1870, 33.
15The Queen v. Gurney and Others, 1870, 34.
16Kevin Dowd and Martin Hutchinson, Alchemists of Loss: How Modern Finance and Government Intervention Crashed the Financial System (West Sussex: John Wiley & sons, 2010), 49.
17The Queen v. Gurney and Others, 1870, 68.
18King, History of the London Discount Market, 249.
19The Queen v. Gurney and Others, 187
0, 81.
20The Queen v. Gurney and Others, 1870, 82.
21The Queen v. Gurney and Others, 1870, 86.
22David Kynaston, Till Time’s Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England 1694–2013 (London: Bloomsbury, 2017), 236.
23The Queen v. Gurney and Others, 1870, 85.
24King, History of the London Discount Market, 251.
25The Queen v. Gurney and Others, 1870, 47.
26“One of latest inventions of modern ingenuity . . . ,” The Times, February 2, 1866.
27“The Money Market,” the Economist, February 3, 1866, 121.
28“Money-Market and City Intelligence,” The Times, March 19, 1866.
29“The State Of The Money Market,” the Economist, April 14, 1866, 437.
30“The Panic of 1866,” The Bankers’ Magazine and Journal of the Money Market, June 1866, 639.
31Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:608.
32Bagehot, Collected Works, 10:85.
33Bagehot, Collected Works, 10:86.
34Bagehot, Collected Works, 10:92.
CHAPTER 10: “THE MUDDY SLIME OF BAGEHOT’S CROTCHETS AND HERESIES”
1O’Brien, The Correspondence of Lord Overstone, 3:1114.
2184 Parl. Deb. (3d ser.) (1866) cols. 1706–27.
3184 Parl. Deb. (3d ser.) (1866) cols. 1746–54.
4John H. Wood, “Bagehot’s Lender of Last Resort: A Hollow Hallowed Tradition,” Independent Review 7, no. 3 (Winter 2003): 344.
5Frank Whitson Fetter, Development of British Monetary Orthodoxy: 1797–1875 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965), 238.
6Fetter, Development, 263.
7Fetter, Development, 260–61.
8O’Brien, The Correspondence of Lord Overstone, 3:823.
9Kynaston, Till Time’s Last Sand, 201.
10O’Brien, The Correspondence of Lord Overstone, 3:1112, 1113, 1115.
11O’Brien, The Correspondence of Lord Overstone, 3:1115.
12Bagehot, Collected Works, 11:21.
13Bagehot, Collected Works, 11:15.
14Thompson Hankey, The Principles of Banking: Its Utility and Economy with Remarks on the Working and Management of the Bank of England, 2nd ed. (London: Effingham, Royal Exchange, 1873), 29–30.
15Hankey, The Principles of Banking, 34.
16Hankey, The Principles of Banking, 26.
17Hankey, The Principles of Banking, 29.
18O’Brien, The Correspondence of Lord Overstone, 3:1119.
CHAPTER 11: THE GREAT SCRUM OF REFORM
1Young, Victorian England, 201.
2Trevelyan, Life of John Bright, 325.
3Joseph Park, The English Reform Bill of 1867 (New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1920), 15–16.
4A. N. Wilson, The Victorians (New York: W.W. Norton, 2003), 108.
5Jose Harris, “Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873),” Oxford Dictionary of Biography.
6“Election Intelligence,” Telegraph, July 10, 1865.
7Telegraph, July 10, 1865.
8“Garibaldi,” the Economist, April 9, 1864, 447.
9Park, The English Reform Bill, 37.
10Bagehot, Collected Works, 15:24.
11Wilson, The Victorians, 109.
12Helen Andrews, “Romance and Socialism in J.S. Mills,” American Affairs, vol.1, no. 2 (Summer 2017), 199-208.
13Bagehot, Collected Works, 5:210.
14Bagehot, Collected Works, 5:211.
15Bagehot, Collected Works, 5:230.
16Bagehot, Collected Works, 5:243.
17Bagehot, Collected Works, 5:275.
18Bagehot, Collected Works, 5:279.
19Bagehot, Collected Works, 5:262.
20Bagehot, Collected Works, 5:208.
21Bagehot, Collected Works, 5:208.
22Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:610.
23John Stuart Mill, Considerations on Representative Government (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1876), 70.
24Mill, Considerations on Representative Government, 74.
25A. V. Dicey, An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, 4th ed. (London: Macmillan, 1889), 19.
26Liza Picard, Victorian London: The Life of a City 1840–1870 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2005), 86, 97.
27182 Parl. Deb. (3rd. ser.) (1866) cols. 18–115.
28James Winter, Robert Lowe (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976), 2.
29Winter, Robert Lowe, 150.
30Winter, Robert Lowe, 157.
31Winter, Robert Lowe, 100.
32Winter, Robert Lowe, 142.
33Georgina Battiscombe, Shaftesbury: The Great Reformer 1801–1885 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975), 205.
34Arthur Patchett Martin, Life and Letters of the Right Honourable Robert Lowe, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1893), 2:259.
35“The Need Of Many Facts For A Good Reform Bill,” the Economist, March 17, 1866, 313.
36183 Parl. Deb. (3d ser.) (1866) cols. 75–113.
37183 Parl. Deb. (3d ser.) (1866) col. 124.
38Jenkins, Gladstone, 262.
39183 Parl. Deb. (3rd ser.) (1866) cols. 151–52.
40“After a debate prolonged through nine nights . . . ,” The Times, April 28, 1866.
41Martin, Life and Letters of Robert Lowe, 2:292.
42“The Duty Of All Parties On The Reform Question,” the Economist, May 5, 1866, 527.
CHAPTER 12: A LOSER BY SEVEN BOUGHT VOTES
1“Representation Of Manchester: Meeting Of Liberals,” Manchester Guardian, July 4, 1865, 6.
2Manchester Guardian, July 4, 1865, 6.
3H. J. Hanham, Elections and Party Management: Politics in the Time of Disraeli and Gladstone (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1959), 303.
4Manchester Guardian, July 4, 1865
5Manchester Guardian, July 4, 1865.
6Report of The Commissioners Appointed to Inquire Into the Existence of Corrupt Practices at the Last Election and at Previous Elections of Members to Sit in Parliament, 1870, 444.
7Report of the Commissioners, 308.
8Hanham, Elections and Party Management, 263.
9Report of the Commissioners, 444.
10183 Parl. Deb. (3d ser.) (1866) cols. 1441–45.
11“The Way To Reduce Electoral Corruption,” the Economist, June 2, 1866, 642.
12Hanham, Elections and Party Management, 266.
13Report of the Commissioners, 566.
14Report of the Commissioners, 1047.
15Report of the Commissioners, 289.
16Report of the Commissioners, 648.
17Report of the Commissioners, 509.
18Report of the Commissioners, xxviii.
19Report of the Commissioners, 1029-30.
20Essex Standard, October. 1, 1869.
21Report of the Commissioners, 942.
22Report of the Commissioners, xxxvii.
CHAPTER 13: BY “INFLUENCE AND CORRUPTION”
1Robert Blake, Disraeli (London: Prion, 1998), 263.
2Blake, Disraeli, 26.
3Jonathan Parry, “Disraeli, Benjamin, earl of Beaconsfield (1804–1881), prime minister and novelist,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
4Parry, “Disraeli.”
5Blake, Disraeli, 55.
6Parry, “Disraeli.”
7“Mr. Disraeli,” the Economist, July 2, 1859, 725.
8Blake, Disraeli, 159.
9“Why Mr. Disraeli Has Succeeded,” the Economist, September 7, 1867, 1009.
10“Merchant Taylors’ Company,” The Times, June 18, 1868.
11Arthur Anthony Baumann, The Last Victorians (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1927), 45.
12Blake, Disraeli, 472–73.
13Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:623.
14Bagehot, Collected Works, 7:414.
15Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:616.
16Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:617.
17Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:619.
18Bagehot, Collected Works, 14:47.
CHAPTER 14: “IN THE FIRST RANK”
1Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:632.
2A. C. Howe, “Villiers, Charles Pelham (1802–1898), politician,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
3Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:575.
4Buchan, The Spare Chancellor, 257.
5Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:586–87.
6Barrington, Life of Walter Bagehot, 404.
7Barrington, Life of Walter Bagehot, 377.
8Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:599–600.
9Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:609.
10Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:638.
11Bagehot, Collected Works, 13:638.
12A. C. Howe, “Giffen, Sir Robert (1837–1910), economist and statistician,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
13Barrington, The Love Letters, 45.
14Bagehot, Collected Works, 7:43.
15Walter Bagehot, Physics and Politics (New York: D. Appleton, 1893), 55.
16Bagehot, Collected Works, 7:43.
17Bagehot, Physics and Politics, 64.
18Bagehot, Physics and Politics, 73.
19Bagehot, Collected Works, 7:60-61.
20Bagehot, Collected Works, 7:75.
21Bagehot, Collected Works, 7:84.
22Bagehot, Collected Works, 7:109.
23Bagehot, Collected Works, 7:110.
24Bagehot, Collected Works, 7:125.
25Bagehot, Collected Works, 7:127.
26Bagehot, Collected Works, 7:128.
27Bagehot, Collected Works, 7:128.
28Bagehot, Collected Works, 7:130.
29Joseph Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1954), 445.
CHAPTER 15: NEVER A BULLISH WORD
1Report from the Select Committee on Loans to Foreign States, July 29, 1875, xiv.
2Bagehot, Collected Works, 9:273.
3“The Danger Of Lending To Semi-Civilised Countries,” the Economist, November 23, 1867, 1320.
4J. Carlile McCoan, Egypt Under Ismail: A Romance of History (London: Chapman and Hall, 1889), 65.
5“The Danger of Lending To Semi-Civilised Countries,” 1321.
6Sidney Homer and Richard Sylla, A History of Interest Rates, 3rd ed. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1991), 204.
7“The Serious Danger Of Rash Foreign Loans,” the Economist, April 30, 1870, 1392.
8Searched for purposes of comparison were the Scotsman and the Glasgow Herald, and in London The Times and the Daily Telegraph, in each case between January 1, 1869, and February 28, 1877; and the Money Market Review, January 2, 1869, to June 26, 1875, on which date the relevant digital archival record ends.
9Catalina Vizcarra, “Guano, Credible Commitments, and Sovereign Debt Repayments in Nineteenth-Century Peru,” Journal of Economic History 69, no. 2 (2009): 7, doi:10.1017/S0022050709000813.