138“It is very good & amusing”: “Darwin, C. R. to Thompson, William (a),” Darwin Correspondence Database, March 1, 1849, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1232.
138“I now really hope that your recovery”: “Dixon, E. S. to Darwin, C. R.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, April–June 1849, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-13801.
138Dixon grew shrill: Desmond and Moore, Darwin’s Sacred Cause, 219.
138In 1851, he declared: Edmund Saul Dixon, The Dovecote and the Aviary: Being Sketches of the Natural History of Pigeons and Other Domestic Birds in a Captive State, With Hints for Their Management (London: Wm. S. Orr, 1851), 73.
138Darwin kept quiet publicly: “Darwin, C. R. to Fox, W. D.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, July 31, 1855, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1733.
138“I was so ignorant”: A. W. D. Larkum, A Natural Calling: Life, Letters and Diaries of Charles Darwin and William Darwin Fox (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2009), 237.
139Fox agreed to raise the birds: “Darwin, C. R. to Fox, W. D.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, March 19, 1855, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1651.
139Edward Blyth, a magnificently: “Blyth, Edward to Darwin, C. R.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, August 4, 1855, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1735.
139Blyth, a brilliant but: Robert J. Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 107.
139This adaptable bird: “Blyth, Edward to Darwin, C. R.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, September 30, 1855 or October 7, 1855, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1761.
140In December 1855: “Blyth, Edward to Darwin, C. R.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, December 18, 1855, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1792.
140While prowling a poultry: “Darwin, C. R. to Tegetmeier, W. B.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, August 31, 1855, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1751.
140He importuned a missionary: “Darwin, C. R. to Unspecified,” Darwin Correspondence Database, December 1855, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1812.
140In March 1856: “Darwin, C. R. to Covington, Syms,” Darwin Correspondence Database, March 9, 1856, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1840.
140“This morning I have”: “Darwin, C. R. to Fox, W. D.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, March 15, 1856, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1843.
140“By the way,”: “Darwin, C. R. to Tegetmeier, W. B.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, October 15, 1856, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1975.
140“I expect soon”: “Darwin, C. R. to Tegetmeier, W. B.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, November 3, 1856, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1981.
141By November, Darwin: “Darwin, C. R. to Tegetmeier, W. B.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, January 14, 2856, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1820.
141The Variation of Animals: Charles Darwin, Charles Darwin’s Works (New York: D. Appleton, 1915).
141Love of novelty led: Ibid., 240.
142The occasional bird: Ibid., 238.
142Darwin summarizes that: Ibid., 240.
142The Gallus gallus bankiva: Ibid., 244.
142He ruefully acknowledges: Ibid., 254.
142“Hence it may be safely”: Ibid., 257.
143As recently as 2008: Uppsala University, “Darwin Was Wrong About Wild Origin of the Chicken, New Research Shows,” ScienceDaily, March 3, 2008, accessed March 21, 2014, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080229102059.htm.
143A team that included Leif: Jonas Eriksson et al., “Identification of the Yellow Skin Gene Reveals a Hybrid Origin of the Domestic Chicken,” PLoS Genetics 4, no. 2 (2005): E10, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000010.
144Like his father: “His Imperial Highness Prince Akishino (Akishinonomiya Fumihito), President, Yamashina Institute for Ornithology,” Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, accessed March 21, 2014, http://www.yamashina.or.jp/hp/english/about_us/president.html.
144While Hirohito specialized: Naoko Shibusawa, America’s Geisha Ally: Reimagining the Japanese Enemy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 104.
145Brisbin noted that the red: I. Lehr Brisbin, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2012.
145In 2006, a team led by Yi-Ping: Yi-Ping Liu et al., “Multiple Maternal Origins of Chickens: Out of the Asian Jungles,” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 38, no. 1 (February 2006): 12–19.
145A 2012 study that used: Alice A. Storey et al., “Investigating the Global Dispersal of Chickens in Prehistory Using Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Signatures,” PLoS ONE 7, no. 7 (2012): E39171, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039171.
145“Earlier I thought domestication of the chicken”: Interview with a person familiar with Prince Fumihito’s views by Andrew Lawler, 2012.
145Olivier Hanotte, a biologist: Olivier Hanotte, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2012.
147“There does not seem”: John Lawrence et al., Moubray’s Treatise on Domestic and Ornamental Poultry: A Practical Guide to the History, Breeding, Rearing, Feeding, Fattening, and General Management of Fowls and Pigeons (London: Arthur Hall, Virtue, and Co., 1854), 2.
147The Palaung people scattered: Frederick J. Simoons, Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994), 145.
147Likewise, the Karen: Ibid., 146.
147The Purum Kukis: Ibid.
147At Uppsala University: Leif Andersson, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2012.
8. The Little King
150A healthy rooster can produce: Dev Raj. Kana and P. R. Yadav, Biology of Birds (New Delhi: DPH, Discovery Pub. House, 2005), 94.
150A team overseen by Martin Cohn: Ana M. Herrera et al., “Developmental Basis of Phallus Reduction during Bird Evolution,” Current Biology 23, no. 12 (2013): 1065–74, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.062.
150Cohn thinks this: Martin Cohn, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2012.
151“Genitalia, dear readers,”: Patricia Brennan, “Why I Study Duck Genitalia,” Slate, April 2, 2013, accessed March 21, 2014, http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2013/04/duck_penis_controversy_nsf_is_right_to_fund_basic_research_that_conservatives.html.
151New England Puritans excised cock: Toni-Lee Capossela, Language Matters: Readings for College Writers (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1996), 216.
151Two centuries before: Joseph Glaser, Middle English Poetry in Modern Verse (Indianapolis: Hackett Pub., 2007), 215.
151The 1785 Classical Dictionary: Francis Grose, A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, 1785 (Menston York, U.K.: Scolar P., 1968), C.
152The term derives: Stewart Edelstein, Dubious Doublets: A Delightful Compendium of Unlikely Word Pairs of Common Origin, from Aardvark/Porcelain to Zodiac/Whiskey (Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley, 2003), 86.
152“Victoria was not crowned”: H. L. Mencken, The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1936), 301.
152Well into the Victorian era: J. Chamizo Domínguez Pedro, Semantics and Pragmatics of False Friends (New York: Routledge, 2008), 100.
152The cock most likely acquired: Mencken, The American Language, 301.
152During separate tours: Aharon Ben-Ze’ev, The Subtlety of Emotions (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), 430.
152The Babylonian Talmud: Menachem M. Brayer, The Jewish Woman in Rabbinic Literature (Hoboken,
NJ: Ktav Pub. House, 1986), 74.
152The Greek god Zeus gave the handsome: James N. Davidson, The Greeks and Greek Love: A Bold New Exploration of the Ancient World (New York: Random House, 2007), 223.
152There is no mistaking: Lorrayne Y. Baird, “Priapus Gallinaceus: The Role of the Cock in Fertility and Eroticism in Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages,” Studies in Iconography 7–8 (1981–82): 81–111.
153“Throughout classical antiquity”: Ibid.
153In classical art, roosters: Exhibit in Altes Museum, Berlin, personal visit by Andew Lawler, 2013.
153Hidden from public view: Baird, “Priapus Gallinaceus.”
153“In Nature man generates”: Scott Atran, Cognitive Foundations of Natural History: Towards an Anthropology of Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 87.
154By the time of Christ: Richard Payne Knight, The Symbolical Language of Ancient Art and Mythologie: An Inquiry (New York: J. W. Bouton, 1892), 150.
154“They declare the cock: Ibid., 70.
154“Praised be to the Lord”: Isidore Singer, The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1904), 3:11.
154“Lo, the raving lions”: Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, trans. William Ellery Leonard (Sioux Falls, SD: NuVision Publications, 2007), 124.
154Given this wealth of tradition: Dictionary of Christianity, comp., J. C. Cooper (Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1996), s.v. “Animals.”
154These are ostensibly reminders: Mark 14:30 (New American Bible).
154But the bird’s heralding of light: Lorrayne Y. Baird-Lange, “Christus Gallinaceus: A Chaucerian Enigma; or the Cock as Symbol of Christ in the Middle Ages,” Studies in Iconography 9 (1983): 19–30.
154In a popular fourth-century AD: James J. Wilhelm, The Cruelest Month: Spring, Nature, and Love in Classical and Medieval Lyrics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965), 63.
154“God, the Creator Himself”: Baird-Lange, “Christus Gallinaceus,” 21.
155Peter was crucified on Vatican Hill: James George Roche Forlong, Faiths of Man: A Cyclopedia of Religions, vol. 2 (London: B. Quaritch, 1906), s.v. “Janus.”
155“I will give you the keys: Matthew 16:19 (New American Bible).
155Today’s Saint Peter’s: Encyclopaedia Britannica, vols. 11–12, s.v. “Great Mother of the Gods.”
155“The erotic association”: Randy P. Conner et al., Cassell’s Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Lore (London: Cassell, 1997), s.v. “Attis.”
155The poet Juvenal remarked: David M. Friedman, A Mind of Its Own (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008), 31.
155Near both the original basilica and the Cybele temple: J. G. Heck and Spencer Fullerton Baird, comps., Iconographic Encyclopaedia of Science, Literature, and Art (New York: R. Garrigue, 1857), s.v. “Rome”.
155By the late sixth century: John G. R. Forlong, comp., Encyclopedia of Religions (New York: Cosimo Classics, 2008), s.v. “Peter.”
155“The Cock is like the Souls”: Louisa Twining, Symbols and Emblems of Early and Medieval Christian Art (London: John Murray, 1885), 188.
155By the ninth century: Norwood Young, ed., Handbook for Rome and the Campagna (London: Edward Stanford, 1908), s.v. “S. Pietro.”
155Clergy were called: Hargrave Jennings, Phallicism: Celestial and Terrestrial, Heathen and Christian (London: George Redway, 1884).
156By the tenth century: Forlong, Faiths of Man, s.v. “Peter.”
156In 1102, at the end of the First: Menashe Har-El, Golden Jerusalem (Jerusalem: Gefen Pub. House, 2004), 311.
156By the time of the First Crusade: Baird-Lange, “Christus Gallinaceus,” 26.
156Magical amulets displaying fierce creatures: Joseph Campbell, The Masks of God (New York: Viking Press, 1959), 275.
156In the fourteenth century: Mark Allen, The Complete Poetry and Prose of Geoffrey Chaucer (Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2011), 239.
156Alchemists, those protochemists: Elio Corti, trans., “The Chicken of Ulisse Aldrovandi,” accessed March 21, 2014, http://archive.org/stream/TheChickenOfUlisseAldrovandi/Aldrogallus_djvu.txt.
156A last echo of the cock’s Christian: William Shakespeare, Shakespeare’s Tragedy of Hamlet, ed. John Hunter (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1874), 11.
157A decade later in the town: Marino Niola, “Archeologia della devozione” in L. M. Lombardi Satriani, ed., Santità e tradizione: itinerari antropologico-religiosi in Campania, 2000.
157“Within the Cock, vile”: Stephen Orgel, The Authentic Shakespeare, and Other Problems of the Early Modern Stage (New York: Routledge, 2002), 217.
157“What is your crest?”: William Shakespeare, The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (New York: G.F. Cooledge & Brother, 1844), 262.
157Some bard scholars: Joel Friedman, “The Use of the Word ‘Comb’ in Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew and Cymbeline,” Joel Friedman Shakespeare Blog, February 9, 2010, accessed March 21, 2014, http://joelfriedmanshakespeare.blogspot.com/2010/02/use-of-word-comb-in-shakespeares-taming.html.
158Thirty years later, citing: “The Ceremony of Presenting a Cock to the Pope,” American Ecclesiastical Review 29 (1903): 301.
158The Puritan preacher Cotton Mather: The Congregationalist and Christian World 100 (1915): 156.
158The rooster remains: France in the United States/Embassy of France in Washington, “The Gallic Rooster,” December 20, 2013, accessed March 21, 2014 http://www.ambafrance-us.org/spip.php?article604.
158It also has a longer history: Steven Seidman, “The Rooster as the Symbol of the U.S. Democratic Party,” Posters and Election Propaganga (blog), Ithaca College, June 12, 2010, accessed March 21, 2014, http://www.ithaca.edu/rhp/programs/cmd/blogs/posters_and_election_propaganda/the_rooster_as_the_symbol_of_the_u.s._democratic_p/#.Uywtbl76Tvo.
158In 2007, a scientific team: J. M. Asara et al., “Protein Sequences from Mastodon and Tyrannosaurus Rex Revealed by Mass Spectrometry,” Science 316, no. 5822 (2007): 280–85, doi:10.1126/science.1137614.
158“Study: Tyrannosaurus”: Jeanna Bryner, “Study: Tyrannosaurus Rex Basically a Big Chicken,” Fox News, April 25, 2008, accessed March 21, 2014, http://www.foxnews.com/story/2008/04/25/study-tyrannosaurus-rex-basically-big-chicken/.
159The discovery began: Evan Ratliff, “Origin of Species: How a T. Rex Femur Sparked a Scientific Smackdown,” Wired, June 22, 2009, accessed May 14, 2014, http://archive.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/17-07/ff_originofspecies?currentPage=all.
159A Harvard University chemist: John Asara, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
160Their 2007 paper in: M. H. Schweitzer et al., “Biomolecular Characterization and Protein Sequences of the Campanian Hadrosaur B. Canadensis,” Science 324, no. 5927 (2009): 626–31, doi:10.1126/science.1165069.
160Horner, the Montana paleontologist: Jack Horner, “Jack Horner: Building a Dinosaur from a Chicken,” TED video, 16:36, talk presented at an official TED conference, March 2011, accessed March 21, 2014, http://www.ted.com/talks/jack_horner_building_a_dinosaur_from_a_chicken.
161In 2004, a biologist: Matthew P. Harris et al., “The Development of Archosaurian First-Generation Teeth in a Chicken Mutant,” Current Biology 16, no. 4 (2006): 371–77, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.047.
161Arkhat Abzhanov, an evolutionary: Arkhat Abzhanov, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
162In 2007, paleontologists: A. H. Turner et al., “Feather Quill Knobs in the Dinosaur Velociraptor,” Science 317, no. 5845 (2007): 1721, doi:10.1126/science.1145076.
162Four years later, chunks: R. C. McKeller et al., “A Diverse Assemblage of Late Cretaceous Dinosaur and Bird Feathers
from Canadian Amber,” Science 333, no. 6049 (2011): 1619–622, doi:10.1126/science.1203344.
162Triceratops, that hulking: J. Clarke, “Feathers Before Flight,” Science 340, no. 6133 (2013): 690-92. doi:10.1126/science.1235463.
163Feathers, in fact, may: Ibid.
163Avians are a particular sort: Gareth Dyke and Gary W. Kaiser, Living Dinosaurs: The Evolutionary History of Modern Birds (Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), 9.
163Some researchers even: “Oviraptor,” Mediahex, accessed March 21, 2014, http://www.mediahex.com/Oviraptor.
163Called a basilisk: Rosa Giorgi et al., Angels and Demons in Art (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2005), 99.
163Pliny the Elder: Ibid.
164The twelfth-century German mystic: Petzoldt Leander, Kleines Lexikon der Dämonen und Elementargeister (Munich: C. H. Beck, 2003), 30.
164Panic swept thirteenth-century Vienna: George M. Eberhart, Mysterious Creatures: A Guide to Cryptozoology (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002), 33.
164A hysterical mob of sixteenth-century Dutch: Mike Dash, “The Strange Tale of the Warsaw Basilisk,” A Fortean in the Archives (blog), February 28, 2010, accessed March 21, 2014, http://aforteantinthearchives.wordpress.com/2010/02/28/the-strange-tale-of-the-warsaw-basilisk/.
164On an August afternoon in 1474: Thomas Hofmeier, Basils Ungeheuer: Eine kleine Basiliskenkunde (Berlin and Basel: Leonhard-Thurneysser-Verlag, 2009).
164As late as 1651: Jan Bondeson, The Feejee Mermaid and Other Essays in Natural and Unnatural History (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), 176.
164“Know, Sir, that there”: Voltaire, Zadig, Or, The Book of Fate: An Oriental History; Translated from the French, Etc. (London: T. Kelly, 1816), 48.
164The basilisk has resurfaced: Allan Zola Kronzek and Elizabeth Kronzek, The Sorcerer’s Companion: A Guide to the Magical World of Harry Potter (New York: Broadway Books, 2001), 22.
165Clinton wanted to be a: Mike Clinton, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2012.
165The Greek philosopher: Georgios Anagnostopoulos, A Companion to Aristotle (Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 113.
Why Did the Chicken Cross the World? Page 35