animal sacrifices, 183, 298n
annotations, 23, 88, 221, 248–49, 256, 306n
Anthony, Saint, 68, 286n
antipopes, 160, 205, 293n–94n
see also John XXIII (Baldassare Cossa), Antipope
antiquarianism, 123, 129, 208–9, 290n
Antoninus Pius, Emperor of Rome, 273n
Antony, Mark, 61, 281n
apikoros (Epicurean), 101
Apis, 89
Apollo, 75, 99
Apologeticus (Tertullian), 284n
“Apology for Raymond Sebond” (Montaigne), 246
apostles, 24, 217–18
apostolic secretary (secretarius domesticus), 141–42, 154, 155–58, 161, 170, 180, 181, 205–15, 221, 224, 269n
Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 252–53
Arabs, 282n–83n
Aragazzi, Bartolomeo de, 34–35, 44
Aramaic language, 97
archaeology, 54–59, 63–64
Archimedes, 87
architecture, 9, 110–11, 129, 151, 156
Aretino, Leonardo, 179
Arezzo, 34, 141
Ariosto, Ludovico, 9, 242
aristocracy, 14–20, 36, 44, 59–61, 93
Aristotelianism, 96, 252–53
Aristotle, 62, 69, 73, 83, 91, 96, 98, 252–53, 284n, 304n
art, 9, 17, 39, 40, 59, 60, 70, 88, 104, 129
asceticism, 6, 37, 41, 94–97, 104–9, 195, 228, 244, 285n–86n
Ass, The (Lucian), 217
Assayer, The (Galileo), 254–55
astronomy, 5–6, 8, 48, 87, 91, 92, 239
atheism, 183–84, 221, 239, 259, 261
Athens, 59, 75, 77, 78–79, 274n, 276n, 280n
atomism, 5–6, 8, 46, 73–75, 82, 99, 101, 185–89, 198–201, 220–21, 237, 239, 242–43, 244, 249, 250–53, 254, 255–56, 258, 260, 261, 297n, 306n
atonement, 105–6
Atticus, 85, 119
Attila, 11
Augustine, Saint, 43
Augustinians, 111
Augustus, Emperor of Rome, 48, 61, 275n
Austria, 55, 163
Averroës, 117
Avignon, 293n
Bacchus, 183
Bacon, Francis, 8, 243, 261
Baden, 173–76, 177
Baghdad, 38
Balbus, Quintus Lucilius, 69–70
banking, 21, 22, 113–14
Baptistry (Florence), 110
barbarians, 11, 24, 28, 49, 59, 94
Barbaro, Francesco, 180–81, 203, 268n
Barberini, Maffeo, 254
Bari, 135
Bassus, Saleius, 23–24
Bay of Naples, 54–55
Beaufort, Henry (bishop of Winchester), 206–8
beauty, 1–2, 8–10, 11, 201–2, 228, 251, 260–61, 299n
Benedict, Saint, 25–28, 97, 103
Benedict XIII, Antipope, 160, 205
Benedictine Rule, 25–28, 37, 272n
Benedictines, 25–28, 37, 44, 107, 272n
benefices, 147, 269n
Bernardino, Saint, 128
Bethlehem, 95
Bibaculus, Marcus Furius, 23–24
Bible, 3, 24, 43, 46, 88, 89, 95–96, 97, 105, 166, 239, 250, 285n
bibliomancy, 18–19
bibliomania, 19, 152–54, 131, 177
Bischhoff, Bernhard, 271n–72n
bishops, 20, 36, 38, 135, 161, 162, 168–69, 210
Black Death, 113
Bobbio monastery, 271n–72n
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 120, 124, 132–33, 144
Bohemia, 155, 166, 168
Boiardo, Matteo, 242
Bologna, 113, 143, 158, 159–60, 214, 226
Bologna, University of, 158
“Bonfire of the Vanities,” 219
Boniface, Saint, 44, 45–46
Boniface IX, Pope, 135, 158
book repairers, 84–85
books of hours, 17
bookworms, 30, 83–84, 93
Borgia, Cesare, 226
Botticelli, Sandro, 10, 202, 226, 242, 267n
Bourbon dynasty, 55
Bracciolini, Filippo, 213
Bracciolini, Giovanni Battista, 213
Bracciolini, Giovanni Francesco, 213
Bracciolini, Guicco, 111–12, 113, 122, 141, 211
Bracciolini, Jacoba, 112
Bracciolini, Jacopo, 213
Bracciolini, Lucretia, 213
Bracciolini, Pietro Paolo, 213
Bracciolini, Poggio, see Poggio Bracciolini, Gian Francesco
Bracciolini, Vaggia di Buondelmonti, 212–14, 301n
Brancacci family, 126
Branda de Castiglione, 162
bribery, 139–40
Brunelleschi, Filippo, 110, 218
Bruni, Leonardo, 125–26, 133, 134, 159, 162, 172–73, 178, 205, 210, 216, 295n
Bruno, Giordano, 10, 233–41, 242, 243, 250, 256
Brutus, 61
Bryaxis, 89
bubonic plague, 18
“Bugiale” (“Lie Factory”), 142, 210
Buondelmonti, Gino dei, 301n
Buondelmonti, Vaggia di Gino, see Bracciolini, Vaggia di Buondelmonte
Buondelmonti family, 113, 212, 301n
bureaucrats, 85, 135–38, 157
burning at the stake, 172–73, 177–79, 240–41
Burton, Robert, 8
Byzantium, 126
Caesar, Julius, 61, 65, 79, 85, 89, 274n, 281n
Caesarini, Giuliano, 210
Cairo, 38
calculus, 87
calfskin, 40
Caligula, Emperor of Rome, 48
calligraphy, 112–13, 115–16, 121, 130, 135, 155–56, 179
Calvin, John, 253
cameos, 129, 209
Campbell, James, 285n
Campo dei Fiori, 240–41
candles, 41, 83, 158
canon law, 136–37, 158
Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), 278n
capitalism, 114
Capponi family, 113
Capra, Bartolomeo della, 162–63
Caravaggio, 9
carbonized remains, 54–59, 63–64, 68, 77, 82
cardinals, 135, 161, 163, 165, 168, 169, 210, 293n
Carmelites, 111
Caro, Rodrigo, 250
Carolingian minuscules, 115, 121
Carthage, 59, 85, 275n
cartography, 239
Cassian, John, 26
Cassiodorus, 123
Castel St. Angelo, 20, 161
catasto (official inventory), 22
Catherine of Siena, Saint, 293n
Catherine von Gebersweiler, 108
Catholic Church:
apologetics of, 23–24, 47–48, 53–54, 97–108, 101, 208, 285n
bureaucracy of, 85, 135–38, 157
corruption in, 136–41, 151–52, 165–66, 170–71, 181
Epicureanism opposed to, 7, 97–109, 182–84, 219–41, 249–62, 284n, 285n, 302n
fundamentalism in, 89–108, 219–21, 227, 236, 239–40, 254–56
legal system of, 136–37, 158
literature of, 42, 43, 46–47
national factions in, 160, 163, 164, 176, 178, 205
as official religion, 89–108
paganism suppressed by, 10, 13, 19, 53–54, 75–78, 86–108, 117–18, 123, 129, 150, 222–24, 258, 283n, 284n, 286n
papacy of, see specific popes
schism in, 142–43, 155, 160, 161–78, 205
spiritual authority of, 100–109, 136–37, 149–50, 164–65, 168–69, 227, 230, 232
temporal authority of, 36, 135–37, 149–50, 157–58, 161–62, 239–40
theology of, 16, 17, 27, 75–76, 94–108, 120, 136–37, 163, 208, 252–54, 282n–83n, 285n
Catullus, 53
celestial spheres, 5–6
Ceres, 183
Cervantes, 9, 142
Cervini, Marcello, 227
Cesena, 293n–94n
chancery courts, 137
change, 5–7, 10, 186–87, 243–45, 259–60, 263
Charlemagne, 12, 47, 121
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 277n–78n
children, 127, 137, 193, 194, 210, 212–13, 215
Chloris, 267n
Chronicles of Herculaneum, 65
Chrysippus, 82
Chrysolaras, Manuel, 126
Church Fathers, 23–24, 47–48, 53–54, 99–100, 101, 208, 284n, 285n
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 23, 24, 43, 49, 53, 65, 69–70, 71, 72, 76, 85, 94–95, 96, 119, 120, 121–22, 123 138, 155–56, 176–77, 208, 273n, 274n, 283n, 289n, 296n, 300n
Cicero, Quintus Tullius, 51
Ciompi (working-class revolutionaries), 114–15
city-states, 59, 122–24
Clare of Assisi, Saint, 108
Clement of Alexandria, 285n
Clement VII, Pope, 293n, 294n
Cleopatra, 281n
clinamen (swerve) principle, 7–13, 188–89, 297n
Cluny abbey, 176–77
codices, 39–40, 42–43, 62, 82–83, 89, 176–77
Colonna, Oddo, 205–6, 211, 269n
Colonna family, 135
Colosseum, 63, 129
Columbanus, Saint, 27–28, 272n
commentaries, 46, 221–41
conclaves, papal, 205–6
confession, 65, 143, 173, 255
Constance, 15, 19–20, 31, 35–36, 102, 162–78, 180, 206, 294n
Constantine I, Emperor of Rome, 89, 102, 149–50, 224
Constantinople, 113, 169, 216
convents, 106, 108
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 10, 238, 254
Coptics, 24–25
copyists (librari), 85–86
copyright, 85
corporale supplicium (bodily punishments), 106
corporal punishment, 104–6
Correr, Angelo, 160, 180, 205
Cossa, Baldassare, see John XXIII (Baldassare Cossa), Antipope
Cotta, Gaius Aurelius, 69–70
Council of Constance (1414–18), 15, 19–20, 31, 35–36, 102, 162–78, 180, 206, 294n
Council of Trent (1545–63), 252, 253, 255
Counter-Reformation, 237–38, 253
courtiers, 8, 14, 15
Creech, Thomas, 257, 267n
crime, 38, 104, 140, 228
crucifixions, 104, 112, 194, 241
cruelty, 194, 195, 198, 246, 298n
cult objects, 90–91, 92
cults, 89–90
Cupid, 267n
cyclical patterns, 10
Cyril, Saint, 91, 92–93
Damian, Peter, 107
Danae, 175
Dante Alighieri, 123, 132–33, 288n
Darwin, Charles, 262
Darwin, Erasmus, 262
David, King, 43
day laborers (populo minuto), 114–15
Day of Judgment, 100
De aquaeductu urbis (Frontius), 152
death, fear of, 2–5, 9, 75–76, 112, 152, 180, 192–94, 196, 199, 220, 248
death sentences, 104, 158, 164, 172–73, 177–79, 213, 219, 228, 240–41, 255, 286n, 296n, 297n
debate, 27–28
Decembrio, Pier Candido, 226
Declaration of Independence, 263
declinatio (swerve) principle, 7–13, 188–89, 297n
della Robbia, Luca, 218
delusion, 195–97
Democritus, 74–75, 82
demons, 8, 10, 26, 89, 105, 194–95
De rerum natura (Lucretius), 182–202, 219–41
adaptation principle in, 189–90
afterlife denied in, 171, 183, 192–94, 195, 196–97, 220, 223, 230–32, 244, 260
Aldine edition of, 226
atheism in, 183–84, 221, 239, 259, 261
atomist theory in, 5–6, 8, 46, 73–75, 82, 99, 101, 185–89, 198–201, 220–21, 237, 239, 242–43, 244, 249, 250–53, 254, 255–56, 258, 260, 261, 297n, 306n
author’s reading of, 1–13
beauty in, 1–2, 8–10, 11, 201–2, 228, 251, 260–61, 299n
books and sections of, 65
Catholic doctrine opposed to, 7, 97–109, 182–84, 219–41, 249–62, 284n, 285n, 302n
change and transition in, 5–7, 10, 186–87, 243–45, 259–60, 263
Cicero’s revision of, 53
classical references to, 49–52
commentaries on, 221–41
creation vs. destruction in, 186–89, 220, 249, 250–52, 261
cultural influence of, 11–13, 49–52, 182–83, 185, 204–5, 209–10, 218, 219–63, 302n
cyclical patterns in, 10
dedication written for, 53
delusion in, 195–97
description of, 182–202
desire in, 197–98
detachment in, 195–97
disappearance of, 12–13, 49–52, 88–89, 209–10, 272n
divine will in, 71, 74, 75, 102–3, 105, 187, 194–95, 220, 230–36, 249, 251, 285n
emendations of, 226
English translations of, 184, 198, 201, 257–62, 267n, 297n–98n, 299n, 305n
Epicurean philosophy of, 1–5, 58–59, 72–80, 88–89, 103, 104, 109, 182–202, 220–21, 222, 228–32, 244–46, 252–54, 256, 262–63, 303n
eroticism in, 197–98, 201–2
ethics and morality in, 195–96
fear of death in, 2–5, 9, 192–94, 196, 199, 220, 248
free will in, 71, 74–75, 189
French translations of, 243–44, 247, 257, 262
gods and goddesses in, 1–2, 10, 183, 184, 193–94, 195, 197, 198, 199, 201–2, 228, 231–32, 251, 260–61, 298n, 299n
as grammatical source, 12
happiness in, 195–97, 199
Herculaneum fragments of, 54–59, 64–65, 70–72, 81
hexameters of, 2, 182
historical influence of, 11–13
human existence in, 190–92
hymn to Venus in, 1–2, 10, 201–2, 228, 251, 260–61, 299n
illusion in, 198–99
imagination in, 196–97
infinity in, 186, 187, 189, 196–97, 237, 239, 244, 256
“intelligent design” discredited by, 187–88, 220, 297n
Italian translation of, 257, 262
language of, 2–3
Latin language of, 2–3, 12, 50, 182, 202, 225, 243, 247, 256
Machiavelli’s copy of, 221
manuscripts of, 11–13, 49–50, 88–89, 181, 182–85, 202, 203–5, 208–10, 218, 221–22, 225, 226, 231, 244, 256, 262, 272n, 300n
materialism in, 9–10, 184–86, 190–91, 193, 198–201, 243, 244, 249, 259–63, 297n
metaphors in, 201
in Middle Ages, 52–53, 88–89, 209–10, 272n
modern influence of, 6–7, 8, 13, 185, 242–63
Montaigne’s copy of, 248–49, 256, 306n
mythology in, 193–95
natural world in, 6, 10–11, 188–90, 262, 298n
Niccoli’s transcription of, 203–4
“Oblongus” manuscript of, 204
paradise in, 191–92, 193
pleasure principle in, 8–10, 11, 75–80, 82, 102, 103–9, 195–98, 222–26, 228, 231
as poetry, 2–3, 50, 54, 80, 198, 200, 201–2, 221, 247, 259–60
Poggio’s copy of, 49–50, 203–5, 208–10, 225, 300n
Poggio’s discovery of, 11–13, 22, 23–24, 49–50, 62, 65, 88–89, 93, 109, 181, 182–85, 202, 203–5, 218, 221–22, 225, 226, 231, 244, 256, 262
printed editions of, 204, 219, 248–50, 256, 262
Providence in, 187, 230–36, 251
“Quadratus” manuscript of, 204
readership of, 65–67, 70–72, 182, 209–10, 219–63
readings of, 71–72, 226
reason in, 199
religious superstitions opposed by, 2, 6, 10–11, 18–19, 36, 72, 74–75, 183, 184, 193–97, 199, 249, 299n
Renaissance influenced by, 7–13
reputation of, 6–7, 8, 13, 51–52, 109, 185, 242–63
resurrection denied by, 171, 231–32
sexuality in, 103, 197–98, 201�
��2, 222, 247
soul in, 192–93, 196–97, 220, 231–32, 249, 251
space and time in, 186–89, 196–97, 237, 239, 244, 256
style of, 2–3, 7, 51
suffering in, 183, 195–98
swerve (clinamen) principle in, 7–13, 188–89, 297n
syntax of, 182
title of, 46, 49, 181
translations of, 1–3, 184, 198, 201, 243–44, 247, 257–62, 267n, 297n–98n, 299n–300n, 305n
universe as conceived in, 7–8, 73–74, 87, 186, 187, 189, 194, 220, 237, 238–39, 250–52, 306n
void in, 187, 198–99
De rerum naturis (Maurus), 49
De runalibus (Serenus), 272n
Descartes, René, 68, 239
desire, 197–98
detachment, 195–97
Deuteronomy, Book of, 285n
dialogical disavowal, 222–23, 302n–3n
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Galileo), 255
dialogues, 69–72, 138–39, 147–49, 216–17, 222–26, 255, 302n–3n
Diana, 99
Diderot, Denis, 262
Didymus of Alexandria, 81–82
Diogenes Laertius, 82, 278n
diplomacy, 122–26, 155, 214
disciplina (whipping), 106
disillusion, 198–99
dispensations, 21, 136–37
divine will, 71, 74, 75, 102–3, 105, 187, 194–95, 220, 230–36, 249, 251, 285n
divinity, 98–99, 183
documents, official, 56–57
Dominic, Saint, 108
Dominicans, 111, 168, 219, 240
Domitian, Emperor of Rome, 48, 275n
Donatello, 211, 218
“Donation of Constantine,” 149–50, 224
Donne, John, 143
dowries, 301n
drama, 77–78, 81, 94, 95, 104, 242–43
Dryden, John, 198, 201, 262, 267n, 297n–98n, 299n
Duccio, 10
Dungal, 12
Duomo (Florence), 110, 113, 180, 217–18
Eastern Orthodox Church, 136
edicts, religious, 89–90
education, 24, 28, 59, 71, 91, 97, 104, 112–13, 121–22, 138–41, 151, 211, 214, 226
Egypt, 24–25, 42, 56–57, 61, 66, 84–94, 279n–80n
Einstein, Albert, 262
elections, papal, 205–6, 293n
Elijah, 90
Elsbeth of Oye, 108
emendations, textual, 226
empiricism, 73, 262–63
England, 163, 164, 205, 206–8, 227–40, 242–43, 257–62
English language, 184, 198, 201, 206, 257–62, 267n, 297n–98n, 299n, 305n
Enlightenment, 262
Ennius, 273n
Ephesus, 99
epic poetry, 48–49, 182, 243, 273n
Epicurean, The (Erasmus), 227
Epicureanism, 1–5, 7, 58–59, 69–80, 82, 88–89, 97–109, 182–202, 219–41, 244–46, 249–63, 277n, 284n, 285n, 302n–3n
Epicure Mammon, Sir, 77–78
Epicurus, 2, 62, 72–80, 101–2, 109, 222, 274n, 277n–78n
The Swerve Page 32