Sea of Cortez

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by John Steinbeck


  But beyond these summaries, the chief aim in constructing this account has been to provide a source book for material on the Panamic invertebrates. Herein also will be found a statement of the common shore animals of the Gulf, of their range —whence zoogeographers may compile their own statistics and draw their own conclusions as to how the animals arrived and from where—and a list of references from which added information can be obtained by lay reader or biologist.

  Finally, this resume of an effort to cast light onto a scene small and specific in the breadth of the world, but large in our minds, and equally large, no doubt, in the eyes of travelers and scientists concerned with it, can be closed with the remarks of the conchologist Carpenter, who touched universals in his study of a special group (1857, § S-6, p. 92) : “The object of this Report has been so to condense and arrange the existing materials that those who consult it may know what has been done, and may have the means of deciding on the value to be attached to the different sources of information. Thus they may be enabled to begin where the writer leaves off, and not spend precious time in working out afresh what has already been ascertained.” So now (p. 71), “we proceed ... to the details ... merely premising that the student must bear in mind the very unsatisfactory nature of most of our materials, and must therefore receive what follows simply as the approximation partially attainable in the present state of the science and not as absolute truth.”

  TABLE OF REFERENCES

  PHYLUM PORIFERA

  A-1 to A-2C—Sponges.

  PHYLUM COELENTERATA

  B-1 to B-13—Hydroids.

  C—Alcyonaria (not yet reported upon). Gorgonians (sea-fans, etc.), sea-pens, etc.

  D—Anthozoa other than corals (not yet reported upon). Anemones.

  E-1 to E-9—Corals.

  PHYLUM PLATYHELMISTHES

  F-1 to F-16—Polyclads. Marine flatworms.

  G-1 to G-3—Nemerteans. Ribbon worms.

  PHYLUM POLYZOA OR BRYOZOA

  H-1 to H-21—Bryozoa. Moss animals and certain of the corallines.

  PHYLA SIPUNCULOIDEA AND ECHIUROIDEA

  I-1 to I-15-Sipunculids and Echiuroids. Peanut worms, etc.

  PHYLUM ANNELIDA

  J-1 to J—77—Polychaets. Worms.

  PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

  K-1 to K-16—References to the group as a whole.

  K-101 to K-130—Asteroidea. Starfish.

  K-201 to K-226—Ophiuroidea. Brittle stars.

  K-301 to K-328—Echinoidea. Sea urchins, etc.

  L-1 to L-42—Holothurioidea. Sea cucumbers.

  PHYLUM ARTHROPODA. MOSTLY CLASS CRUSTACEA

  M-1 to M-17—References to the group as a whole.

  M-101 to M-200—Copepods (not yet reported upon; we got only one or two).

  M-201 to M-222—Amphipods.

  M-301 to M-320—Isopods.

  M-401 to M-411—Schizopods and Cu macea (we got none of the latter).

  M-501 to M-600—Pantopods (none taken).

  M-601 to M-609—Stomatopods.

  N-1 to N-19—Cirripedia, the barnacles.

  0-1 to O-22—Decapods. References to the group as a whole.

  P-1 to P-36—Macrurous decapods. All the Natantia.

  P-101 to P-105—All the macrurous Reptantia except the Family Galatheidae. Shrimps, etc.

  P-201 to P-205—Superfamily Thalassi nidae of the Tribe Anomura.

  Q-1 to Q—14—Anomurous decapods. All the Anomura except the subfamily Thallasinidea. Hermit crabs, etc.

  R-1 to R-78—Brachyura. True Crabs.

  PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

  S-1 to S-17—References to the group as a whole.

  S-101 to S-101—Scaphopods. Tooth shells.

  S-201 to S-256—Petecypods. Bivalves, clams, mussels, oysters, etc.

  S-301 to S-414—Shelled gastropods (not including shelled Tectibranchs). Snails, etc.

  T-1 to T-24—Naked Gastropods. Sea-hares, nudibranchs, and Onchiids.

  T-101 to T-106—Shelled Tectibranchs. The bubble-shells.

  U-1 to U-27—Amphineura. Chitons.

  U-101 to U-118—Cephalopods. Squid, Octopi, etc.

  PHYLUM CHORDATA

  V-1 to V-13—Enteropneusts. Acorn-tongue worms.

  V-101 to V-119—Tunicates. Sea squirts, etc.

  V-201 to V-203—Cephatochordates. Lancelets (Amphioxus, etc.).

  W-1 to W-27—Fishes.

  MISCELLANEOUS

  X—Groups not considered in detail. (Not yet reported upon. We got only a few. One medusa jellyfish, a bat, a gordian worm considered in the text only, etc.)

  Y—Non-specific books and accounts.

  Z—No references.

  LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

  The uniform method of bibliographic citation employed herein involves abbreviations according to the following list, and volume, page, etc., numbers according to a definite schedule. If there is a series number which should be shown, this is indicated in parentheses before the volume number. If there is a Part, or Section, or Fascicule, or Number, which should be shown as an important direction, this is indicated in parentheses after the volume number. This symbol is followed by a colon which precedes the number of pages, plates, and figures, thus: (5) Vol. 1 (2): 212-216, P1. 1; which indicates: Series 5, Volume 1, Part (or Number) 2, pages 212-216, Plate 1.

  Following are the standardized abbreviations used to indicate periodicals. The letters shown in roman face type are those which are used as abbreviations.

  Albatross abbreviations, see end of this section.

  Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California

  American Journal of Science (American Journal of Science and Art, 1820-79), New Haven, Connecticut

  American Midland Naturalist, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana

  American Museum Journal, American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y.

  American Museum Novitates, American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y.

  American Naturalist, Boston (published at various times elsewhere: Salem, Mass., New York, N. Y., etc.)

  Anales del Instituto de Biologia de la Universidad de México

  Annales de l‘Institut Océanographique, Monaco (Paris)

  Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London

  Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York, N. Y. (now New York Academy of Sciences)

  Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

  Annual Report, Tortugas Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C.

  Arkiv for Zoologi utgivet av K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien, Stockholm

  Boston Journal of Natural History

  Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della R. Università di Torino, Italy

  Bollettino della Società di Naturalista in Napoli, Italy

  Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs, Leipzig

  Bulletin du Muséum d‘Histoire Naturelle, Paris

  Bulletin de la Societé Philomathique de Paris, Paris

  Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y.

  Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, Pea-body Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

  Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. See also, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.

  Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts. See also, Albatross abbreviations at end of section.

  Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California, La Jolla, California

  Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, Washington. See also, U. S. Fish Comm. Bull.

  Bulletin of the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.

  Bulletin of the Vanderbilt Marine Museum, Huntington, Long Island, New York

  Bulletin of the New York Zoological Society. See also, Zool. Soc. Bull.

  Bulletins of the Labora
tories of Natural History, State University of Iowa, Iowa City

  Ciencia, Mexico City, Mexico

  Comptes Rendus du Académie Scientifique, Paris

  Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series, Chi cago, Illinois

  First (1st) Annual Report, Laguna Marine Laboratory, Pomona College, Claremont, California

  Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft, Jena, Germany

  John Murray Expedition, 1933-34, Scientific Reports, The British Museum (N. H.), London

  Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Pomona College, Claremont, California. Also, Pomona College Journal of Entomology and Zoology

  Journal of Malacology, London

  Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.

  Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, Sweden

  Meddelelser fra det Zoologiske Museum, Oslo, Norway

  Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.

  Mémoires de l‘Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pé tersbourg, now Akademiia nauk, Leningrad

  Memoires de la Société de Physique et d‘Histoire Naturelle de Genève, Switzerland

  Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History

  Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts. See also, Albatross abbreviations at end.

  Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l‘Amérique Cen trale, Paris

  Mitteilungen des Naturhistorisches Museum, Hamburg

  Nautilus, Philadelphia. Now being published through the Department of Zoology at the University of Pennsylvania

  New York Academy of Sciences, Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands

  Philippine Journal of Science, Manila, P. I.

  Pomona College Journal of Entomology and Zoology. See Journal

  Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

  Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

  Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington

  Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History

  Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California

  Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Cambridge, England

  Proceedings of the Essex Institute, Salem, Massachusetts

  Proceedings of the Malacological Society, London

  Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, Cambridge, Massachusetts

  Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.

  Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.

  Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London

  Publications of the University of California at Los Angeles in Mathematical and Physical Sciences

  Report of the ... Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science

  Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, Mu seo de la Fauna y Flora, Mexico

  Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen, von C. Semper, Jena. Also as: Semper Reisen, etc.

  Revue et Magasin de Zoologie pure et appliquée, Paris

  Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta

  Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington. Also Smithsonian Edition

  Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, New Haven

  Transactions of the Linnaean Society, London

  Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, San Diego, California

  Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute, Toronto

  Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

  United States Fish Commission Bulletin. See Bulletin

  University of California Publications in Botany, Berkeley, California

  University of California Publications in Zoology, Berkeley, California

  Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i Kobenhavn, Denmark

  Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Leipzig

  Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society

  Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abtheilung (now Abteilung) für Systematik, ökologie und geographie der Tiere, Jena

  Zoologischer Anzeiger, Leipzig

  “Albatross 1891” will be understood as an abbreviation for: ”Reports on an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central, and South America, and off the Galápagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, during 1891....“

  “Albatross 1899-1900” will be understood as an abbreviation for: ”Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, from August 1899, to March 1900....“

  “Albatross 1904-1905” will be understood as an abbreviation for: ”Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, from October 1904, to March 1905....“

  (Glossary will be found on page 587.)

  PHYLETIC CATALOGUE

  Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

  Phylum Coelenterata

  CLASS HYDROZOA—HYDROIDS ONLY

  Phylum Platyhelminthes

  TURBELLARIA (FLATWORMS)

  Phylum Bryozoa

  Phyla Sipunculoidea and Echiuroidea

  Phylum Annelida

  CLASS POLYCHAETA

  Phylum Echinodermata

  CLASS HOLOTHURIOIDEA

  Phylum Arthropoda

  CLASS CRUSTACEA

  MACRUROUS FORMS

  § P numbers

  COMPRISING ALL THE NATANTIA AND ALL THE MACRUROUS REPTANTIA EXCEPT THE GALATHEIDAE

  SUB-ORDER NATANTIA (§ O-10, p. 18)

  TRIBE STENOPIDES

  FAMILY STENOPIDAE (Stenopus) (§ O-13, p. 170)

  TRIBE PENEIDES (§O-10, p. 19)

  FAMILY SERGESTIDAE (Sergestidae, Lucifer)

  (§ P-3)

  “ PENEIDAE (§ P-1, 2, 4, 18)

  TRIBE CARIDES (§ P-5, p. 26 and § O-10)

  FAMILY PASIPHAEIDAE (Leptochela and the deep Pasiphaea)

  FAMILY ACANTHEPHYRIDAE OR OPHLOPHORIDAE (Hymenodora etc., deep)

  FAMILY PALAEMONIDAE (Palaemon, Palaemoetes, the fresh-water Macrobrachium, etc. Chace includes Pontonia)

  FAMILY ATYIDAE (fresh-water forms)

  “ PONTONIIDAE (Pontonia, etc.)

  “ PANDALIDAE (Pandalus, Plesionika, etc.)

  “ HIPPOLYTIDAE (Hippolyte, Hippolys mata, Spirontocaris, etc.)

  FAMILY CRANGONIDAE (or Alpheidae)

  (§ P-6, P-11)

  (Snapping shrimps, Crangon, Synalpheus, Betaeus, Automate, etc.)

  FAMILY GNATHOPHYLLIDAE (Gnathophyllum, etc.)

  FAMILY LYSMATIDAE OR PROCESSIDAE (Processa)

  “ CRAGONIDAE (formerly CRANGONIDAE) (Crago) (§ P-13)

  FAMILY GLYPHOCRANGONIDAE (Glyphocrangon, deep)

  SUB-ORDER REPTANTIA, all the rest of the Decapods (§ O-10, p. 104)

  TRIBE PALINURA (Scyllaridea, formerly called also Loricata) (§ O-10, p. 105)

  FAMILY ERYONTIDAE (Eryoniscus, Polycheles, deep)

  FAMILY PALINURIDAE (Sea crayfish, spiny lobsters; Panulirus)

  FAMILY SCYLLARIDAE (Stone lobsters, Scyllarus, Evibacus, etc.)

  TRIBE ASTACURA (Nephropsidea)

 

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