culture as defining aspect of, 77–78
education, 276–281
effect of colonialism on, 109–113
explanation of status of, 25–34
faked stories of, 92–96
farming, 206–211
future relationship with non-Indigenous Canadians, 224–230
history of treaty-making with Europeans, 243–248
housing, 143–149, 187
hunting, 60–65, 266
and language, 65, 266
literary genres, 96–98
media representation of, 88–89, 117–119
misappropriation of trademark, 101–102, 103–104
names used by for non-Indigenous peoples, 18–21
non-Indigenous misidentifying as, 44
portrayal in science fiction, 160–162
reclaiming history, 121–122
and reserves, 32–33, 248, 260–266
and residential schools, 171–173
and Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 172, 191–192, 203, 223–230
stereotyped portrayals, 73–76, 78, 110, 151–157
taxation exemption, 135–142
and technology, 75–76, 165–167
terms of address for, 7–13
and transgressive culture, 68–72
Two-Spirit individuals, 108–113
water security, 214–220
intellectual property litigation, 100–104
Interim Métis Harvesting Agreement (IMHA), 42–43, 52n15, 166
Into the West (tv series), 173
Inuit
identity and facts about, 55–58
importance of hunting to, 60–61
and Indian Act, 28
in Montreal, 71
names for Black people, 19
names for settlers, 20–21
relocation of, 191–193, 202–204
stories, 95–96
on use of as term of address, 11
Inuit Nunangat, 56–57
Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (IQ), 60–61
Inukjuak, 202–203
Ipellie, Alootook, 60
J
James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement (JBNQA), 62–63
Japanese symbols, 87–88
Johnson, Anguti, 55
The Journals of Knud Rasmussen, 56
Jules, Manny, 271, 273
K
KAIROS, 177, 250n3
Kalluak, Mark, 96
Kaskaskia, 53n27
kaswentha, 245
Khelsilem, 110
Kimelman, Edwin C., 183
Kiskisik Awasisak report, 185–187
Klassen, Karin, 117–118
Klein, Ralph, 42, 166
Kress, Nancy, 74, 75–76, 78
Kunuk, Zacharias, 55–56
L
ladder theory, 163
land owning, 247–248, 261–266
language, 65, 106–108, 266
Lee, Erica Violet, 174
Lewis, Brian, 101–102
liberalism, 127–132
Litigation Management and Resolution Branch (LMRB), 253
loaded terms, 8
Loyer, Louis Divertissant, 40
M
Macdonnell, Miles, 239
maiko, 87–88
Makivik Corporation, 193–194
Manitoba Indian Brotherhood (MIB), 183
Manuel, Arthur, 271
Maori symbols, 85–86
Maracle, Brian, 156
market-based housing, 145–147
McIvor, Sharon, 31
McNickle, Lettia, 87
media, 88–89, 117–119
membership, 26, 31–32
metabolization of alcohol, 152–154
Metcalfe, Jessica, 103
Métis
author’s attempt to describe her heritage, 36–37, 39, 40–41
definition, 39, 41–42, 47–48, 50
as farmers, 206–207
and federal government, 214
history of, 39–40
impact of Daniels v. Canada on, 49–51
and Indian Act, 28
Interim Métis Harvesting Agreement, 42–43, 52n15, 166
non-Indigenous misidentifying as, 42–47
organizations misidentifying as, 46–47, 53n27
as racial and sociopolitical identity, 37–39, 40–41
symbols of, 84–85
on use of as term of address, 11
use of to mean mixed culture, 43, 52n16
Métis in Space (podcast), 79n8
Métis Nation of Alberta (MNA), 42–43
Métissage, 44–45
Mi’kmaq, 280
Mi’kmaw Kina’matnewey (MK), 280
millenial scoop, 184–187
Ministerial Loan Guarantees, 146–147, 263
Mohawk Kahnawake, 139, 280
Montreal, 71
Morgan, Cora, 185
Morissette, Réjean, 118
Morris Mirror, 117, 118
multiculturalism, 67, 129
Murdoch-Flowers, Joseph, 174
myths
of authenticity, 165–167
of drunken Indian, 151–157
of free housing, 143–149
of level playing field, 124–128, 133
of nomadism, 162–164
of progress, 119–122
that Indigenous peoples don’t pay taxes, 135–142
N
Nanaimo Daily News, 117, 118
Native American, 10
Native as identifier, 10–11. See also Indigenous peoples
Native Youth Sexual Health Network (NYSHN), 111
Navajo, 101–102, 103–104
NDN as identifier, 9
Neskantaga First Nation, 216
Newman, Dwight, 131
non-Black people of colour, 17
non-Indigenous Canadians (See also Canada, Government of; settlers)
experience with child-welfare, 184–186
and farming, 209–211
future relationship with Indigenous peoples, 224–230
identifying as Métis, 42–47
and Indigenous culture, 69–71
terms used to describe, 14–21
nonprofit social housing, 147–148
non-status Indians, 27, 28, 49–51
Numbered Treaties, 208, 211n3, 239–240, 252–255
Nunavik, 202–203
O
Oilavvaq, Becky, 55
Oliver, Frank, 264
Olsen, Don, 117
Ontario Native Women’s Association, 219
P
Pasternak, Shiri, 243
point-of-sale exemptions, 139–140
Poliquin, Carole, 44
Powley Test, 41–42, 50, 51, 166
Q
Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA), 193–194
Qikiqtani Truth Commission (QTC), 194–196, 203–204
qimmiijaqtauniq, 193–202
Quebec, 44–45, 118, 139
R
racism, 18, 44. See also colonialism
RCAP (Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples), 172, 191–192, 203, 223–230
RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police), 193–202
Red River diaspora, 39–40
Reese, Debbie, 98
registered Indians, 27–28
relocation of Inuit, 191–193, 202–204
reserves, 32–33, 248, 260–266
residential schools, 171–173
Roquefort cheese, 101
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), 193–202
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP), 172, 191–192, 203, 223–230
S
sacred things, 85
saimaqatigiingniq, 203–204
sari as symbol, 86
Saul, John Ralston, 43, 52n16
Sawyer, Robert J., 73–74, 160–162
Seeing Red: A History of Natives in Canadian Newspapers (Anderson and Robertson), 119
self-identification, 44, 50
Selkirk Settlement,
239
Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples, 217–218
settlers (See also Canada, Government of; Europeans; non-Indigenous Canadians)
and alcohol, 155–156
colonialism of, 16–17
and cultural appropriation, 86–87
and cultural mainstream, 68, 69
Indigenous names for, 19–21
and trademark law, 104
shelter allowances, 148
Simmons, Dan, 160
Simpson, Jeffrey, 127, 130–131
Sixties Scoop, 117–118, 181–183
slavery, 236
slurs, 7–8, 10, 11, 20
social media, 88–89
spirituality, 266
status Indians, 25–34, 49, 161
Steeves, Gord, 152
Stelmach, Ed, 166
stereotypes, 73–76, 78, 110, 151–157
stories, fake, 92–96
substance abuse, 187
Supreme Court of Canada
in colonialist arguments, 237
Daniels v. Canada, 28, 48, 49–51
Delgamuukw v. British Columbia, 255
and Indigenous taxation, 141
and Inuit, 192
Keewatin case, 242n22
moose hunting case, 41
Tsilhqot’in Nation v. British Columbia, 124–126, 130–131
surrender clauses, 254–258
Svaha (De Lint), 74–75
Sweetgrass, Chief, 207
T
Tagaq, Tanya, 58n1
taxation exemption, 135–142
technology, 75–76, 165–167
terra nullius, 236–237
Todd, Zoe, 174
trademark litigation, 100–104
tradition, 165–167
treaties/treaty-making
claims of, 252–258
and Constitution Act, 248–249
history of in Canada, 243–248
and Indian Act, 252, 254
modern, 254–258
numbered treaties, 208, 211n3, 239–240, 252–255
and status, 33
and surrender clauses, 254–258
and trapping, 62
Treaty 6, 211n3
Treaty 8, 62
Treaty 11, 254
treaty Indians, 33
tribal sovereignty, 79n6
A Tribe Called Red, 75, 79n7
Trudeau, Justin, 175, 281n6
Trudeau, Pierre, 271
trusts, 262–263
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC), 172, 173–177, 178
Tsilhqot’in Nation v. British Columbia, 124–126, 130–131
Turcotte, Reed, 117
two wolves story, 92–93
Two-Row Wampum, 245
Two-Spirit individuals, 108–113
U
unilineal theory, 163
Unipkaaqtuat Arvianit: Traditional Stories from Arviat (Kalluak), 95–96
United States, 77, 103, 120, 213
University nuhelot’ine thaiyots’i
nistameyimâkanak Blue Quills (UnBQ), 280
Unsettling Canada (Manuel), 271
Urban Outfitters, 101–102
V
Valcourt, Bernard, 278
Veevee, Pauloosie, 194
Vintners Quality Alliance (VQA), 100
W
Walker, Katherine, 151–152
water security, 213–220
White as identifier, 16, 67
White Paper of 1969, 268–270, 271
World War I, 209
X
Xerox, 102
Image Credits
Cover, pp. 5, 23, 115, 169, 233: © Nadya Kwandibens/Red Works Photography from the series Concrete Indians.
p. 40: Figure 4.1 – Photo of Angelique Callihoo and Louis Divertissant Loyer. From the family collection of Crystal Hayes. Used by permission.
p. 63: Figure 6.1 – Map (adapted) of Eeyou Istchee Territory courtesy of Eeyou Istchee/Grand Council of the Crees.
p. 111: Figure 12.1 – Poster from the Native Youth Sexual Health Network at: http://nativeyouthsexualhealth.com, reprinted by permission.
pp. 194–202: Figure 22.1 – DOGS is © by Nicole Burton and Hugh Goldring, Ad Astra Comix, 2015. See more at the Qikiqtani Truth Commission website: http://www.qtcommission.ca, reprinted by permission.
The Debwe Series features exceptional Indigenous writing from across Canada. Named for the Anishinaabe concept debwe, meaning “to speak the truth,” the series showcases both established and new Indigenous writers and editors producing and publishing stories from their communities, experiences, and cultures.
Series Editor: Niigaanwewidam Sinclair, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Native Studies, University of Manitoba
Titles in this series:
A Blanket of Butterflies, by Richard Van Camp
Fire Starters, by Jen Storm
The Gift Is in the Making: Anishinaabeg Stories, by Leanne Simpson
Manitowapow: Aboriginal Writings from the Land of Water, Niigaanwewidam James Sinclair and Warren Cariou, editors
The Stone Collection, by Kateri Akiwenzie-Damm
Three Feathers, by Richard Van Camp
CHELSEA VOWEL is Métis from manitow-sâkahikan (Lac Ste. Anne), Alberta. She has a BEd and LLB and is mother to three girls, stepmother of two more. She and her family currently reside in amiskwâciwaskahikan (Edmonton).
Chelsea is a public intellectual, writer, and educator whose work intersects language, gender, Métis self-determination, and resurgence. She has worked directly with First Nations researching self-government, participating in constitutional drafting, and engaging in specific land-claim negotiation settlements and valuation of claims that span a 200-year period. She is passionate about creating programs and materials that enable Indigenous languages to thrive, not merely survive.
Most recently an educator in Quebec, she developed and delivered programs to Inuit youth in a restorative justice program. She is a heavily cited and internationally respected commentator on Indigenous–State relations and dedicates much of her time to mentoring other young activists.
Chelsea blogs at www.apihtawikosisan.com and makes legendary bannock
WWW.HIGHWATERPRESS.COM
FRONT COVER PHOTO BY NADYA KWANDIBENS
Indigenous Writes Page 36