by Alison Weir
Sanceau, Elaine: The Perfect Prince: A Biography of King Dom Joao II (Porto, 1959)
Sandford, Francis: A Genealogical History of the Kings and Queens of England, from the Conquest anno 1066 to 1677 (Savoy and London, 1677)
Santiusti, David: Edward IV and the Wars of the Roses (Barnsley, 2010)
Santos, Domingos Mauricio Gomes dos: O Mosteiro de Jesus de Aviero (3 vols., Lisbon, 1963)
Saunders, Hilary St. George: Westminster Hall (London, 1951)
Scharf, George: “On a Votive Painting of St. George and the Dragon, with Kneeling Figures of Henry VII, his Queen and his Children, formerly at Strawberry Hill, and now in the possession of Her Majesty the Queen” (Archaeologia, vol. 49, 2, 1886)
Scofield, Cora L.: “Elizabeth Wydeville in the Sanctuary at Westminster” (English Historical Review, 24, 1909)
Scofield, Cora L.: The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth (2 vols., London, 1923)
Scott, A. F.: Every One a Witness: The Plantagenet Age (New York, 1976)
Scott, A. F.: Every One a Witness: The Tudor Age (New York, 1976)
Scott, Jennifer: “Painting from Life? Comments on the Date and Function of the Early Portraits of Elizabeth Woodville and Elizabeth of York in the Royal Collection”
Scott, Jennifer: The Royal Portrait: Image and Impact (London, 2010)
Searle, W. G.: The History of Queens’ College of St. Margaret and St. Bernard in the University of Cambridge (Cambridge, 1867–71)
Seward, Desmond: The Last White Rose: Dynasty, Rebellion and Treason: The Secret Wars against the Tudors (London, 2010)
Seward, Desmond: Richard III, England’s Black Legend (London, 1982; revised London, 1997)
Sharpe, R. R.: London and the Kingdom (3 vols., London, 1894–95)
Shears, H.: The Queen’s Blood: A Study of Family Ties during the Wars of the Roses (2010, www.soundideas.pugetsound.edu)
Sheppard-Routh, Pauline: “ ‘Lady Scroop, Daughter of King Edward’: an Enquiry” (The Ricardian, June, 1993)
The Shrine (www.stmarywillesden.org.uk)
Smith, Stanley: The Madonna of Ipswich (Ipswich, 1980)
Smyth, Martin: John Nesfield’s Retinue (www.johannesfieldsretinue.com)
Softly, Barbara: The Queens of England (Newton Abbot and London, 1976)
Somerset, Anne: Ladies in Waiting: From the Tudors to the Present Day (London, 1984)
Southworth, John Van Duyn: Monarch and Conspirators: The Wives and Woes of Henry VIII (New York, 1973)
Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn: Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey (London, 1867)
Starkey, David: Henry, Virtuous Prince (London, 2008)
Starkey, David: Monarchy: From the Middle Ages to Modernity (London, 2006)
Starkey, David: Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII (London, 2003)
Steane, John: The Archaeology of the Medieval English Monarchy (London, 1993)
Stevens, John: Music and Poetry in the Early Tudor Court (London, 1961)
Stevenson, Robert Louis: Familiar Studies of Men and Books (London, 1917)
Strickland, Agnes: Lives of the Queens of England (12 vols., London, 1840–48)
Strickland, Agnes: Lives of the Tudor Princesses (London, 1868)
Strong, Roy: Coronation: A History of Kingship and the British Monarchy (London, 2005)
Strong, Roy: The House of Tudor (H.M.S.O., London, 1967)
Strong, Roy: Lost Treasures of Britain (London, 1990)
Strong, Roy: Tudor and Jacobean Portraits (2 vols., London, 1969)
Struthers, Jane: Royal Palaces of Britain (London, 2004)
Sutton, Anne, and Visser-Fuchs, Livia: The Hours of Richard III (Stroud, 1990)
Sutton, Anne, and Visser-Fuchs, Livia: “A ‘Most Benevolent Queen’: Queen Elizabeth Woodville’s Reputation, her Piety and her Books” (The Ricardian, 10, 1995)
Sutton, Anne, and Visser-Fuchs, Livia: The Reburial of Richard, Duke of York, 21–30 July 1476 (London, 1996)
Sykes, N.: Winchester Cathedral (London, 1976)
Tanner, Lawrence E.: The History and Treasures of Westminster Abbey (London, 1953)
Thompson, Margaret E.: The Carthusian Order in England (London, 1930)
Thornton-Cook, Elsie: Her Majesty: The Romance of the Queens of England, 1066–1910 (London, 1926)
Thornton-Cook, Elsie: Royal Elizabeths: The Romance of Five Princesses, 1464–1840 (New York, 1929)
Thurley, Simon: Hampton Court: A Social and Architectural History (Yale and London, 2003)
Thurley, Simon: Hampton Court Palace (London, 1993)
Thurley, Simon: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England (Yale and London, 1993)
Todd, George W.: Castellum Huttonicum: Some Account of Sheriff Hutton Castle (York, 1824)
Tournoy-Thouen, Gilbert and Godelieve: “Giovanni Gigli and the Renaissance of the Classical Epithalamium in England” (in Myricae: Essays on Neo-Latin Literature in Memory of Jozef Ijsewijn, ed. Dirk Sacré and Gilbert Tournoy, Humanistica Lovaniensia Supplement 16, 2000)
Trapp, J. B., and Herbruggen, Hubertus Scholte: “The King’s Good Servant”: Sir Thomas More, 1477/8–1535 (The National Portrait Gallery, London, 1977)
Tremlett, Giles: Catherine of Aragon, Henry’s Spanish Queen (London, 2010)
Tromly, Frederick B.: “ ‘A Rueful Lamentation’ of Elizabeth: Thomas More’s Transformation of Didactic Lament” (Moreana, 53, March 1977)
Trowles, Tony: Treasures of Westminster Abbey (London, 2008)
Tudor-Craig, Pamela: Richard III (National Portrait Gallery, London, 1973, revised 1977)
Tytler, Sarah: Tudor Queens and Princesses (London, 1896)
Vail, Anne: Shrines of Our Lady in England (Leominster, 2004)
Vaughan, Richard: Philip the Good (London, 1970)
Victoria County Histories (www.british-history.ac.uk)
Visser-Fuchs, Livia: “English Events in Caspar Weinreich’s Danzig Chronicle, 1461–1495” (The Ricardian, 7, 1986)
Visser-Fuchs, Livia: “Where did Elizabeth of York find consolation?” (The Ricardian, 9, 1993)
Walker, John: Oxoniana: or Anecdotes relative to the University and City of Oxford, Vol. II (Oxford, 1806)
Walpole, Horace: Anecdotes of Painting in England (London, 1782)
Warner, Marina: From the Beast to the Blonde: On Fairytales and their Tellers (London, 1995)
Warren, T. Herbert and New, Edmund H.: Magdalen College, Oxford (Cambridge, 1907)
Wars of the Roses, The (ed. Antonia Fraser, London, 2000)
Weightman, Christine: Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy, 1446–1503 (Stroud, 1989)
Weir, Alison: Britain’s Aristocratic Families, 1066–1603 (unpublished genealogical compendium)
Weir, Alison: Britain’s Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy (London, 1989)
Weir, Alison: Henry VIII: King and Court (London, 2001)
Weir, Alison: Lancaster and York: The Wars of the Roses (London, 1995)
Weir, Alison: The Princes in the Tower (London, 1992)
Weir, Alison: The Six Wives of Henry VIII (London, 1991)
West, Ed.: “Statue of Our Lady to stand on the Thames at Chelsea” (Catholic Herald, October 26, 2007)
West, Zita: Acupuncture in Pregnancy and Childbirth (Philadelphia, 2001)
Westervelt, T.: The Woodvilles in the Second Reign of Edward IV, 1471–83 (unpublished M.Phil. dissertation, Cambridge, 1997)
Wiesfläcker, H.: Kaiser Maximilian I (2 vols., Munich, 1975)
Wilkins, Christopher: The Last Knight Errant: Sir Edward Woodville and the Age of Chivalry (London, 2010)
Wilkinson, James: Henry VII’s Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey (London, 2007)
Wilkinson, James: Westminster Abbey: A Souvenir Guide (London, 2006)
Wilkinson, James, and Knighton, C. S.: Crown and Cloister: The Royal Story of Westminster Abbey (London, 2010)
Wilkinson, Josephine: Richard, the Young King to Be (Stroud, 2008)
Williams, Barrie:
“The Portuguese Connection and the Significance of the ‘Holy Princess’ ” (The Ricardian, March, 1983)
Williams, Barrie: “Rui de Sousa’s embassy and the fate of Richard, Duke of York” (The Ricardian, June, 1981)
Williams, D. T.: The Battle of Bosworth Field (Leicester 1973, 1996)
Williams, Mary: “French Manuscripts in the National Library of Wales” (The National Library of Wales Journal, 1, 1939–40)
Williams, Neville: Henry VIII and his Court (London, 1971)
Williams, Neville: The Life and Times of Henry VII (London, 1973)
Williams, Patrick: Katharine of Aragon (Stroud, 2013)
Williamson, Audrey: The Mystery of the Princes (Gloucester, 1978)
Williamson, David: Brewer’s British Royalty: A Phrase and Fable Dictionary (London, 1996)
Williamson, David: The National Portrait Gallery History of the Kings and Queens of England (London, 1998)
Wilson, Derek: Henry VIII: Reformer and Tyrant (London, 2009)
Wilson, Derek: Tudor England (Oxford, 2010)
Wiltshire Community History: Heytesbury Search Results (www.wiltshire.gov.uk)
Women and the Book: Assessing the Visual Evidence (ed. L. Smith and J.H.M. Taylor, Toronto, 1996)
Women and Sovereignty (ed. Louise Olga Fredenburg, Edinburgh, 1992)
Wood, Charles T.: “The First Two Queens Elizabeth” (in Women and Sovereignty, ed. Louise Olga Fredenburg, Edinburgh, 1992)
Woodward, G.W.O.: Richard III (London, 1977; reprinted, with additional material by Michael St. John Parker, Andover, 1994, 1996)
Woolgar, C. M.: The Great Household in Late Medieval England (Yale and London, 1999)
Works of Art in the House of Lords (ed. Maurice Bond, London, 1980)
Worsley, Lucy, and Souden, David: Hampton Court Palace: The Official History (London, 2005)
Wroe, Ann: Perkin: A Story of Deception (London, 2003)
“The Yorkist Age” (ed. Hannes Kleineke and Christian Steer, Harlaxton Medieval Studies XXII, Proceedings of the 2011 Harlaxton Symposium, 2011)
NOTES AND REFERENCES
ABBREVIATIONS
André “Vita Henrici VII”
Arrivall Historie of the Arrivall of King Edward IV in England
CSP Milan Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan
CSP Spain Calendar of Letters, Dispatches, and State Papers relating to Negotiations between England and Spain
CSP Venice Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts relating to English Affairs preserved in the Archives of Venice
HVIIPPE Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VII, in The Antiquarian Repertory
Leland: Collectanea Leland, John: Antiquarii de Rebus Brittanicis Collectanea
PPE Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York
Strickland Lives of the Queens of England
INTRODUCTION
1. Holinshed
PROLOGUE: “NOW TAKE HEED WHAT LOVE MAY DO”
1. I have adoped this spelling rather than the more commonly used and anachronistic Woodville, which is not contemporary. The name is spelled Wydeville on Elizabeth’s coffin plate, and it is the way she signed her name. In contemporary sources it is given variously as Wydvil, Wydvile, Wydevile, or Widville.
2. William Monypenny, Louis IX’s agent in Scotland, cited Scofield in Life and Reign
3. CSP Milan
4. Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland
5. CSP Milan
6. Vergil
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Mancini
10. Commines
11. “Gregory’s Chronicle”
12. Vergil
13. More
14. Hall
15. More
16. Ashdown-Hill: Eleanor, the Secret Queen suggests that her portraits show her with dark hair, but in the majority she is clearly blond.
17. Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies
18. Mancini. For a discussion of this story, see Chapter 1.
19. Waurin
20. Worcester
21. Shears
22. Fabyan
1: “THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS MAID OF YORK”
1. Much of the medieval palace, including the apartments where Elizabeth of York was born, was reduced to ruins in a devastating fire in 1512, and most of what was left was lost during a second conflagration in 1834. Only Westminster Hall, the crypt of St. Stephen’s Chapel, and the Jewel Tower escaped unscathed. The Palace of Westminster, incorporating the Houses of Parliament, now occupies the site where the medieval palace once stood.
2. Fabyan. The date is confirmed in Elizabeth’s tomb inscription in Westminster Abbey.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.; Jenkins
5. Calendar of Papal Registers
6. Tetzel
7. Ibid.
8. Daughter of Sir Richard Berners and wife of John Bourchier, Lord Berners, Constable of Windsor Castle.
9. A Relation, or rather a True Account, of the Island of England
10. Tetzel
11. A Relation, or rather a True Account, of the Island of England
12. Mancini
13. A Relation, or rather a True Account, of the Island of England
14. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England
15. Mancini
16. Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII
17. Mancini
18. CSP Milan
19. Mancini
20. Paston Letters
21. Monstrelet
22. Ibid.
23. Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII
24. Paston Letters
25. When Mary’s coffin was opened in 1810, when a vault was being constructed for the family of George III, her unembalmed body was found to be well-preserved, with long, pale blond hair and blue eyes, which were open, but quickly disintegrated when exposed to the air. Observers could see that she had been beautiful in life.
26. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, 1467–77; Wardrobe Accounts of Edward the Fourth, in PPE
27. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, 1467–77
28. Calendar of Close Rolls: Edward IV; Foedera; Exchequer Records: Issue Rolls E.403
29. A Relation, or rather a True Account, of the Island of England
30. Cited Brigden. These words were written by Edmund Dudley, who would become one of the foremost advisers to Elizabeth’s future husband.
31. Civil and Uncivil Life, tract of 1579, cited Scott: Every One a Witness: The Tudor Age
32. Dowsing; Hedley; Cloake: Palaces and Parks of Richmond and Kew and Richmond Palace
33. Collection of Ordinances; The Babees’ Book
34. Green
35. Harris
36. Collection of Ordinances; The Babees’ Book; Manners and Meals in Olden Time; Woolgar
37. The Plumpton Correspondence
38. Brigden
39. Cited Brigden
40. Collection of Ordinances
41. Paston Letters
42. CSP Milan
43. Great Chronicle of London
44. Croyland Chronicle
45. Ibid.
46. Mancini
47. Jones: Psychology of a Battle: Bosworth, 1485
48. When Katherine Parr interceded with Henry VIII to spare the life of her adulterous sister-in-law, he would not do so unless her husband relented.
49. CSP Milan
50. Mancini
51. Ibid.
52. Paston Letters
53. Wills from Doctors’ Commons
54. Okerlund: Elizabeth Wydeville; Okerlund: Elizabeth of York
55. Harrod
56. Weightman
57. Croyland Chronicle; Charter Rolls C.53/105
58. Warkworth
59. Geoffrey Richardson
60. PPE
61. The Manner and Guiding of the Earl of Warwick at Angers in July
and August 1470, from the Harleian MS. 433, in Original Letters Illustrative of English History
62. John Neville was to be killed at Barnet in 1471. George Neville could not afford to support his dukedom of Bedford, and was deprived of it in January 1478. He died unmarried in 1483 and was buried in Sheriff Hutton Church, Yorkshire.
63. Hicks: Anne Neville
64. Warkworth
65. Ibid.; Fabyan
66. Hall
67. Paston Letters
68. Sharpe, citing records of the Court of Common Council of the City of London in the Guildhall archives.
69. Paston Letters
70. The Politics of Fifteenth-Century England; Scofield: “Elizabeth Wydeville in the Sanctuary at Westminster”
71. Hall
72. Warkworth
73. These details are recorded in a letter written by Edward IV to the Lord Privy Seal in 1473; Additional MS. 4614, f. 222
74. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV
75. Croyland Chronicle
76. Commines
77. Croyland Chronicle
78. Arrivall
79. Recovery of the Throne, Royal MSS.; Political Poems and Songs
80. Arrivall
81. Ibid.
82. Political Poems and Songs
83. Foedera
84. Arrivall
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid.
87. Hall, corroborated by the illustrated version of the Arrivall, dating from 1471.
88. Croyland Chronicle
89. Ibid.
90. Mancini
91. Arrivall
92. Croyland Chronicle
93. Holinshed
94. He hastened to make peace with Edward IV, but in September was arrested and beheaded.
95. Croyland Chronicle
96. Warkworth
97. Arrivall
98. Warkworth
99. Archaeologia
100. CSP Milan
101. Great Chronicle of London
102. Croyland Chronicle
103. Cotton MS. Julius B, XII, 317; Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies
104. Rotuli Parliamentorum
105. Vergil
106. André
2: “MADAME LA DAUPHINE”
1. Mancini
2. Commines
3. Mancini
4. Croyland Chronicle
5. More
6. Ibid.