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INDEX
Abrodites 557, 561
Adalbert 515, 525, 556, 559, 599
Admantius 261
Administrando Imperio, De 404–5, 414, 466, 471, 472
Aegidius 307
Aelurus, Timothy 106, 146, 147–8
Aetius, General 214, 278, 279, 338
Agri Decumates 76, 77, 108–9, 126, 127, 128, 131, 134, 136, 149, 383
agriculture
Anglo-Saxon 63, 292, 293
barbarian Europe at start of first millennium 4, 6–7, 8
Celtic 5
Germanic 5, 7, 8, 48–50, 51–2, 73–4, 91, 106, 146
importance of to state formation 547
Neolithic 22
and new states 545–8, 552, 612
Slavic 430, 431, 447
Akatziri 216, 231, 233, 235
Alamanni 36–43, 59, 107–8, 124, 128–9, 140, 169, 365
agriculture 88
and battle of Strasbourg 40, 59, 62, 65, 73, 158
battles against
the Romans 40–1
Clovis’s victory over 309–10
confederation and organization of 39–41, 129
elite dwellings inhabited by kings and princes 56–7
governmental capacity 60
and group identity 41–2
imposing of over other indigenous Germani 128–9
incorporation of into Frankish empire 365, 372
kings and power of 38–9, 59–64
migration of 134, 136
move of into Agri Decumates 108–9, 128, 149
providing contingents for Roman service 61
raids by 81–2, 108
reassertion of independence from Franks 366
Roman subsidies 87
as threat to Rome 107–8
trade with Romans 73
transformation of politics 37–43
Alans 151, 152, 177, 182–3, 202, 208, 215, 338, 353, 383
alliance with Vandals see Vandal-Alan alliance
attack on by Huns 162
invasion of Roman frontier 180–1, 182
migration to North Africa and motives 152, 153, 176, 177, 190, 202–3, 373
as nomads originally 173, 184–5
in Spain 189, 203
stamping grounds 182–3
transport logistics and migration 596
Alaric 190, 191–6, 198–202, 587, 595
Alavivus 151, 159
Alfred the Great, King 60, 272, 459, 461–2, 471
Amal-led Goths 239, 240, 241–2, 246–51, 254–6, 260, 263–4, 346, 354, 358, 595
as contingent of Hunnic Empire 222–3, 234
economic and political motives for migration 256–7, 262–3, 346, 355–6
and inherent mobility 259–60
migration into Italy 256, 351–2
migration into eastern Roman Empire 224, 234, 246–8, 250, 256
negotiations with Roman Empire 246–7, 595
presence of women and children among 247–8
role of information in migration 260–1
uniting of Thracian Goths with 248–50, 262, 346
Amber Route 134, 139, 141, 500
amber trade 74, 79, 91, 134–5
Ambrosius, Aurelius 279, 280, 282–3, 289
Ammianus Marcellinus 6, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 47–8, 59, 65, 71, 75, 154–61, 167, 169, 172, 209, 210–11, 215, 306, 586
Ampsivarii 43, 71, 124
Anastasius, Emperor 225, 359–60
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 267–8, 272–3, 280, 460, 461, 462, 483, 484
Anglo-Saxon England/AngloSaxonization 9, 23, 68, 266–305, 329
agriculture 63, 292, 293
burials 273–4, 275, 281, 282, 300
cultural transformations 297–8
divisions within society 297
and DNA evidence 275–6
and elite transfer/cultural emulation theory 268, 275, 277, 290–1, 292, 300–1, 305
‘ethnic cleansing’ thesis 268, 276, 277
and isotope analysis 276–7
lack of indigenous influence on Anglo-Saxon language 296–7, 304
and place names 269–70
relations between Anglo-Saxons and indigenous Romano-British 301–4
reorganization of countryside and break-up of villa estates 291–4, 299–300
social structures 300
and state of Roman Britain 269, 270–2
time frame 270
Anglo-Saxon migration 277–90, 291, 304, 317, 346–7, 348, 584
and collapse of Roman Empire 332
duration 282
early sea raiders 285–6, 287
and fields of information 286–7
first mercenary groups 279, 282, 283, 285, 287, 289
as flow not one-off event 278, 279–83, 286, 288–9
Gildas’s account of arrival in Britain 277–9
inclusion of women and children 283–5, 290, 297
linguistic evidence 331
motivations 285–8, 290, 331–2, 347
and rising sea levels 286
scale and nature of 282–5, 290, 375
and transport logistics 288–9
Anonymous Bavarian Geographer 406–7, 423
Antae 392–3, 397, 399, 400, 402, 416, 420, 439
Arabs 378–80
Araharius 83–4, 88
archaeology/archaeologists
dismissal of migration as significant force by some 18–19, 21, 26, 27
importance of migration in 16–18, 586
Ariovistus 40, 92
Arminius 38, 40, 43, 88, 89
Arnulf 461
Asia Minor 279, 380
Aspar 249
Astingi 97, 98
Athanaric 68, 90, 151, 159, 160, 162
Athaulf 193, 197, 335
Attila the Hun 207, 214, 220, 228, 233, 235, 236, 245
Empire of see Hunnic Empire
Aurelian, Emperor 111, 112
Avars 213, 235, 400–1, 405, 425, 561–2, 572
building up of empire 401, 608
destruction of by Charlemagne 561, 573
impact of 608
impact of on Slavs 401, 424–5, 443–4, 447, 608–9
Badon Hill 279, 281, 282
Balkans 111, 386
Slavic expansion in 399–406, 422–3
Ballomarius 102
‘barbarian’, term of xiv
Barhorst 51
Barth, Fredrick 15, 24, 25, 26, 243
Basil II, Emperor 523
Bastarnae 6, 7, 114, 115
Batavi 43, 71, 124
Bavarian Geographer 534
Bede, Venerable 277–8, 279, 280, 281, 290
Ecclesiastical History 273
Belegezitae 404, 423
Berlin-Hellersdorf 435
Berlin-Marzahn 435
Bigelis 249
Birlad-Valea Seaca (Romania) 54
Bittigure Hans 239–40
Black Sea region 7, 111, 133, 135, 140, 141, 143, 147, 169–70
Boers 144–5, 148, 165, 601, 603
Bohemia 6, 389, 409, 411, 520, 563
at start of first millennium 516
codes of law in 527
decline in population 429
and military retinues 540–1
origins of 532
population density 550
Premyslid dynasty 428, 516, 521, 529, 531–2, 550, 573
relations with Ottonians 556
Slavic settlement 423
state formation in 532
Böhme, H.W. 314
Boleslav I 540, 570
Boleslav II 531, 570
Bolia, battle of the 246
bridges
building of in new states 525–6
Britain see Anglo-Saxon England; England; Roman Britain
brooches 104, 118, 253, 283, 307, 313, 315–16, 393, 404, 411
Bructeri 43, 71, 124
Bulgars 404, 465
Burgundians 37, 42, 60, 109, 128, 131, 136, 149, 152, 174, 175, 214, 338, 340–1, 342, 348, 352, 355, 363
burial practice, Anglo-Saxon 273–4, 275, 281, 282, 300
burial practices 118, 318–19
Anglo-Saxon 273–4, 275, 281, 282, 300
Bohemia 252–3
Frankish 312–15, 318–22, 326, 327–8, 330–1
Germanic 56, 58, 65, 109
Group C 321, 322–3
and furnished inhumation 295, 296, 298, 305, 312–14, 319–23
Hunnic 229–30, 237
Lombards 253 see also cemeteries
Bury, J.B. 212
Byzantines 122, 241, 243–4, 259, 474, 523, 535, 611
Cannabaudes 111
Caracalla, Emperor 107, 129
Carausius 287
Carolingians 366–7, 533, 554, 558, 561
Carpi 114, 116, 119, 127–8, 132, 165, 168
Carthage 7, 204
Cassiodorus 241
castle-building 521–2, 534, 544
Ceawlin 280
‘Celtic field’ system 48–9
Celtic language
296–7
Celts 5, 8
cemeteries 126
Anglo-Saxon inhumation 274, 275, 281, 282
Bohemian cremation 252–3
Germanic 49, 52, 109
Hunnic 228–9
Reigergräber 318, 319, 320, 323, 324, 326, 327
Wielbark 117, 118, 126–7, 134, 146–7
Ceolwulf 280
Cerdo 83, 86
Cernjachov system 51, 53, 117–19, 120–1, 125, 130, 141, 391, 392, 441–2
collapse of 371, 373, 384
‘channelled’ migration 30
Charlemagne, Emperor 267–8, 367–8, 454, 460, 519, 557, 560, 561, 573
Charles the Bald 368, 456, 457, 460, 483
Charles the Fat 461
Chatti 43, 71, 124
Cherusci 38, 43, 88
Childeric 306–8, 317, 321, 322
Chnodomarius 36, 38, 40, 45, 47–8, 59, 62, 65, 67, 89, 100, 158, 306, 383
Chobry, Boleslav 515, 522, 525, 528, 54, 559
Christianity/Christians 60
anti-Christianity in new states 570–1
conversion to in new states 517, 518, 519, 558, 567–72, 610
persecution of by Tervingi 570
Chronicle of Ireland, The 455, 457, 458, 482
Chronicle of Monemvasia 402, 431
churches construction of in new states 525
Cimbri 101
Civilis, Julius 40
civitas 289, 311
Claudian 177, 191, 192
Claudius 111, 127
climate 4, 212
Clovis 308–10, 311, 314, 317, 321, 322, 323, 325, 358, 364, 372
Cniva 110, 127
Cnut 521, 524, 530, 539
codes of law, and new states 527
coinage
Muslim 477–8, 548, 551, 565
Roman 76, 104, 273, 364, 380
Viking 574
communications
and new states 525–6
comparative philology 46
Conrad, King 368
Constantine, Emperor 42, 43, 108, 160
Constantine III, Emperor 181, 278, 294–5, 316, 337
Constantinople 378–9, 380–1
attack on by Rus (860) 475–6, 480
Avar-led siege of (626) 378, 448
impact of rise of Islamic power on 380–1
Stilicho’s dispute with 179, 180
Constantius II, Emperor 82–3, 84–5, 97, 128, 174, 183
Costoboci 97, 101, 131
cremation cemeteries see cemeteries Croats 11, 405–6, 424–5, 444
cult leagues 39
culture history 16–18, 21, 238
Curta, Florin 395–6
Dabritas 424
Dacia/Dacians 111–12, 113, 114, 132, 133
Empires and Barbarians Page 93