Second (443), 235, 268, 273;
Third (355–346), 455, 458, 461;
Fourth (339–338), 466
Salamis, 10, 160–63;
battle of (475), 11, 147, 151, 215
Samos, 54, 276, 403, 409;
literary sources, 9, 16;
and Peloponnesian War, 300, 301;
revolt at, 196–98, 300–301, 317, 330
Sardis, 137, 140, 141;
burning of, 139
satraps (Persian provincial governors), 137, 188, 385
Scione, 204
Scipio, 14
sculptures, pedimental, 109–10
Scythians, 11, 494
Second Athenian League (378/2), 28, 176, 297, 432, 455;
dissolution, 467;
and Thebes, 436, 444
Segesta (Egesta), 362, 366, 367, 370, 372
Selinus, 372
Sellasia, Theban destruction, 27
Sestos, 457
‘Seven Wise Men’,84
shield, 43
shield-bearers, Macedonian infantry, 476
Sicily/southern Italy, Athenian policy:
from 458/7 to 423, 366–67;
from 427 to 419, 367–69;
from 416 to 408, 369–81;
campaign of 410, 371–75;
campaign of 409, 376–79;
campaign of 408, 379–81;
causes of Athenian defeat, 381–83;
map of Sicily, 374
Sicyon, 79, 271, 302, 322;
Peloponnesian War, 366
tyranny at, 52–53, 77, 108
Sigeum, 188
silphium, export of, 34
Skapte Hyle, Thrace, 18
Socrates, 24
Socrates (squadron commander), 478–79
Sollium, 356
Solon:
Aristotle on, 2, 4, 85;
and colonization, 32;
Herodotus on, 10;
as one of ‘Seven Wise Men’, 84;
poems see Solon’s poems;
problems facing, 85;
reforms of see Solon, reforms of
Solon, reforms of:
appraisal, 96–100;
Areopagus, removal of right of appointment, 2;
and Cleisthenes’ reforms, 130;
and crisis in Athens, 84–90;
‘democratic’ features in new constitution, 94–95;
economic, 90–91, 96–97;
factions, attitudes to, 102;
failure, 99, 101, 121;
hectemoroi, abolition, 91, 102, 107;
laws, as evidence, 83–85;
legal, 94–96, 97–98;
offices of state, division of, 92;
political, 48, 91–94, 98–100;
property classes, division of people into, 92;
sources, 83–84;
weights and measures system, 97
Solonian Boule (Council) of 400
see Boule (Council) of 395
Solon’s poems:
on greed of rich, 88, 89;
and reforms, 96;
sources, 3, 83, 84;
and tyranny of Greeks, 41
Sophocles, 346, 369, 402
Sosius Senecio, 14
Sparta:
agoge (military education), 76–77
see also syssitia (dining clubs);
Allied Congress (427), 22;
and Argos, 55, 77, 78, 79, 205, 214, 220, 229–32, 267, 300;
and Argos (421–413), 354, 356–63;
Assembly (Ecclesia), 68–70;
attacked by Thebes, 438–40;
breaks peace over Potidaea, 307–8;
broken by defeat at Leuctra (366), 430, 435, 447;
and Cimon, 213, 214, 218–20;
coalition of anti-Spartan states, 229–32, 357–62, 424–29;
dealings with Tissaphernes, 388–90, 391, 392;
earthquake, 232;
Ephors, 70–72;
erosion of power (379–375), 26;
First Peloponnesian War, involvement, 178, 268, 274–75;
foreign policy see Spartan foreign policy;
Gerousia, 67–68;
hawks and doves and reaction to Delian League, 226–28;
Helots see Helots;
hoplite warfare, pre-eminence in, 46;
Kings, 66–67;
land ownership and inheritance, 72–76;
Lycurgus and reforms, 65, 73–74;
Lysander’s co-operation with Persia, 393–94, 395–96;
myth/mirage of, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63, 65, 76;
outbreak of First Peloponnesian War, 233;
and Peloponnese region see Sparta, hegemony of Peloponnese region;
and Peloponnesian War, 316–20;
Perioeci, 58, 61, 65, 232, 426, 438;
rise of in sixth century, 77–81;
seen by Athenian hawks as danger, 212;
social and economic reforms, 72–77;
sources, 55–61;
Spartiates, 68, 72, 74–76;
tension with Athens in Persian War, 161, 164–65;
and strategy in Archidamian War, 339–41;
underlying causes of Peloponnesian War, 299, 318–30;
Xenophon’s bias towards, 27
Sparta, hegemony of Peloponnese region:
from 478 to 462/1, 226–33;
from 462/1 to 446/5, 234–36;
challenge to, 357–62;
battle of Mantinea (413), 361;
battle of Mantinea (357), 437, 446
Spartan foreign policy: (478–462/1), 226–33;
(462/1–441/5), 234–36;
(404–387/1), 414–29;
aims, 420;
Asia Minor (404–394), 415–20;
Corinthian War (395–387/1), 424–29;
Greece (404–395), 420–24;
Spartan doves, 227–28, 235;
Spartan hawks, 227, 229, 232, 235, 301
Spartan Institutions (Instituta Laconia), 60
Sphacteria, 346, 348, 354, 356, 369;
effect on Sparta of captured Spartiates, 347, 348, 349, 354, 361, 362, 369
Sphodrias, 432
Standards Decree (also known as the Coinage Decree), see Coinage Decree Stesimbrotus (pamphleteer), 3
Sthenelaidas, 314
Strabo, 148
strategoi (Athenian generals), 121, 132, 133, 140, 144;
and Athenian democracy, 240, 249, 250, 252;
and eisangelia (impeachment), 252, 263, 264;
the most important magistracy, 144, 214, 332, 500;
and trial of 6
generals, 256–58
strategos autocrator (commander-in-chief), 144
Suda (lexicon/literary encyclopaedia), 114
suspicious truce (421–413), 352, 356, 364
Sybaris, 31
synoecism, 431, 437
Syracuse:
and Athenian policy, 367, 372, 373, 376;
and colonization, 31, 32, 36;
Dionysius as tyrant of, 41;
Great Harbour, 376, 377, 378, 379;
siege of, 375–81;
sources, 28
syssitia (dining clubs), 57, 58, 59, 72, 76–77;
see also Sparta
Tanagra, battle of (458/2), 178, 185, 186, 231, 270, 399
Taras (Tarentum), southern Italy, 63
tas sunthekas, 394
‘Tearless Battle’ (363), 27, 439
Tegea, 77–79, 222, 230, 446
Teisias, 203
Telesterion (Hall of Mysteries), 112
Temenus, 46
Tempe (Persian War), 153–54, 155
Temple of Apollo, Delphi, 109
‘temple-robbers’, 459, 460
‘The Ten Years’ War see Archidamian War (431–421)
Ten Thousand, 24
Thasos, island of, 18, 141;
revolt (460), 184, 219;
siege of, 322
Theagenes of Megara, 84
Theban hegemony (371–362), 430–47;
causes of fail
ure, 446–47;
and Northern Greece (369–367), 441–43;
and Peloponnese (364–362), 445–46;
and Peloponnese (370–365), 437–41;
problems with term ‘hegemony’, 436–37
Thebes, 25, 26;
and Aegean (359), 443–45;
conference (361), 440;
foreign policy (371–365), 436–43;
foreign policy (364–362), 443–46;
hegemony of see Theban hegemony (371–362);
and Peisistratus, 108;
Philip II’s harsh treatment of, 467;
rise of, 8, 430–35;
short-sightedness of, 439–40;
and Spartan foreign policy, 414
Themistocles, 7, 17, 141, 144, 158, 216, 231, 237;
career, 5;
condemnation, 217–18;
as eponymous archon, 140, 212;
fall of, 217–18;
as leader of Athenian hawks, 212, 213;
ostracized, 214;
and Persian War, 162, 164
Theognis of Megara, poetry of, 47–48
Theopompos, King of Sparta, 3, 6, 62, 68, 70
Thera, island of, 33, 34, 35
Theramenes, 21, 392, 397;
and Athenian politics, 21, 407, 409, 410
Theran Assembly, 34
Therans, in Cyrene, 33–34, 35
Thermopylae:
and Macedon, 456, 459;
and Persian War, 147, 150, 151, 155–60, 162;
sources, 9, 10, 11, 12
thesmothetai (public officials), 92, 191;
see also archons Thespiae, 432, 433
Thespis, 114
Thessalian Confederacy, 443, 445
Thessalos, 4, 108
Thessaly, 12, 26, 108, 228, 389, 421, 442;
and Persian War, 153, 154;
and Philip II, 453, 462;
and Thebes, 441, 443, 445
thetes, 85, 92, 94, 130, 211, 412
Thibron, 24, 25, 417, 421
‘third-century revolution’ (Sparta), 59, 79
see also Agis IV
‘The Thirty Tyrants’ (Athens), 25, 414, 420
Thirty Years Peace, 236, 275, 355;
and Peloponnesian War, 299, 300, 304, 306, 307, 316;
terms of, 300
Tholos (Round House), 248
Thoudippos Decree (also known as the 425/4 Tribute Reassessment Decree), 193, 203, 244, 250, 281, 284, 333, 339
Thrace:
and Athenian Empire, 278;
literary sources, 9, 18, 20, 22;
Persian control, 141, 149, 154
Thrasybulus, 391, 392, 397, 410, 420
Thrasyllus, 360, 393, 410
Thucydides, 47, 56, 65, 105;
and Aristotle, 3, 4;
on Athenian Empire, 284, 291, 292, 293, 294;
on Athenian institutions, 256;
and Cleon, 20, 22, 200, 201, 202, 335, 346;
concerns about, 22, 57;
and Delian League/Athenian Empire, 172, 174, 182–86, 204, 206–7, 209;
and Diodorus Siculus, 7, 8;
concentration on archetypal situations, 20;
exiled by Brasidas’s success, 18;
on failure of Sicilian campaign, 381–83;
ground of complaint over Corcyra and Potidaea, 302–9;
on First Peloponnesian War (462/1–441/5), 266, 267;
on Greek-Persian affairs, 386;
life and career, 18;
and Melian dialogue, 205, 208–9;
on Mytilene revolt and debate, 199–203;
on Nicias, 377–78;
on oligarchic movement, 404, 406, 407, 411, 412;
on Peace of Nicias, 355;
on Peloponnesian War, 19–23, 40, 299, 309, 314–15, 318;
The Peloponnesian War,19–23;
on Pentecontaetia, 177–78, 196, 211, 266;
on Pericles, 204, 262, 293, 311, 312, 315, 325, 326, 327, 331, 335;
and Persian War, 148;
on radical democracy, 403;
on rule of Four Hundred, 406–7;
on rule of Five Thousand,411–12;
on Sicily, Athenian policy, 368–69, 382;
sources, 10, 17, 31;
and Sparta, 56–57;
on tyranny/tyrants, 48, 49, 101, 106;
weaknesses, 23
Thucydides (son of Melesias), 190;
opposition to Pericles, 323–26;
ostracism, 326
Thurii, colony of, 367, 373
Tisiphonus, 26
Tissaphernes, 21;
and Alcibiades, 388–91;
and Greek-Persian relations, 387–93;
and oligarchic movement, 403, 404, 405, 407;
and Spartan foreign policy, 416, 417
trade:
allies’ benefits in empire, 288;
and colonization, 30–31, 35–39;
tragedy, performance of, 114
Trajan, emperor, 16
Treasurers of Athena, 92
Trebenishte, Greek bronzes found at, 39, 51
tribes, 52, 121;
and Cleisthenes’ reforms, 124–28
Tribute Decree see Cleinias Decree
Tribute Lists, see Athenian Tribute Lists (ATLs)
Tribute Reassessment Decree, 425/4,
see Thoudippos Decree
Triphylia, 439, 441
triremes, 387, 419
trittyes (sub-divisions), 121, 124, 126, 127
Troezen (Epidarus city-state), 79, 158
Twelve Gods, 111
tyranny, Greek, 135, 137;
age of (c.650–510), 40–54;
Aristotle on, 41–42, 44–45, 52;
and Athenian politics, 138;
background and sources, 40–42;
economic cause, 47–52;
ethnic cause, 52–53;
hoplites (soldiers), 41, 42–43;
military cause, 42–47;
see also Peisistratids, tyranny of (Athens)
Tyrtaeus of Sparta (poet):
on First Messenian War, 62;
on Helots, 62, 87;
on hoplite warfare, 42, 64;
on Second Messenian War, 64;
on Sparta, 55;
on tyranny/tyrants, 41, 42
vase-painters, 44
‘vulgate’ tradition (Alexander the Great), 6, 473, 477, 487, 493, 494
wars:
Archidamian see Archidamian War (431–421);
Corinthian (395–387/1), 5, 424–29;
Decelean (413–404), 19, 362–65, 384;
First Messenian (730–710), 62–64, 71;
Gallic War (49BC), 5;
Ionian see Ionian War (413–404);
Lelantine, 47;
Peloponnesian see First Peloponnesian War (462/1–441/5);
Peloponnesian War (431–404);
Persian see Persian War (480–479);
Second Messenian (650), 56, 64–65, 71, 72, 78
Wasps (Aristophanes), 258, 259, 261, 262, 278, 284
weapons, 43
Works and Days (Hesiod), 32
World History (Diodorus), 148
Xanthippus, 134, 135, 143–44, 164, 322
Xenares, 358
Xenophon, 3, 8, 10, 24–29, 60, 256;
Anabasis, 24, 250, 416;
Constitution of the Lacedaemonians, 57, 70, 74, 76;
Hellenica,25–29, 391;
life and career, 24–25, 57;
and Sparta, 57, 58, 431;
and trial of Athenian generals, 256–58;
weaknesses of, 27–29, 57–58, 391–92, 437;
see also Old Oligarch
Xerxes, King of Persia, 7, 10, 12, 13, 387;
and Persian War, 147, 149, 150, 151, 155, 163
Zacynthos, 342, 434
Zancle (later Messana/Messina), 36
zeugitai (property class), 92
Zeus Agoraios, 110
Aspects of Greek History (750–323BC) Page 77