Aspects of Greek History (750–323BC)

by Terry Buckley

  Second (443), 235, 268, 273;

  Third (355–346), 455, 458, 461;

  Fourth (339–338), 466

  Salamis, 10, 160–63;

  battle of (475), 11, 147, 151, 215

  Samos, 54, 276, 403, 409;

  literary sources, 9, 16;

  and Peloponnesian War, 300, 301;

  revolt at, 196–98, 300–301, 317, 330

  Sardis, 137, 140, 141;

  burning of, 139

  satraps (Persian provincial governors), 137, 188, 385

  Scione, 204

  Scipio, 14

  sculptures, pedimental, 109–10

  Scythians, 11, 494

  Second Athenian League (378/2), 28, 176, 297, 432, 455;

  dissolution, 467;

  and Thebes, 436, 444

  Segesta (Egesta), 362, 366, 367, 370, 372

  Selinus, 372

  Sellasia, Theban destruction, 27

  Sestos, 457

  ‘Seven Wise Men’,84

  shield, 43

  shield-bearers, Macedonian infantry, 476

  Sicily/southern Italy, Athenian policy:

  from 458/7 to 423, 366–67;

  from 427 to 419, 367–69;

  from 416 to 408, 369–81;

  campaign of 410, 371–75;

  campaign of 409, 376–79;

  campaign of 408, 379–81;

  causes of Athenian defeat, 381–83;

  map of Sicily, 374

  Sicyon, 79, 271, 302, 322;

  Peloponnesian War, 366

  tyranny at, 52–53, 77, 108

  Sigeum, 188

  silphium, export of, 34

  Skapte Hyle, Thrace, 18

  Socrates, 24

  Socrates (squadron commander), 478–79

  Sollium, 356

  Solon:

  Aristotle on, 2, 4, 85;

  and colonization, 32;

  Herodotus on, 10;

  as one of ‘Seven Wise Men’, 84;

  poems see Solon’s poems;

  problems facing, 85;

  reforms of see Solon, reforms of

  Solon, reforms of:

  appraisal, 96–100;

  Areopagus, removal of right of appointment, 2;

  and Cleisthenes’ reforms, 130;

  and crisis in Athens, 84–90;

  ‘democratic’ features in new constitution, 94–95;

  economic, 90–91, 96–97;

  factions, attitudes to, 102;

  failure, 99, 101, 121;

  hectemoroi, abolition, 91, 102, 107;

  laws, as evidence, 83–85;

  legal, 94–96, 97–98;

  offices of state, division of, 92;

  political, 48, 91–94, 98–100;

  property classes, division of people into, 92;

  sources, 83–84;

  weights and measures system, 97

  Solonian Boule (Council) of 400

  see Boule (Council) of 395

  Solon’s poems:

  on greed of rich, 88, 89;

  and reforms, 96;

  sources, 3, 83, 84;

  and tyranny of Greeks, 41

  Sophocles, 346, 369, 402

  Sosius Senecio, 14

  Sparta:

  agoge (military education), 76–77

  see also syssitia (dining clubs);

  Allied Congress (427), 22;

  and Argos, 55, 77, 78, 79, 205, 214, 220, 229–32, 267, 300;

  and Argos (421–413), 354, 356–63;

  Assembly (Ecclesia), 68–70;

  attacked by Thebes, 438–40;

  breaks peace over Potidaea, 307–8;

  broken by defeat at Leuctra (366), 430, 435, 447;

  and Cimon, 213, 214, 218–20;

  coalition of anti-Spartan states, 229–32, 357–62, 424–29;

  dealings with Tissaphernes, 388–90, 391, 392;

  earthquake, 232;

  Ephors, 70–72;

  erosion of power (379–375), 26;

  First Peloponnesian War, involvement, 178, 268, 274–75;

  foreign policy see Spartan foreign policy;

  Gerousia, 67–68;

  hawks and doves and reaction to Delian League, 226–28;

  Helots see Helots;

  hoplite warfare, pre-eminence in, 46;

  Kings, 66–67;

  land ownership and inheritance, 72–76;

  Lycurgus and reforms, 65, 73–74;

  Lysander’s co-operation with Persia, 393–94, 395–96;

  myth/mirage of, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63, 65, 76;

  outbreak of First Peloponnesian War, 233;

  and Peloponnese region see Sparta, hegemony of Peloponnese region;

  and Peloponnesian War, 316–20;

  Perioeci, 58, 61, 65, 232, 426, 438;

  rise of in sixth century, 77–81;

  seen by Athenian hawks as danger, 212;

  social and economic reforms, 72–77;

  sources, 55–61;

  Spartiates, 68, 72, 74–76;

  tension with Athens in Persian War, 161, 164–65;

  and strategy in Archidamian War, 339–41;

  underlying causes of Peloponnesian War, 299, 318–30;

  Xenophon’s bias towards, 27

  Sparta, hegemony of Peloponnese region:

  from 478 to 462/1, 226–33;

  from 462/1 to 446/5, 234–36;

  challenge to, 357–62;

  battle of Mantinea (413), 361;

  battle of Mantinea (357), 437, 446

  Spartan foreign policy: (478–462/1), 226–33;

  (462/1–441/5), 234–36;

  (404–387/1), 414–29;

  aims, 420;

  Asia Minor (404–394), 415–20;

  Corinthian War (395–387/1), 424–29;

  Greece (404–395), 420–24;

  Spartan doves, 227–28, 235;

  Spartan hawks, 227, 229, 232, 235, 301

  Spartan Institutions (Instituta Laconia), 60

  Sphacteria, 346, 348, 354, 356, 369;

  effect on Sparta of captured Spartiates, 347, 348, 349, 354, 361, 362, 369

  Sphodrias, 432

  Standards Decree (also known as the Coinage Decree), see Coinage Decree Stesimbrotus (pamphleteer), 3

  Sthenelaidas, 314

  Strabo, 148

  strategoi (Athenian generals), 121, 132, 133, 140, 144;

  and Athenian democracy, 240, 249, 250, 252;

  and eisangelia (impeachment), 252, 263, 264;

  the most important magistracy, 144, 214, 332, 500;

  and trial of 6

  generals, 256–58

  strategos autocrator (commander-in-chief), 144

  Suda (lexicon/literary encyclopaedia), 114

  suspicious truce (421–413), 352, 356, 364

  Sybaris, 31

  synoecism, 431, 437

  Syracuse:

  and Athenian policy, 367, 372, 373, 376;

  and colonization, 31, 32, 36;

  Dionysius as tyrant of, 41;

  Great Harbour, 376, 377, 378, 379;

  siege of, 375–81;

  sources, 28

  syssitia (dining clubs), 57, 58, 59, 72, 76–77;

  see also Sparta

  Tanagra, battle of (458/2), 178, 185, 186, 231, 270, 399

  Taras (Tarentum), southern Italy, 63

  tas sunthekas, 394

  ‘Tearless Battle’ (363), 27, 439

  Tegea, 77–79, 222, 230, 446

  Teisias, 203

  Telesterion (Hall of Mysteries), 112

  Temenus, 46

  Tempe (Persian War), 153–54, 155

  Temple of Apollo, Delphi, 109

  ‘temple-robbers’, 459, 460

  ‘The Ten Years’ War see Archidamian War (431–421)

  Ten Thousand, 24

  Thasos, island of, 18, 141;

  revolt (460), 184, 219;

  siege of, 322

  Theagenes of Megara, 84

  Theban hegemony (371–362), 430–47;

  causes of fail
ure, 446–47;

  and Northern Greece (369–367), 441–43;

  and Peloponnese (364–362), 445–46;

  and Peloponnese (370–365), 437–41;

  problems with term ‘hegemony’, 436–37

  Thebes, 25, 26;

  and Aegean (359), 443–45;

  conference (361), 440;

  foreign policy (371–365), 436–43;

  foreign policy (364–362), 443–46;

  hegemony of see Theban hegemony (371–362);

  and Peisistratus, 108;

  Philip II’s harsh treatment of, 467;

  rise of, 8, 430–35;

  short-sightedness of, 439–40;

  and Spartan foreign policy, 414

  Themistocles, 7, 17, 141, 144, 158, 216, 231, 237;

  career, 5;

  condemnation, 217–18;

  as eponymous archon, 140, 212;

  fall of, 217–18;

  as leader of Athenian hawks, 212, 213;

  ostracized, 214;

  and Persian War, 162, 164

  Theognis of Megara, poetry of, 47–48

  Theopompos, King of Sparta, 3, 6, 62, 68, 70

  Thera, island of, 33, 34, 35

  Theramenes, 21, 392, 397;

  and Athenian politics, 21, 407, 409, 410

  Theran Assembly, 34

  Therans, in Cyrene, 33–34, 35

  Thermopylae:

  and Macedon, 456, 459;

  and Persian War, 147, 150, 151, 155–60, 162;

  sources, 9, 10, 11, 12

  thesmothetai (public officials), 92, 191;

  see also archons Thespiae, 432, 433

  Thespis, 114

  Thessalian Confederacy, 443, 445

  Thessalos, 4, 108

  Thessaly, 12, 26, 108, 228, 389, 421, 442;

  and Persian War, 153, 154;

  and Philip II, 453, 462;

  and Thebes, 441, 443, 445

  thetes, 85, 92, 94, 130, 211, 412

  Thibron, 24, 25, 417, 421

  ‘third-century revolution’ (Sparta), 59, 79

  see also Agis IV

  ‘The Thirty Tyrants’ (Athens), 25, 414, 420

  Thirty Years Peace, 236, 275, 355;

  and Peloponnesian War, 299, 300, 304, 306, 307, 316;

  terms of, 300

  Tholos (Round House), 248

  Thoudippos Decree (also known as the 425/4 Tribute Reassessment Decree), 193, 203, 244, 250, 281, 284, 333, 339

  Thrace:

  and Athenian Empire, 278;

  literary sources, 9, 18, 20, 22;

  Persian control, 141, 149, 154

  Thrasybulus, 391, 392, 397, 410, 420

  Thrasyllus, 360, 393, 410

  Thucydides, 47, 56, 65, 105;

  and Aristotle, 3, 4;

  on Athenian Empire, 284, 291, 292, 293, 294;

  on Athenian institutions, 256;

  and Cleon, 20, 22, 200, 201, 202, 335, 346;

  concerns about, 22, 57;

  and Delian League/Athenian Empire, 172, 174, 182–86, 204, 206–7, 209;

  and Diodorus Siculus, 7, 8;

  concentration on archetypal situations, 20;

  exiled by Brasidas’s success, 18;

  on failure of Sicilian campaign, 381–83;

  ground of complaint over Corcyra and Potidaea, 302–9;

  on First Peloponnesian War (462/1–441/5), 266, 267;

  on Greek-Persian affairs, 386;

  life and career, 18;

  and Melian dialogue, 205, 208–9;

  on Mytilene revolt and debate, 199–203;

  on Nicias, 377–78;

  on oligarchic movement, 404, 406, 407, 411, 412;

  on Peace of Nicias, 355;

  on Peloponnesian War, 19–23, 40, 299, 309, 314–15, 318;

  The Peloponnesian War,19–23;

  on Pentecontaetia, 177–78, 196, 211, 266;

  on Pericles, 204, 262, 293, 311, 312, 315, 325, 326, 327, 331, 335;

  and Persian War, 148;

  on radical democracy, 403;

  on rule of Four Hundred, 406–7;

  on rule of Five Thousand,411–12;

  on Sicily, Athenian policy, 368–69, 382;

  sources, 10, 17, 31;

  and Sparta, 56–57;

  on tyranny/tyrants, 48, 49, 101, 106;

  weaknesses, 23

  Thucydides (son of Melesias), 190;

  opposition to Pericles, 323–26;

  ostracism, 326

  Thurii, colony of, 367, 373

  Tisiphonus, 26

  Tissaphernes, 21;

  and Alcibiades, 388–91;

  and Greek-Persian relations, 387–93;

  and oligarchic movement, 403, 404, 405, 407;

  and Spartan foreign policy, 416, 417

  trade:

  allies’ benefits in empire, 288;

  and colonization, 30–31, 35–39;

  tragedy, performance of, 114

  Trajan, emperor, 16

  Treasurers of Athena, 92

  Trebenishte, Greek bronzes found at, 39, 51

  tribes, 52, 121;

  and Cleisthenes’ reforms, 124–28

  Tribute Decree see Cleinias Decree

  Tribute Lists, see Athenian Tribute Lists (ATLs)

  Tribute Reassessment Decree, 425/4,

  see Thoudippos Decree

  Triphylia, 439, 441

  triremes, 387, 419

  trittyes (sub-divisions), 121, 124, 126, 127

  Troezen (Epidarus city-state), 79, 158

  Twelve Gods, 111

  tyranny, Greek, 135, 137;

  age of (c.650–510), 40–54;

  Aristotle on, 41–42, 44–45, 52;

  and Athenian politics, 138;

  background and sources, 40–42;

  economic cause, 47–52;

  ethnic cause, 52–53;

  hoplites (soldiers), 41, 42–43;

  military cause, 42–47;

  see also Peisistratids, tyranny of (Athens)

  Tyrtaeus of Sparta (poet):

  on First Messenian War, 62;

  on Helots, 62, 87;

  on hoplite warfare, 42, 64;

  on Second Messenian War, 64;

  on Sparta, 55;

  on tyranny/tyrants, 41, 42

  vase-painters, 44

  ‘vulgate’ tradition (Alexander the Great), 6, 473, 477, 487, 493, 494

  wars:

  Archidamian see Archidamian War (431–421);

  Corinthian (395–387/1), 5, 424–29;

  Decelean (413–404), 19, 362–65, 384;

  First Messenian (730–710), 62–64, 71;

  Gallic War (49BC), 5;

  Ionian see Ionian War (413–404);

  Lelantine, 47;

  Peloponnesian see First Peloponnesian War (462/1–441/5);

  Peloponnesian War (431–404);

  Persian see Persian War (480–479);

  Second Messenian (650), 56, 64–65, 71, 72, 78

  Wasps (Aristophanes), 258, 259, 261, 262, 278, 284

  weapons, 43

  Works and Days (Hesiod), 32

  World History (Diodorus), 148

  Xanthippus, 134, 135, 143–44, 164, 322

  Xenares, 358

  Xenophon, 3, 8, 10, 24–29, 60, 256;

  Anabasis, 24, 250, 416;

  Constitution of the Lacedaemonians, 57, 70, 74, 76;

  Hellenica,25–29, 391;

  life and career, 24–25, 57;

  and Sparta, 57, 58, 431;

  and trial of Athenian generals, 256–58;

  weaknesses of, 27–29, 57–58, 391–92, 437;

  see also Old Oligarch

  Xerxes, King of Persia, 7, 10, 12, 13, 387;

  and Persian War, 147, 149, 150, 151, 155, 163

  Zacynthos, 342, 434

  Zancle (later Messana/Messina), 36

  zeugitai (property class), 92

  Zeus Agoraios, 110