Masters and Commanders

by Andrew Roberts

  Roosevelt, Eleanor, This I Remember, 1950

  Roosevelt, Elliott, As He Saw It, New York 1946

  ——, The Roosevelt Letters 1928–1945, vol. iii, 1952

  ——, A Rendezvous with Destiny, 1975

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, New York 1941

  ——, The War Messages of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1945

  Roosevelt, James, Affectionately, FDR, New York 1959

  ——, A Differing View, 1977

  Rose, Norman, Churchill: An Unruly Life, 1994

  Roskill, Stephen, Churchill and the Admirals, 1977

  Ross, Stephen, American War Plans 1941–45, 1997

  Russell, Douglas S., Winston Churchill: Soldier, 2005

  Sainsbury, Keith, The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill and Chiang Kai-shek, 1943, 1986

  ——, Churchill and Roosevelt at War, 1994

  Sandys, Celia, Chasing Churchill: The Travels of Winston Churchill, 2003

  Schlesinger, Arthur, A Thousand Days, 1965

  Sebag Montefiore, Simon, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, 2003

  Sherwood, Robert E., The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. ii, 1949

  ——, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History, 1950

  Simpson, B. Mitchell, Admiral Harold R. Stark: Architect of Victory 1939–1945, Columbia, South Carolina 1989

  Slessor, Sir John, The Central Blue, 1956

  Slim, Field Marshal Viscount, Defeat into Victory, 1956

  ed. Smith, Amanda, Hostage to Fortune: The Letters of Joseph P. Kennedy, New York 2001

  Smith, Kevin, Conflict over Convoys: Anglo-American Logistics Diplomacy in the Second World War, 1996

  Smith, Paul, Government and the Armed Forces 1856–1990, 1990

  Smith, Walter Bedell, Eisenhower’s Six Great Decisions, 1956

  Soames, Mary, Clementine Churchill, 2002

  ed. Soames, Mary, Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill, 1988

  Stafford, David, Churchill and Secret Service, 1997

  ——, Roosevelt and Churchill, 2000

  Steele, Richard W., The First Offensive 1942: Roosevelt, Marshall and the Making of American Strategy, Bloomington, Indiana 1973

  ed. Stephen, Oscar, Sir Victor Brooke, Sportsman and Naturalist, 1894

  Stimson, Henry L., and Bundy, McGeorge, On Active Service in Peace and War, 1949

  Stoler, Mark, The Politics of the Second Front: American Military Planning and Diplomacy in Coalition Warfare, 1941–1943, Westport, Connecticut 1977

  ——, George C. Marshall: Soldier–Statesman of the American Century, 1989

  ——, Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance and US Strategy in World War II, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 2000

  Strong, Kenneth, Intelligence at the Top, 1968

  Summersby, Kay, Eisenhower was my Boss, 1949

  ed. Sweetman, John, Sword and Mace: Twentieth-Century Civil–Military Relations in Britain, 1986

  ed. Taylor, A. J. P., Churchill: Four Faces and the Man, 1969

  ——, Off the Record: Political Interviews 1933–1943, 1973

  Tedder, Lord, Air Power in War, 1947

  ——, With Prejudice, 1966

  Thomas, Evan, Sea of Thunder: Four Commanders and the Last Great Naval Campaign 1941–1945, 2006

  Thompson, R. W., Churchill and Morton, 1976

  Thorne, Christopher, Allies of a Kind, 1978

  ed. Trevor-Roper, Hugh, Hitler’s Table Talk 1941–1944, 2000

  Tuchman, Barbara, Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1911–1945, 2001

  Tully, Grace, FDR: My Boss, New York 1949

  Tunis, Field-Marshal Earl Alexander of, The Alexander Memoirs 1940–1945, 1962

  Van Der Vat, David, D-Day, 2003

  Ward, Geoffrey, A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin D. Roosevelt, New York 1989

  ed. Ward, Geoffrey C., Closest Companion: The Unknown Story of the Intimate Friendship between Franklin Roosevelt and Margaret Suckley, New York 1995

  Warlimont, Walter, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters, 1964

  Wedemeyer, General Albert C., Wedemeyer Reports!, New York 1958

  Weigley, Russell F., Eisenhower’s Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany 1944–1945, Bloomington, Indiana 1981

  Weinberg, Gerhard L., Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War Leaders, New York 2006

  Weintraub, Stanley, Fifteen Stars: Eisenhower, MacArthur, Marshall, New York 2007

  ed. Wheeler-Bennett, John, Action This Day, 1968

  ——, Special Relationships, 1975

  ed. White, Theodore, The Stilwell Papers, New York 1948

  Wills, Matthew B., FDR: A Diminished President, New York 2003

  Wilmot, Chester, The Struggle for Europe, 1952

  Wilson, Theodore, The First Summit: Roosevelt and Churchill at Placentia Bay, 1991

  Winton, John, Cunningham: The Greatest Admiral since Nelson, 1998

  Ziegler, Philip, Mountbatten, 1985

  ed. Ziegler, Philip, Personal Diary of Admiral the Lord Mountbatten 1943–1946, 1988

  ARTICLES, PAMPHLETS AND DISSERTATIONS

  Ben-Moshe, Tuvia, ‘Winston Churchill and the “Second Front”: A Reappraisal’, Journal of Modern History, December 1990

  Danchev, Alex, ‘Very Special Relationship: Field Marshal Sir John Dill and the Anglo-American Alliance’, SHAFR Lecture, August 1984

  ——, ‘“Dilly-Dally”, or Having the Last Word: Field Marshal Sir John Dill and Prime Minister Churchill’, Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 22, 1987

  ——, ‘The Grand Alliance Revisited’, RUSI Journal, vol. 137 no. 2, April 1992

  ——, ‘Waltzing with Winston: Civil–Military Relations in Britain in the Second World War’, War in History, no. 2, 1995

  ——, ‘The Birdwatcher Who Saved Britain’, in ed. Lewis, Yet More Adventures with Britannia, 2005

  Gilbert, Sir Martin, ‘Churchill and D-Day’, Finest Hour, no. 122, Spring 2004

  Harmon, Christopher C., ‘Alanbrooke and Churchill’, Finest Hour, no. 112, Autumn 2001

  Journal of the Royal Artillery, vol. 25 no. 2, November 1963

  Kimball, Warren, and Rose, Norman, ‘Churchill and D-Day: Another View’, Finest Hour, no. 124, Autumn 2004

  Kurtz, Megan Kathleen, Leap-Frogging to the Bomb: The Allied Strategy against Japan 1941–1945, George C. Marshall Research Foundation Scholarship Paper

  Leighton, Richard, ‘Overlord Revisited’, American Historical Review, July 1963

  Liddell Hart, Basil, ‘Western War Strategy’, RUSI Journal, vol. 105, February 1960

  Lunghi, Hugh, ‘The Troubled Triumvirate’, Finest Hour, no. 135, Spring 2006

  Parker, Sally Lister, ‘Attendant Lords: A Study of the Joint Staff Mission in Washington 1941–1945’, University of Maryland dissertation 1984

  Pogue, Forrest, ‘Why Eisenhower’s Forces Stopped at the Elbe’, World Politics, April 1952

  Rigby, David Joseph, ‘The Combined Chiefs of Staff and Anglo-American Strategic Coordination in World War II’, Brandeis University dissertation 1996

  Robbins, Ron Cynewulf, ‘The Atlantic Charter 1941–2001’, Finest Hour, no. 112, Autumn 2001

  Stagner, Elizabeth, Politics and Diplomacy, Not Strategy: The Second Front in World War II, George C. Marshall Research Foundation Scholarship Paper Stoler, Mark A., ‘The “Pacific First” Alternative in American World War II Strategy’, International History Review, no 2, 3 July 1980

  Strange, Joseph L., ‘The British Rejection of Operation Sledgehammer: An Alternative Motive’, Military Affairs, vol. 46 no. 1, February 1982

  Searchable Terms

  Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of
your e-book reader.

  I Corps (British) 36, 55

  1st Armored Division (US) 207, 484

  II Corps (British) 23, 36, 37, 249, 402

  II Corps (US) 177–8, 352

  II SS Panzer Corps 33

  2ème Regiment des Chasseurs Parachutistes 588

  III Corps (US) 527

  3rd Division (British) 37

  3rd Division (US) 261, 403

  V Corps (British) 41

  5th Infantry Brigade (US) 25

  VI Corps (Allied) 458, 459

  7th Armoured Division (British) 413

  VIII Corps (British) 265

  8th Air Force (US) 588

  8th Division (US) 208

  10th Armoured Division (British) 183

  10th Division (Indian) 588

  12th Army Group (US) 510, 511, 531, 534, 540, 543

  15th Air Force (US) 540, 588

  18th Division (British) 15, 65

  XIX Corps (US) 503

  21st Army Group (Allied) 57, 510, 511, 531, 540, 563

  21st Panzer Division 3

  XXII Corps (US) 163

  28th Division (US) 477

  30th Division (US) 208

  50th Division (British) 184, 421

  51st Division (British) 39, 40, 421

  52nd Division (British) xxxix, 38, 39–40

  77th Division (US) 208

  82nd Airborne Division (US) 534

  85th Division (US) 481

  88th Division (US) 481

  101st Airborne Division (US) 534

  106th Infantry Division (US) 534

  A-22 prototype tank 224

  Abbot, George 363

  ABC-1, 2, 3, 4 (Anglo–American Staff talks) 45, 50, 53, 84, 116, 127

  ABDA (American–British–Dutch–Australasian) unified command structure 67, 79, 81, 120

  Abdication Crisis 374

  Accra 378

  Aden 263

  Admiralty

  Churchill’s criticisms of 44

  dinner for American delegation (July 1942) 257

  and fall of Tobruk 3

  Adriatic Sea 429, 458, 492

  Aegean Islands 360, 410, 413, 418

  Aegean Sea 300, 303, 328, 417, 424, 431, 437, 444, 464

  aerodromes

  American 523

  British 90, 140, 309, 539

  French 249, 252

  German 247, 249

  Italian 319, 367, 403, 415

  Afrika Korps 3, 62–3, 84, 116, 182, 260, 263, 291

  Agheila, El 63

  aircraft carriers

  American 65, 414, 437

  British 47, 50, 109, 411

  Japanese 238, 241, 437

  needed for Operation Gymnast 187, 190, 193, 278

  and Operation Avalanche 388, 411

  aircraft detection equipment 32, 33

  aircraft production

  American 19, 26, 46, 67, 85, 122, 342, 468

  British 46, 67, 118, 342, 468

  Ajax, Operation 41, 47–8, 157, 173, 179, 586

  see also Jupiter, Operation

  Akyab 354

  Alamein, El 207, 265, 272, 289, 291, 294, 295, 346, 389, 541, 561, 582

  Alanbrooke, Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount

  see Brooke, Field Marshal Sir Alan

  Alaska 122, 155, 170, 206, 285

  Alban Hills 459

  Aleutian Islands 371, 375

  Alexander, First Lord of the Admiralty A. V. (later 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough) 153, 256, 257

  Alexander, General Sir Harold (later 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis)

  Algiers strategy talks (May–June 1943) 376

  background and career 502

  and British Expeditionary Force (1939–40) 23, 36

  Brooke’s views on 225

  Casablanca Conference (January 1943) 317, 323

  Cunningham’s views on 530

  Eisenhower’s views on 529

  Italian campaign 389, 413, 416, 423, 424, 457, 467, 472, 481–2, 483, 486, 490–91, 495, 501, 509

  on Ljubljana Gap plans 517

  and Mediterranean command 449

  North African campaign 380, 382

  Operation Husky 383

  Operation Torch 262, 289, 293

  possible replacement for Auchinleck 117

  proposed as deputy supreme commander 537–8, 559–60

  takes over Middle East Command 268

  takes over supreme command in Mediterranean 530

  views on American troops 543

  visits Chartwell 42

  Alexander VI, Pope 124

  Alexandria 3, 205, 324, 328, 556, 558

  Algeria 203, 211, 279, 282, 296, 298, 299, 351

  Algiers 90, 203, 234, 311, 466

  Allied strategy talks (May–June 1943) 372–3, 375–80, 389, 577

  Operation Torch 260, 274, 277, 278–9, 280, 281–2, 291, 300, 337

  Alice, Princess, Countess of Athlone 514

  Allied Control Commission (for Germany) 550, 555

  Alps 459, 460, 490, 491, 495, 509, 519

  Alsop, Joseph W., Jr 30

  Alupka 545

  America First movement 54

  American Civil War 11, 15, 16, 70, 141, 145

  American Lake, Washington 25

  American Revolutionary War 364

  Amery, Leo xviii, 60, 184, 487, 527, 536

  Anakim, Operation 323–4, 329, 330, 331, 332–3, 334, 336, 341, 357, 362, 379, 404, 586

  Ancre, battle of (1917) xxxix

  Andaman Islands 437, 442, 451, 452, 469, 491, 577

  Anderson, Sir John (later 1st Viscount Waverley) 60, 81, 183

  Anderson, Lieutenant-General Kenneth 274, 296, 303, 312

  Andover 110

  Anglo-American Air Agreement (1942) 209–10

  anti-Bolshevism 127, 215, 450, 515

  Antonov, General A. E. 527

  Antwerp 36, 220, 492, 512, 532, 533, 552, 563, 578

  Anvil, Operation 578, 586

  command of 455

  discussions at London Combined

  Chiefs of Staff talks (June 1944) 492–3

  discussions at Quadrant (First Quebec)

  Conference (August 1943) 406

  discussions at Teheran Conference (Eureka; November 1943) 447, 451, 491

  divisions over Allied strategy 457–8, 461–2, 464–7, 476–7, 477–9, 494–501, 502, 504, 505, 524

  launch of 505, 508

  see also Dragoon, Operation

  Anzio 221, 355, 409, 426, 493

  beachhead 463, 464, 465, 466, 478, 479, 481

  landing craft for 437, 451, 452

  landings 459–61, 462

  and Operation Anvil 456–7

  Apennines 467, 490, 492, 509

  appeasement 82

  Arcadia (First Washington)

  Conference (December 1941–January 1942) 66–7, 70–76, 79–84, 86–9, 345, 576

  see also WW1 (document)

  Arctic convoys 4

  Ardennes 511, 531

  Ardennes Offensive 355, 510, 532, 533–4, 535–6, 538, 552

  see also Bulge, battle of the

  Argentina 555

  Argonaut (Second Washington) Conference (June 1942) 1–3, 181, 187–218, 576

  Ark Royal, HMS 169

  Arlington Cemetery 96, 529, 538

  Army (British)

  administration of 61–2, 299

  criticisms of 124–5, 149, 181, 225–6, 287, 441

  General Staff xxxiii, 14, 16

  Army (United States)

  British views on troops 543

  Field Service Regulations 139

  General Staff 12, 69, 114, 178

  growth of 28, 32–3, 50, 85–6, 170–71, 296–7, 352

  Senior Officers Oral History Program (SOOHP) 95, 141–2, 166, 213, 258, 260, 338, 489

  training methods 209

  tripartite structure introduced 114

  War Plans Division 69, 71, 82, 114

  Army Groups (German)

  A 305

  B 533

/>   E 527

  G 508

  South 546

  Arnhem 355

  Arnim, General Jürgen von 358

  Arnold, General Henry H. ‘Hap’

  Anglo-American Air Agreement (1942) 209–10

  Argonaut (Second Washington) Conference (June 1942) 190

  Casablanca Conference (January 1943) 314, 317, 321, 338, 339, 342

  character 100, 190–91

  diary xxxviii, 535

  First Cairo Conference (Sextant; November 1943) 435, 439, 441, 448–9