To End All Wars

by Adam Hochschild

  "like a stringed instrument": Ethel Smyth, Female Pipings in Eden (Edinburgh: Peter Davies, 1933), pp. 194–195, quoted in Purvis 1, p. 100.

  [>] "She was slender, young": E. Sylvia Pankhurst 4, p. 221.

  "She was one of those": Helen Crawfurd, quoted in Winslow, p. 13.

  [>] "We are soldiers": Standard, 27 May 1913, quoted in Purvis 1, p. 221.

  "We leave that to": Emmeline Pankhurst, pp. 264–265.

  "I wish that a sensible": Kipling to Mrs. Humphry Ward, 2 February 1912, Kipling Collection, Dalhousie University.

  [>] "a short, wiry": Rupert Grayson, Voyage Not Completed (London: Macmillan, 1969), quoted in Holt, p. 104.

  "Howe wood yu": Kipling to John Kipling, 6 October 1908, Kipling 2, p. 73.

  "Don't you bother": Kipling to John Kipling, 18 May 1908, Kipling 2, p. 59.

  the poet declared he admired: Gilmour, p. 198.

  [>] but what would they do: Cecil, p. 180.

  "It is a spirit": John Buchan, A Lodge in the Wilderness (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1906), p. 28.

  "Do ye wait for": "The Islanders," 1902.

  [>] "withholding from others": Roberts, p. 252.

  "a fatal mistake": Cecil, pp. 181–182.

  [>] "looks well, a bit thinner": Cecil, p. 220.

  [>] "I shall tear up": Purvis 2, p. 159.

  5. BOY MINER

  [>] "That night the baby": Hardie, pp. 1–2.

  "We were great friends": Hardie, p. 2.

  [>] "The rich and comfortable classes": Benn, p. 259.

  "We'll hae nae damned": Benn, p. 22.

  "a longing, profound": Countess of Oxford and Asquith, ed., Myself When Young: By Famous Women of To-Day (London: Frederick Muller, 1938), p. 262.

  57 "walk and sing and meditate": Tuchman 1, p. 421.

  "Abandon hope all ye": Hope Hay Hewison, Hedge of Wild Almonds: South Africa, the Pro-Boers and the Quaker Conscience, 1890–1910 (London: Currey, 1989), p. 340, quoted in Lowry, p. 17.

  "Are you working here, mate?": Labour Leader, February 1906, quoted in Benn, pp. 211–212.

  [>] "Can I do anything?": Benn, p. 203.

  [>] "worth having lived": John Bruce Glasier, James Keir Hardie: A Memorial (Manchester, UK: National Labour Press, 1915), p. 24, quoted in Benn, p. 189.

  "militarism": Benn, p. 161.

  "I sat among my boxes": E. Sylvia Pankhurst 4, p. 217.

  [>] "what a terribly important": Keir Hardie to John Bruce Glasier, 22 October 1903, quoted in Benn, p. 182.

  "strange behaviour to him": Glasier to his sister, Lizzie, 29 September 1903, quoted in Benn, p. 181.

  "We are for free": Notebook entry, 1918, quoted in Romero, p. 118.

  "Last night when all was quiet": E. Sylvia Pankhurst Papers, Reel 1.

  "All the night I have been": Hardie to Pankhurst, n.d., Pankhurst Papers, Reel 1.

  "I like to think of you": Hardie to Pankhurst, 10 March[?] 1911, Pankhurst Papers, Reel 1.

  [>] "They did not hide": Interview with Fenner Brockway, quoted in Benn, p. 238.

  "He told me": E. Sylvia Pankhurst 4, p. 320.

  "I am fighting, fighting": Sylvia Pankhurst to Emmeline Pankhurst, 18 March 1913, quoted in Winslow, p. 44.

  [>] total arms expenses: Fromkin, p. 94.

  [>] "Look at those fellows": Valentine Chirol, Fifty Years in a Changing World (New York: Harcourt, 1928), p. 274, quoted in Tuchman 1, pp. 417–418.

  6. ON THE EVE

  [>] "When he came up": Times, 2 January 1912.

  [>] "His fellow-rulers had": Times, 6 January 1912.

  "A perfect parade ... I have never seen": 11, 14 December 1911, Haig 3, pp. 303, 304.

  "Schools are like": Marguerite Poland, The Boy in You: A Biography of St Andrew's College, 1855–2005 (Simon's Town, South Africa: Fernwood Press, 2008), p. 165. I am indebted to Prof. Francis Wilson for pointing out this striking quotation.

  [>] "pluck up the courage": Fischer, p. 25.

  "We will never fire on you": Joll, p. 151.

  "a victory of the proletariat": L'Humanité, quoted in Haupt, pp. 113–114.

  69 "Jaurès thinks with": Remy de Gourmont, quoted in Tuchman 1, p. 421.

  "we all knew": Interview with Fenner Brockway, quoted in Benn, p. 315.

  "All sides are preparing": Fromkin, p. 31.

  "let the French commanders": Esher to Huguet, General A. Huguet, Britain and the War: A French Indictment (London: Cassell, 1928), p. 18, quoted in Tuchman 1 p. 54.

  "Peace may and has": "Linesman," 24 October 1912. Quoted in Glenn R. Wilkinson, "'The Blessings of War': The Depiction of Military Force in Edwardian Newspapers," Journal of Contemporary History 33:1 (January 1998), p. 103.

  [>] "Good morning, one day": Stephen E. Koss, Lord Haldane: Scapegoat for Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), p. 66, quoted in Gilmour, p. 205.

  "camping comfortably on": Kipling to Dunsterville, c. 1911, quoted in Gilmour, p. 207.

  "And because there was need": "The City of Brass," 1909.

  "unless there were": Thomson 2, p. 298.

  [>] "A good big war": Sitwell, p. 137.

  inflicted£500,000 worth: Standard, 25 February 1913, cited in Purvis 1, p. 210.

  "the horrid woman": James Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, 1867–1953 (New York: Knopf, 1960), p. 465.

  "one of our bravest soldiers": Daily Herald, 10 June 1913, quoted in Purvis 1, p. 222.

  [>] "were armed with": Report of William Hestet [?], 15 October 1913, HO 144/1558/234191.

  "The arms were raised": Despard 2, pp. 12–13.

  "I was older at twenty": Linklater, p. 126.

  "I was thrilled to see": Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, quoted in Mulvihill, p. 74.

  [>] "I have never heard": Lytton and Wharton, chap. 6.

  "News in the Paper": Despard Diary, 25 March 1914, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland.

  [>] "Friends in past": Gilbert, p. 18.

  "falling short of violence": Memorandum to committee of the British League for the Support of Ulster, 16 January 1914, quoted in Marlowe, p. 224.

  "For the last 3 or 4 months": 11 March 1914, quoted in Gollin, p. 186.

  [>] "the Orientals of the West": Kipling to Mrs. Guthrie, 16 November 1901, quoted in Gilmour, p. 242.

  raised funds to buy arms: Marlowe, p. 235n19.

  "Today the cry of": Fromkin, p. 184.

  7. A STRANGE LIGHT

  [>] "the issue will be": Gilbert, p. 9.

  "Slavs and Gallics": Fischer, p. 33.

  "This unorganised Asiatic": Gilbert, p. 40.

  talked privately of annexing: Fischer, p. 103f.

  "difficult to discuss": Sir Mark Sykes, quoted in Fromkin, p. 140.

  82 "to lead the march on Paris": Tuchman 2, p. 106.

  "this war which I": von Moltke to von der Goltz, June 1915, quoted in Fromkin, p. 305.

  [>] "We are ready": Baron von Eckhardstein, Lebenserinnerungen, Vol. 3, Die Iso-lierung Deutschlands (Liepzig, 1921), p. 184, quoted in Tuchman 2, p. 27.

  "the omission of the customary": Fromkin, p. 166.

  [>] "The quiet grave tones": Churchill 1, pp. 94–95.

  "We are in measurable": Michael and Eleanor Brock, eds., H. H. Asquith: Letters to Venetia Stanley (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), pp. 122–123, quoted in Fromkin, p. 188.

  [>] "This country has gone": War 1914: Punishing the Serbs (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1919), p. 74, quoted in Fromkin, p. 216.

  "We shall never hit": Fromkin, p. 218.

  "likewise obliged to mobilize": Serge Sverbeev to St. Petersburg, 29 July 1914, quoted in Albertini, vol. 2, p. 499.

  [>] "I will ... smash": Fromkin, p. 231.

  [>] "men's wars": Suffragette, 19 June 1914.

  "The walls of the room": Tuchman 1, p. 421.

  [>] "It is impossible": Tuchman 1, p. 460.

  "I have done all": Telegram, Nicholas II to George V, Times, 5 August 1914.

  [>] "In spite of all my": Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterd
ay (Alcester, UK: Read Books, 2006), p. 173.

  "The victory of Germany": "Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man" (1917), quoted in Tuchman 2, p. 311.

  [>] "Every German friend of peace": Carsten, p. 18.

  "The government has managed": R.J.W. Evans and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, eds. The Coming of the First World War (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001), p. 120.

  "Few English people": Manchester Guardian, 3 August 1914.

  [>] largest demonstration there: Manchester Guardian, 3 August 1914.

  "You have no quarrel": Benn, p. 324.

  "we are fighting against": Times, 20 September 1914.

  [>] "that the fatherland's poorest": Carsten, p. 17.

  "Henceforth I know no parties": Tuchman 1, p. 462.

  "There are no more": Paul Deschanel, quoted in Tuchman 1, p. 462.

  "holy war of civilization": 4 August 1914, quoted in Kramer, p. 183.

  "wants to crush": Rheinische Zeitung, 5 August 1914, quoted in Kramer, p. 244.

  [>] "The working class went": Tuchman 1, p. 462.

  [>] "A single worry": Weintraub, p. 70.

  "joined with our elders": Waugh, p. 93.

  "Semi-barbarians": Hobhouse to Smuts, 8 August 1914, quoted in Kaminski, p. 287.

  95 "look of surprise": A. Mor-O'Brien, ed. The Autobiography of Edmund Stonelake (Mid-Glamorgan Education Committee, 1981), p. 157, quoted in Benn, p. 326.

  "I would rather see my two": E. Sylvia Pankhurst 1, p. 34.

  "He looked neither left": Emrys Hughes, quoted in Benn, p. 326.

  [>] "It is better to have": Cecil, p. 236.

  "flushed, excited face": Cecil, p. 239.

  8. AS SWIMMERS INTO CLEANNESS LEAPING

  [>] "God's vengeance upon": Suffragette, 7 August 1914 (postdated; this issue actually appeared some days earlier), quoted in Mitchell, p. 247.

  "this criminal war": Mulvihill, p. 110.

  [>] "crumpled in body": Fenner Brockway, quoted in Benn, p. 329.

  "Across the roar of guns": Labour Leader, 13 August 1914, quoted in Boulton, pp. 44–45.

  "to go up to him": John Bruce Glasier, James Keir Hardie: A Memorial (Manchester, UK: National Labour Press, 1915), p. 66, quoted in Benn, p. 332.

  [>] "Now, God be thanked": "Peace," 1914 and Other Poems (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1918), p. 11.

  [>] "purification, liberation": Kramer, p. 163.

  "You will be home": Tuchman 2, p. 119.

  [>] "Never!": Tuchman 2, p. 38.

  "easy to see": Kenneth Godsell Diary, quoted in Richard Holmes, "The Last Hurrah: Cavalry on the Western Front, August—September 1914," in Cecil and Liddle, p. 280.

  "Keep constantly on your guard": Macdonald 1, p. 62.

  [>] "They are a low lot": French to Kitchener, 15 November 1914, quoted in Holmes, pp. 202–203.

  "In my own heart": Haig 1, 11 August 1914, p. 56.

  [>] "well and cheery": John French, p. 144, 14 August 1914.

  "I think I know": French to Kitchener, 21 August 1914, quoted in Cassar, p. 104.

  "The usual silly reports": John French, p. 145, 15 August 1914.

  "I saw the 4th Brigade": French Diary, 20 August 1914, quoted in Holmes, p. 211.

  "than I am of the bullets": Cecil, p. 241.

  [>] "He said that up to date": Cecil, p. 243.

  "The empty stage": E. Sylvia Pankhurst 1, p. 66.

  "We cannot discuss": E. Sylvia Pankhurst 1, p. 66; see also Times, 9 September 1914.

  "I listened to her": E. Sylvia Pankhurst 1, p. 66.

  "an impenetrable barrier": E. Sylvia Pankhurst 1, p. 66.

  [>] "Do not let us": Published in Jus Suffragii, 1 January 1915, quoted in Purvis 1, p. 272.

  "I want men to go": Linklater, p. 177.

  "If you go to this war": Purvis 1, p. 272.

  108 "I am ashamed to know": E. Sylvia Pankhurst 1, p. 67.

  "tea and conversation": Despard Diary, 8 August 1914, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, Belfast.

  [>] "Sir John as usual": Sir Henry Wilson Diary, 3 September 1914, quoted in Trevor Wilson, p. 44.

  "I met the men": French Diary, 28 August 1914, quoted in Holmes, pp. 226–227.

  [>] "Perhaps the charm of war": John French, p. 148, 29 August 1914.

  "Louder and louder": Lt. E. L. Spears, quoted in Macdonald 1, p. 90. Spears was liaison officer to the nearby French forces.

  "The Germans just fell": Trumpeter J. Naylor, 3rd Division, Royal Field Artillery, quoted in Macdonald 1, p. 116.

  "It is with keen admiration": Despard Diary, 10 September 1914.

  [>] "your heathery hair": Collette Malleson to Russell, 2 October 1916, quoted in Ronald W. Clark, p. 308.

  "seemed almost to give": Malleson in Ralph Schoenman, ed., Bertrand Russell: Philosopher of the Century (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967), p. 20, quoted in Ronald W. Clark, p. 329.

  "tortured by patriotism": Russell 1, pp. 6–7.

  "this war is trivial": Russell 2, pp. 13–14.

  [>] "swept away in a red blast": Russell to Lucy Donnelly, 22 August 1914, quoted in Vellacott, p. 10.

  "One by one": Bertrand Russell, "Some Psychological Difficulties of Pacifism in Wartime," in Julian Bell, p. 329.

  9. THE GOD OF RIGHT WILL WATCH THE FIGHT

  [>] "He and his officers": The businessman was my father, an executive of the American Metal Company. Harold K. Hochschild to George F. Kennan, 2 January 1964.

  "A French businessman": Alan Clark, p. 22.

  "Gentlemen, no stealing": A. G. Gardiner, The War Lords (London: Dent, 1915), p. 133.

  [>] "cases of light wounds": Stone, p. 169.

  "The enemy has luck": Alfred Knox, With the Russian Army, 1914–1917: Being Chiefly Extracts from the Diary of a Military Attaché, vol. 1 (London: Hutchinson, 1921), p. 74.

  [>] the Russians lost: Rutherford, p. 59.

  [>] "The Russian Steam-Roller": Ernest Shackleton, South: The Story of Shackleton's Last Expedition, 1914–1917 (New York: Macmillan, 1920), p. xv.

  "I would not be out": Trevor Wilson, p. 111.

  "Come, leave the lure": Times, 24 November 1914.

  [>] "he's rather like": Kipling to Dunsterville, 24 February 1915, Pinney, vol. 4, p. 287.

  120 "Charge lads": Cecil, p. 254.

  left dozens of Grenadier Guardsmen": Macdonald 1, p. 266.

  "terribly distressed": Cecil, p. 245.

  "I have every reliance": Cecil, p. 245.

  [>] "It is only a rumour": Violet Cecil to Col. R. G. Gordon Gilmour, 1 October 1914, quoted in Craster, p. 63.

  "Mr. Roosevelt is asking": Holt, p. 63.

  "She dying daily": Kipling to Andrew Macphail, 5 October 1914, quoted in Cecil, p. 246.

  [>] "I don't feel as if": Cecil, p. 248.

  [>] "the spade will be": French to George V, 2 October 1914, quoted in Holmes, p. 241.

  "In my opinion": French to Kitchener, 21 October 1914, quoted in Holmes, p. 246.

  "The little fool": Sir Henry Wilson Diary, 10 December 1914, quoted in Cassar, p. 187.

  [>] "When immediately in front": M. Kranzberg and C. W. Pursell, eds., Technology in Western Civilisation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 499, quoted in Ellis 1, p. 54.

  "I saw trees as large": E. Alexander Powell, quoted in Gilbert, p. 67.

  [>] "It is all the best fun": "Grenfell, Julian Henry Francis," in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online), accessed 9 March 2010.

  [>] "enraptured by being": French to Winifred Bennett, 5 March 1915, quoted in Holmes, p. 277.

  "in an entirely private": French to Kitchener, 14 May 1915, quoted in Holmes, p. 289.

  "Too many whores": General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien, quoted in Holmes, p. 380n51.

  "Grave opened George": Cecil, p. 251.

  "thrown like carrion": Cecil, p. 251.

  "You and I can't talk": Cecil, p. 252.

  [>] "every troop or regiment": George Lansbury, Sixty-four, Ninety-four, quoted in Caroline Playne, Society at War, 1914–1916 (Boston:
Houghton Mifflin, 1931), p. 58.

  [>] "Suddenly from the enemy": Vorwärts, January 1915, quoted in Brown and Seaton, p. 90.

  "The Germans came out": Anonymous, Times, 2 January 1915.

  [>] played games of soccer: Although there are no photographs of these games among those of the truce, Brown and Seaton, pp. 142–147, consider the various pieces of evidence and conclude that some kicking about of soccer balls, both real and makeshift, did take place.

  "We marked the goals": Brown and Seaton, p. 145.

  "Have you no German": Weintraub, p. 71.

  "Soldiers should have": Field-Marshal Viscount French of Ypres, 1914 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1919), quoted in Brown and Seaton, p. 166.

  "Why are men who can": Merthyr Pioneer, 9 January 1915.

  10. THIS ISN'T WAR

  [>] "county men of position": Field-Marshal Viscount French of Ypres, 1914 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1919), p. 301.

  [>] "at some points in the trench": Blunden, pp. 11, 49.

  "Spent the morning": Macdonald 2, p. 19.

  [>] "I've a little wet home": Macdonald 2, p. 29.

  "This afternoon we went": Times, 23 January 1915.

  [>] "thinks he may be": French Diary, 8 March 1915, quoted in Holmes, p. 274.

  "The Germans were shooting": Macdonald 2, p. 102.

  [>] "the defeat of the enemy": John French, The Despatches of Lord French (London: Chapman & Hall, 1917), p. 23, quoted in Holmes, p. 272.

  "If these two had": Haig 1, 11 April 1915, pp. 114–115.

  [>] "the peace-at-any-price crowd": Minneapolis Daily News, 30 March 1915, quoted in Purvis 1, p. 274.

  "It is unthinkable": Sunday Pictorial, 11 April 1915, quoted in Purvis 1, p. 274.

  [>] "The chaps were all": Sgt. Bill Hay, 9th Battalion, Royal Scots, quoted in Livesey, p. 66.

  "Germany has stooped": Gilbert, p. 145.

  [>] "were not at present normal": 15 May 1915, WO 106/1519; R.H.K. Butler to GOC First Army, November 1915; Robertson to Haig, 14 January 1916; all quoted in Travers, p. 98n7.

  "I don't know what": Viscount Grey of Fallodon, Twenty-five Years, 1892–1916, vol. 2 (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1925), p. 72.

  [>] "Come on, Jocks": Trevor Wilson, p. 144.

  "Precious documents": Wigram to Lady Haig, 28 September 1916, quoted in Denis Winter, p. 234.

  "Take and shoot two": Haig to Lady Haig, 10 April 1915, quoted in De Groot 1, p. 184.

  [>] "break thro' this": French to Winifred Bennett, 24 May 1915, quoted in Holmes, p. 294.