The Sense of Reality: Studies in Ideas and their History (London, 1996: Chatto and Windus; New York, 1997: Farrar, Straus and Giroux):
Introduction by Patrick Gardiner
The Sense of Reality
Political Judgement
Philosophy and Government Repression
Socialism and Socialist Theories
Marxism and the International in the Nineteenth Century
The Romantic Revolution: A Crisis in the History of Modern Thought
Artistic Commitment: A Russian Legacy
Kant as an Unfamiliar Source of Nationalism
Rabindranath Tagore and the Consciousness of Nationality
Readers who wish to explore the many pieces not yet collected in volume form should consult the complete bibliography of Berlin’s writings by Henry Hardy, who has compiled and edited all the volumes published from 1978 onwards (jointly, in the case of Russian Thinkers, with Aileen Kelly). This bibliography appears in its currently most up-to-date published form in the 1991 impression of the Oxford University Press paperback edition of Against the Current. Those interested in Berlin’s unpublished lectures and broadcasts will find recordings of a number of them, including his 1965 Mellon Lectures on romanticism, at the National Sound Archive in London: the experience of listening to him speaking is highly recommended.
Writings about Berlin
The list of publications stimulated by Berlin’s ideas is growing steadily, in many languages. Here I confine myself to publications in English.
Three collections have been published in his honour:
Alan Ryan (ed.), The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin (Oxford and New York, 1979: Oxford University Press)
Avishai Margalit and others, On the Thought of Isaiah Berlin: Papers Presented in Honour of Professor Sir Isaiah Berlin on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday (Jerusalem, 1990: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities) (a 45-page pamphlet)
Edna and Avishai Margalit (eds), Isaiah Berlin: A Celebration (London, 1991: Hogarth Press; Chicago, 1991: University of Chicago Press)
Three book-length studies of Berlin’s thought have so far appeared in English:
Robert Kocis, A Critical Appraisal of Sir Isaiah Berlin’s Political Philosophy (Lewiston, NY, etc., 1989: Edwin Mellen Press)
Claude J. Galipeau, Isaiah Berlin’s Liberalism (Oxford, 1994: Clarendon Press), with a specially valuable bibliography
John Gray, Isaiah Berlin (London, 1995: HarperCollins; New York, 1996: Princeton University Press; paperback, retitled Berlin, London, 1995: Fontana Modern Masters)
Among the many uncollected articles on Berlin, or on topics treated by him, the following may be of special interest:
Arnaldo Momigliano, ‘On the Pioneer Trail’ (review of Vico and Herder), New York Review of Books, 11 November 1976, 33–8
Patrick Gardiner, review of Vico and Herder in History and Theory 16 (1977), 45–51
Bhikhu Parekh, ‘Isaiah Berlin’, chapter 2 in his Contemporary Political Thinkers (Oxford, 1982: Martin Robertson)
Roger Hausheer, ‘Berlin and the Emergence of Liberal Pluralism’, in Pierre Manent and others, European Liberty: Four Essays on the Occasion of the 25th Anniversary of the Erasmus Prize Foundation (The Hague etc., 1983: Martinus Nijhoff)
John Gray, ‘On Negative and Positive Liberty’, chapter 4 in Liberalisms: Essays in Political Philosophy (London and New York, 1989: Routledge)
Eric Mack, ‘Isaiah Berlin and the Quest for Liberal Pluralism’, Public Affairs Quarterly 7 No 3 (July 1993), 215–30
George Crowder, ‘Pluralism and Liberalism’, Political Studies 42 (1994), 293–305 (reply by Berlin and Bernard Williams, ibid., 306–9)
Michael Walzer, ‘Are there limits to liberalism?’ (review of John Gray, Isaiah Berlin), New York Review of Books, 19 October 1995, 28–31
Ian Harris, ‘Isaiah Berlin: Two Concepts of Liberty’, in Murray Forsyth and Maurice Keens-Soper (eds), The Political Classics: Green to Dworkin (Oxford and New York, 1996: Oxford University Press)
In addition, many of the articles critical of ‘Historical Inevitability’ and ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’ are mentioned in Berlin’s long and masterly introduction to Four Essays on Liberty.
Finally, there is a valuable book of interviews with Berlin:
Ramin Jahanbegloo, Conversations with Isaiah Berlin (London, 1992: Peter Halban; New York, 1992: Scribner’s)
1 Reprinted here in a shorter version: see p. xix above.
2 An earlier version of ‘Socialism and Socialist Theories’.
INDEX
Compiled by Douglas Matthews
The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.
Abakumov, V. S., 536
Abyssinia, 629
Accursius, 319n
Acton, John E. E. Dalberg Acton, 1st Baron, 176, 239, 356
Adamovich, Georgy Victorovich, 543
Adrastea (periodical), 376
Aeschylus, 491
aesthetics: and ideas, 64
Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse, 296, 319
Agesilaus, 288, 296
Agrippa, Cornelius, 244, 331
Akhmatova, Anna Andreevna: post-war status, 526–7; appreciates Hemingway, 530; as 19th-century writer, 532; on Pasternak, 533, 534n, 535–6, 546, 549–50; on Chekhov, 539, 548; I. Berlin meets, 539, 540–52; praises Dostoevsky, 539, 546; translations, 547–8; in Oxford, 548; reputation, 552; Cinque, 547; The Grey-Eyed King, 546; Poem Without a Hero, 544–5, 547, 550; Requiem, 526, 544–5; A Visit to the Poet, 546
Akhsharumov, Dmitry, 441, 460, 465
Aksakov, Sergey Timofeevich, Ivan Sergeevich and Konstantin Sergeevich, 532
Alberti, Leon Battista, 320
Alcibiades, 34, 614
Alderisio, Felice, 272, 321n
Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’, 134, 245, 346, 359, 366, 489, 562
Alexander I, Tsar, 448, 452–3, 486, 521
Alexander II, Tsar, 513–14
Alexander the Great, 51, 141, 168, 336, 373
Alfieri, Vittorio, 273
algebra, 86
Ambrose, St, 207n
anabaptists, 328
Anarchists, 220
Anaxagoras, 3
ancients and moderns controversy, 351, 365
Andronikova, Salomé, 543
Annan, Noel, xxv
Annenkov, Pavel Vasil’evich, 439, 505
Annensky, Innokenty Fedorovich, 532, 546, 551
Annunzio, Gabriele d’, 473
Anrep, Boris, 543
Anti-Fascist Congress, Paris (1935), 528
Antigone, 11
Antiphon, 244
Antoni, Carlo: Lo storicismo, 362n
Apion, 589
Aquinas, St Thomas: and human purpose, 71; and free will, 100; and moral responsibility, 159n; and Machiavelli, 278; and necessity, 310; and unalterable human nature, 347, 350; doctrines, 367; on man as social, 417; Maistre praises, 489
Aragon, Louis, 528, 538
archaeology: extrapolation in, 25
Archilochus, 436
Aristotelians: and science of politics, 69, 71; and cosmic design, 178
Aristotle: and causation theory, xxvi, 99; on history, 17, 34, 614; and human purpose, 67, 71, 314; biology, 86; political philosophy, 86–7; on self-fulfilment, 92; and knowledge, 98; on different human institutions, 244, 247; on wicked, 270; and Machiavelli, 278, 298, 300, 306, 384; and moral values, 297; ethics, 309n; and single world-structure, 313, 392, 553; on society as organism, 364; and social units, 380, 417, 586; and isolated man, 384; historical place, 399; as ‘fox’, 437; Politics, 294, 319
Arkhipenko, A., 525
Arminius, 369, 407
Arndt, Ernst Moritz, 376n, 399, 593–4
Arnim, Achim von, 574, 576
Arnold, Gottfried, 363
Aron, Raymond, 602
art: Herder on
commitment in, 417–23; objective standards in, 559
asceticism (self-denial), 211
Aseev, Nikolay Nikolaevich, 531, 550
Asquith, Herbert Henry, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, 612
astronomy, 26, 63
Astruc, Jean, 365
Athens: Machiavelli on, 287, 291, 303, 307, 312; achievements, 336; and Roman law, 354; Herder admires, 409; see also Greece (ancient)
Attila the Hun, 141
Auden, Wystan Hugh, 528, 530, 628
Auerbach, Erich, 356n
Anfklärung see Enlightenment
Augustine, St, 270, 341, 494, 562
Augustus Caesar, 336
authority: in political theory, 64–5; objective, 70; and liberty, 71–2, 220, 234, 237, 305; and law, 75; obedience to, 78; choice and acceptance of, 231–3; opposed by romantics, 264–5; Maistre on, 266–8, 482–3, 497; and nationalism, 596
autocracy: and liberty, 201, 211 & n
autonomy see self-determination
Auvergne, Pierre d’, 319
axioms, 60
Ayer, Alfred Jules, 100, 141n, 156
Babbitt, Irving, 87
Babel’, Isaac Emmanuilovich., 528
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 8
Bacon, Francis: Utopianism, 136–7, 557, 558; and Machiavelli, 276, 285; and unified reality, 328; and scientific method, 329, 334; and myths, 351n
Baglioni, Giovanpaolo, 300, 303, 311, 321n
Bagration, Prince Petr Ivanovich, 448
Bagritsky, Eduard Georgievich (pseudonym of Eduard Georgievich Dzyubin), 550
Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich: and destructive forces, 138; reads Hegel, 505; and 1848 revolutions, 506; reputation, 514; and Herzen, 515n, 516, 518; social predictions, 584
Baldwin, Stanley, 611
Balzac, Honoré de, 437, 579
Baratynsky, Evgeny Abramovich, 532, 550
Barnard, Frederick M., 374n
Baron, Hans, 300
Barrès, Maurice, 155, 496
Bartenev, Victor V., 473
Batteux, abbé Charles, 262, 389, 418n
Baudelaire, Charles, 550, 579
Baudoin, François, 333
Bayle, Pierre, 331, 337, 365, 408
Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de, 454
Beaverbrook, William Maxwell Aitken, 1st Baron, 612
Beckett, Samuel, 579
Beerbohm, Max, 614
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 8
behaviour, human: understanding of, 42–5, 52–3, 84; and rationality, 92–4; compulsive and uncontrollable, 93–4, 97, 101–2; and outside forces, 95–7, 99–100, 150–3, 160–1; and self-determination, 99–102, 105–6, 135, 140, 146–9; and individual character and endeavour, 122–3
belief: understanding of, 89
Belinsky, Vissarion, 197, 440, 500, 502, 505, 552
Bell, The (Kolokol; periodical), 513–14, 523
Bellamy, Edward, 557
Bellarmino, Roberto F. R., Cardinal, 310
Belloc, Hilaire, 143, 163
Bely, Andrey (pseudonym of Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev), 529, 531, 549
Bengel, Johann Albrecht, 253
Ben-Gurion, David, xii
Bennett, Arnold, 441n, 451, 614
Bennigsen, General Levin August T., Count, 450
Bentham, Jeremy: on human relationships, 75; mocks natural law, 79; Marx rejects political morality, 81; on human enslavement to passions, 209; on liberty, 219n; on law as restraint, 220; on individual interests, 242n; Mill criticises, 318; and Machiavelli, 320; doctrines, 367, 574; rationalism, 583
Berenson, Bernard, 119
Bergson, Henri, 72, 251, 261, 459
Berkeley, George, Bishop, 330, 382n
Berlin, Isaiah: ideas and principles, ix–xv, xxiv–xxxvi; background, xxiii–xxiv; at British Embassy in Moscow, 525, 527; meets Pasternak, 527–31, 533, 536–8, 552; meets Akhmatova, 539, 540–52
Bernal, John Desmond, 328
Bible: on wicked, 270; criticisms of, 365; metaphor in, 404; emotion in, 558
Biryukov, Pavel Ivanovich, 439n, 441, 478n
Bismarck, Prince Otto von, xiv, 22, 50, 183, 619, 633
Blackwell, Thomas, the younger, 365, 389
Blake, William: radical protest in, 257, 421; attacks constrictions of science, 259–60, 573; on knowledge, 496
blame see praise and blame
Blanc, Louis, 507, 515
Blok, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 437, 529, 531, 533, 546, 549–50, 614
Boccalini, Traiano, 276
Bodin, Jean: on freedom and obedience, 72; on family and political life, 75; on universal truths, 244; on Machiavelli, 279; and cultural history, 333, 351–2, 355, 362
Bodmer, Johann Jacob, 362–3, 389
Boeckh, August, 355
Bogoslovsky, E. I., 439n
Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas, 262, 330, 389, 418n
Bollandists, 330
bon sens, le, 327, 338, 428
Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, vicomte de, 264, 267–8, 592
Bonnard, Pierre, 532
Borgia, Cesare, Duke of Valentino, 273, 284, 296, 299
Borodino, Battle of (1812), 448–9, 455
Bosanquet, Bernard H., 221
Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne: and social activities, 19; on objective march of history, 126, 428; and structure of history, 181, 410; on Christian achievement, 336, 364; on social group, 586
Botkin, Vasily Petrovich, 440, 442
Boulainvilliers, Henri, comte de, 333, 363, 407, 430n
Bowra, Maurice, 540
Boyer, Paul, 472
Boyle, Robert, 51
Bradley, Francis Herbert, 110, 221
Brandeis, Louis D., 189n
Braque, Georges, 532
Breitinger, Johann Jacob, 355, 362–3, 389
Brinton, Crane, 219n
Britten, Benjamin, 412
Brodsky, Joseph, 549
Bruni, Leonardo, 355
Brutus, Marcus Junius, 288, 307
Bryusov, Valery Yakovlevich, 531
Büchner, Georg, 121, 264, 493
Buckle, Henry Thomas: materialism, 19, 366; and science of history, 20, 21n, 34, 37, 39, 355–6; and unified reality, 328; Tolstoy criticises, 458, 469; History of Civilization in England, 21n
Budé, Guillaume, 333
Bukharin, Nikolay Ivanovich, 209n, 534
Bunin, Ivan Alekseevich, 530, 532
Burckhardt, Jakob, 278, 301, 356, 380n, 585
Burd, L., 274–5
Burke, Edmund: metaphors, 76; and patterns of history,155; on individual in society, 198, 219, 228, 232n, 242n, 569; on compromise, 240; anti-intellectualism, 251, 256; on society as organism, 364, 591–2; opposes Enlightenment, 380, 394; and Herder, 393, 428; on understanding, 460; and knowledge, 496; on nature, 564; conservatism, 568; attacks hypocrisy, 596
Burton, Sir Richard, 402
Bury, John Bagnell, x
Butler, Joseph: Fifteen Sermons, 127n
Butterfield, Herbert: on ‘human predicament’, 158, 160n, 162n; on Machiavelli, 186, 275
Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron, 8n, 262, 264, 572–3; Don Juan, 543
Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges, 487
Cabet, Étienne, 137, 517, 557
Caesar, Julius, 51, 141, 288, 373, 634
Calepio, Count Pietro, 362
Callicles, 270
Calvin, Jean, 562
Camillus, 296
Campanella, Tommaso, 137, 557
Camus, Albert, 530
capitalism: and nationalism, 588
Capponi, Gino: Storia della repubblica di Firenze, 321n
Caprariis, Vittorio de, 274
Carducci, Giosuè, 579
Carlyle, Thomas: and creative spirit, xii, 72; and abstract forces in history, 125; historical view, 159, 356; and authoritarianism, 222; anti-rationalism, 261, 328; on lifelessness of modern man, 395; influence on Germans, 400; and knowledge, 496; Herzen meets, 516; on Muhammad, 573; on heroes, 574; repelled by rational order, 583
Carneades, 270, 317, 4
25
Carpaccio, Vittorio, 609
Carr, Edward Hallett, x, 157n, 162n, 508n
Carritt, E. F., 116
Cassirer, Ernst, 273–4, 275n, 277n
Castelar, Emilio, 511n
Cathars, 328
Catherine II (the Great), Empress of Russia, 445, 502
Catholic Church see Roman Catholic Church
Catullus, 558
causation, xxvi, 99–101; see also determinism
Cesarotti, Melchior, 362, 365
Chaadaev, Petr Yakovlevich, 551
Chabod, Federico, 274, 297, 299
Chagall, Marc, 525
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 125
Chamberlain, Neville, 615
Chamisso, Adelbert von, 575
Charlemagne, Emperor, 187, 373
Charron, Pierre, 244, 331
Chateaubriand, François René, vicomte de, 264, 496
Châtelet, Gabrielle Emile, marquise du, 335
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 421
Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich, 423, 437, 533, 539, 545
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gerasimovich, 14, 469, 557
Chertkov, Vladimir Grigor’evich, 521n
Chesterton, Gilbert Keith, 495, 614
children: and obedience, 218, 220; compulsory education of, 240
China: Voltaire on, 362
choice (individual): and freedom, xxvii, 95–7, 100–1, 105–8, 111, 116, 141n, 203, 205; and march of history, 128, 140, 141n, 145–6; and responsibility, 141n, 147; and determinism, 149, 186–7; under threat, 202n; freedom of, 239, 456, 458, 471; of values, 242; Kant and, 433; Tolstoy disbelieves in, 456, 458, 485, 489–90
Christian Democrats, 85
Christianity: and revealed truth, 4; virtues, 7; Machiavelli and values of, 289–94, 297–9, 306, 308, 309n, 310–12, 312–3; and unity of world, 313; and rise of science, 329; Herder on, 372, 397n; mysticism, 382n
Chrysippus, 99–101
Chukovskaya, Lydia, 526
Churchill, Randolph, 541–2
Churchill, Sir Winston: qualities, xii, xiv, xxxv, 614, 616–22, 627; and Akhmatova, 542; prose style, 606–10, 619, 626–7; historical imagination, 608–9, 614–17, 621, 625; beliefs and principles, 610–13, 625; relations with Roosevelt, 613–17, 619, 622, 624–6; and American viewpoint, 624
Cicero: and free will, 100; as lawyer, 142; on Carneades, 270; Machiavelli and, 283, 295, 300, 309; and political method, 319; Herder on, 404n; on man as social, 417; disparages Jews, 589
The Proper Study of Mankind Page 88