17 But with the benefit: Todd (1997), 249.
18 For Monod, who admired: H. F. Judson, “Transcript of Interview with Jacques Monod, December 1975,” Judson Collection, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
19 The other guests who enjoyed: Melvin Cohn, e-mail to author, January 5, 2010. The date of the dinner is not known.
20 “My dear Monod”: Letter, A. Camus to J. Monod, private archives, December 21, 1949. Monod family.
21 Oleksandr Bogomoletz was a Ukrainian scientist: Lawrence and Weisz (1998), 266.
22 Stalin named Bogomoletz: Time, January 17, 1944.
23 The June 1949 issue: Lawrence and Weisz (1998), 268.
24 A Jacques Monod: Jacques Monod’s copy of Actuelles I, private archives, Monod family, inscription courtesy of Olivier Monod.
CHAPTER 21: A NEW BEGINNING
1 Jacob had been named: “Présentation de l’Ordre de la Libération,” Ordre de la Libération, http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_doc/1_1_presentation.html.
2 At one meeting: Jacob (1988), 212.
3 Jacob thought it was incredible: Ibid., 209.
4 He was astonished: Ibid., 32.
5 He then went to the director: Ibid., 210–11.
6 He went to see Monod: Ibid., 211–12; Judson (1979), 385.
7 Lwoff pondered Jacob: Judson (1979), 385.
8 “We have just found”: Jacob (1988), 213.
9 The attic was cramped: Ibid., 214–33.
10 “like a cross between”: Ibid., 227.
11 “Call me what you like”: Ibid., 229.
12 “You should go”: Ibid., 244.
13 He gave himself five years: Ibid., 244–51.
14 “chatting across the death mask”: Cohn, as quoted in Ullmann (2003), 102.
15 Cohn and Monod developed: Monod, Cohen-Bazire, and Cohn (1951).
16 Monod’s team found: Cohn, as quoted in Ullmann (2003), 96–97.
17 “had been answered with experimental”: Ibid., 97.
18 The phenomenon was renamed: Cohn et al. (1953), 1096.
19 Among many measures: “1950s: International Security Act of 1950,” Documents of American History II, http://tucnak.fsv.cuni.cz/~calda/Documents/1950s/Inter_Security_50.html.
20 “In view especially”: Letter, J. Monod to American Consul R. Clyde Larkin, June 4, 1951, MON. Pol. 06, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
21 Monod’s letter was subsequently published: Monod (1952).
CHAPTER 22: REBELS WITH A CAUSE
1 One evening, the two met: J. Daniel, Le Nouvel Observateur, January 30, 1987, 22. The date of the dinner is not known, but Daniel’s reference to Monod’s visa problems and the date of Monod’s letter to the American consul allow the inference that the date was May–June 1951.
2 “What is a rebel”: “Remarque sur la Révolte,” in Camus (1945), 9–23.
3 “transcends the individual”: Ibid.
4 “the solidarity of man”: Camus (1956), 18.
5 “All modern revolutions”: Ibid., 177.
6 “The greatest revolution”: Ibid., 240.
7 “the dictatorship of”: Ibid., 232.
8 “contrives the acceptance”: Ibid., 233.
9 “the concentration camp system”: Ibid., 238.
10 “dialogue and personal relations”: Ibid., 239–40.
11 “the ration coupon”: Ibid., 240.
12 “The answer is easy”: Ibid.
13 “There remains of Marx’s”: Ibid., 222–23.
14 “Prophecy functions on”: Ibid., 189.
15 “postpones to a point”: Ibid., 303.
16 “real generosity to the future”: Ibid., 304.
17 Well after his Combat article: J. Monod, “Les Positions Scientifiques,” unpublished manuscript, MON. Pol. 01, item 2, Fonds Monod, SAIP. This manuscript, in examining the role of chance in nature, undoubtedly planted seeds for what was to emerge two decades later in Monod’s Chance and Necessity.
18 “In ridding our science”: Ibid.
19 “not only that all”: Ibid.
20 And indeed, following: Graham (1964).
21 Monod attributed the denial: Ibid., 30.
22 “To make Marxism scientific”: Camus (1956), 221–22.
23 “has also had to rewrite”: Ibid., 236–37.
24 “Rebellion indefatigably confronts evil”: Ibid., 303.
25 rebellion “in moderation”: Ibid., 301.
26 “When revolution in the name”: Ibid., 305.
27 “complicity so intense”: J. Daniel, Le Nouvel Observateur, January 30, 1987.
28 The two rebels: Note language of letter from Camus to Monod in November 1957. See prologue, this page.
29 “à Jacques Monod cette réponse”: J. Monod, personal copy of A. Camus L’Homme révolté, private archives, Monod family, inscription courtesy of Olivier Monod [underscore in original].
CHAPTER 23: TAKING SIDES
1 “Let’s shake hands”: Todd (1997), 305.
2 In Le Figaro Littéraire: Lottman (1979), 496.
3 Le Monde agreed: Ibid.
4 “More than the coming”: Ibid., 497.
5 The book sold: Todd (1997), 305.
6 Jeanson, like Sartre: Lottman (1979), 500–501; Todd (1997), 307; Aronson (2004), 135–36.
7 A short time later: Lottman (1979), 501.
8 Jeanson mockingly questioned: Translation in Sartre and Camus (2004), 79–80.
9 “incoherent”—a “pseudophilosophical”: Translation in ibid., 101.
10 “the privileges of”: Translation in ibid., 202.
11 Sartre’s secretary let Camus know: Todd (1997), 307.
12 “Dear Editor, I will”: A. Camus, “A Letter to the Editor of Les Temps Modernes,” in Sartre and Camus (2004), 107.
13 “A loyal and wise critic”: Ibid., 116.
14 “In it I have found”: Ibid., 118.
15 “I am beginning”: Ibid., 126.
16 “the revolutionary living”: Sartre (1969), 10.
17 “the USSR wants peace”: Ibid., 13.
18 “My Dear Camus”: J.-P. Sartre, “Reply to Albert Camus,” in Sartre and Camus (2004), 131–32.
19 “The mixture of dreary”: Ibid., 132.
20 “You do us the honor”: Ibid., 133.
21 “Perhaps the Republic”: Ibid., 137.
22 “Suppose you were wrong”: Ibid., 139.
23 “You have been for us”: Ibid., 147–48.
24 In 1944, Camus had been: Ibid., 155.
25 “I have said what you meant”: Ibid., 158.
26 The newspaper headlines heralded: Todd (1997), 312.
27 “The Sartre-Camus Break”: Lottman (1979), 506.
28 “Sartre, the man”: Camus (2008), 50.
29 “I am anguished by Paris”: Todd (1997), 311.
30 “At this point, the least sentence”: Ibid., 313.
31 “Immediately after the attack”: Ibid., 314.
32 “Leftist intellectuals”: Ibid.
33 “The core of the problem”: Lottman (1979), 512.
34 “Nuptials at Tipasa”: All passages quoted here are from Albert Camus, “Return to Tipasa,” in Camus (1991a). The essay was completed and published initially in 1953 in the first issue of the Algerian review Terrasses, edited by Jean Sénac (H. Nacer-Khodja, A. Camus, and J. Sénac, Albert Camus, Jean Sénac, ou Le Fils rebelle 50), then published again in a compilation of Camus’s essays entitled L’Été, published in 1954 (this quote 196).
35 “And under the glorious”: “Return to Tipasa,” in Camus (1991a), 200–201.
36 “one by one the imperceptible”: Ibid., 201.
37 “Je redecouvrais à Tipaza”: Ibid., 202.
38 “bucked up and calmed”: Todd (1997), 314.
39 “I have returned to Europe”: “Return to Tipasa,” in Camus (1991a), 202–3.
40 “à Jacques Monod”: J. Monod, personal copy of A. Camus L’Été, private archives, Monod family,
inscription courtesy of Olivier Monod.
CHAPTER 24: THE ATTIC
1 “There is an element”: Camus (1965), 37.
2 Arriving before most: Jacob (1988), 241–42.
3 The observation dated back decades: Holmes (2006), 123–24.
4 He first studied thirty strains: Jacob (1988), 234–35.
5 “The French don’t live like this”: S. Benzer, interview by Heidi Aspaturian, Pasadena, California, September 1990–February 1991, Oral History Project, California Institute of Technology Archives, http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Benzer_S, 32–33.
6 “Did you ever try tétine de vache”: Benzer, interview, 42.
7 His parents, Eugène and Elisabeth: “Elie Wollman (1917–2008) Notice biographique,” Institut Pasteur, http://www.pasteur.fr/infosci/archives/wol0.html.
8 His godfather and namesake: “Ilya Mechnikov—Biography,” Nobel Prize, http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/mechnikov.html; Jacob (1988), 243.
9 Eugène and Elisabeth Wollman were in fact: A. Lwoff, in Comité à la mémoire des savants français (1959), 133–45; Jacques Tréfouël, statement of March 28, 1945, testimony for La Cour de Justice, Fonds Tréfouël, SAIP.
10 After the war: A. Ullmann, e-mail to author, April 13, 2012.
11 “as much as had being part”: Jacob (1988), 274.
12 “a revenge on the war”: Ibid., 271–72.
13 “No sir, I am not”: Benzer, Interivew, 40.
14 Convinced by Oswald Avery’s original evidence: Watson (1969), 73–74.
15 The results indicated: Jacob (1988), 264; Judson (1979), 131–32.
16 What was the nature: Jacob (1988), 253, 254.
17 All of the top phage scientists: Ibid., 263–65.
18 The truth was: Watson (1969), 89–90.
19 Watson prudently borrowed: Ibid., 90.
20 “membership card to the club”: Jacob (1988), 263.
21 After struggling for many months: Watson (1969), 123–26.
22 Although Watson did not: James D. Watson, phone interview, March 27, 2012.
23 It was not until six weeks later: Jacob (1988), 269.
24 “All this could not be false”: Ibid., 271.
25 “one of the oldest problems”: Ibid.
26 Before returning to France: Ibid., 279.
CHAPTER 25: THE BLOOD OF THE HUNGARIANS
1 “Rise Magyar!”: S. Petöfi, “Talpra Magyar,” in E. Tappan, ed., The World’s Story: A History of the World in Story, Song, and Art (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), Vol. 6: Russia, Austria-Hungary, The Balkan States, and Turkey, 408–10; “Alexander Petofi: The National Song of Hungary, 1848,” Internet Modern History Sourcebook, http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1848hungary-natsong.asp.
2 “not a tactical move”: Khrushchev (1956), 38.
3 “certainty of the victory of communism”: Ibid., 40.
4 “the ending of the arms race”: Ibid., 33.
5 “to strengthen in every way”: Ibid., 13.
6 Khrushchev again took: “Speech to 20th Congress of the C.P.S.U.,” Nikita Khruschchev Reference Archive, http://www.marxists.org/archive/khrushchev/1956/02/24.htm.
7 Recounting the purges: Ibid.
8 “Our Party, armed”: Ibid.
9 “looked like a Hitlerjugend”: Agnes Ullmann, interview, Paris, August 19, 2010.
10 “The teaching was”: Ibid.
11 “It was absolutely unbelievable”: Ibid.
12 “You know, you told me once”: Ibid.
13 “It was a fabulous discovery”: Ullmann (2003), 199.
14 Adám’s trial: Lendvai (1998), 67.
15 “It was absolutely awful”: Agnes Ullmann, interview, Paris, August 19, 2010.
16 Between 1949 and 1953, an estimated 150,000: Pryce-Jones (1969), 43.
17 “Intellectuals must be esteemed”: Stillman (1958), 13.
18 “In sleepless nights”: Lendvai (1998), 81.
19 “anti-Party plot”: Pryce-Jones (1969), 57.
20 “The hundreds of thousands”: Lendvai (1998), 123.
21 “Poland Shows Us the Way”: Sebestyen (2006), 110.
22 “those who seek to instill”: Ibid., 117.
23 “Fascist and reactionary elements”: Pryce-Jones (1969), 71.
24 “without difficulty in a few hours”: Sebestyen (2006), 125.
25 “The soviet soldiers are risking their lives”: Ibid., 127.
26 80 freedom fighters were killed: Ibid., 136–37.
27 “The army, the state security forces”: Ibid., 138.
28 “there were people who did not get up”: Agnes Ullmann, interview, Paris, August 19, 2010.
29 “Every street was smashed”: Pryce-Jones (1969), 81.
30 “In consultation with the entire people”: UN General Assembly, Report of the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary, Official Records: Eleventh Session, Supplement No. 18 (A/3592), 83; “Sixteen Political, Economic, and Ideological Points, Budapest, October 22, 1956,” Modern History Sourcebook, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1956hungary-16points.asp.
31 “The Hungarian Government is initiating”: Pryce-Jones (1969), 86.
32 “the tremendous force”: Sebestyen (2006), 208.
33 “beginning a new chapter”: Ibid.
34 “It is nothing short of a miracle”: Judt (2005), 322.
35 “heroic and earth-shaking insurrection”: Lottman (1979), 589.
36 “glimmering fires of joy”: Le Figaro, October 31, 1956.
37 “violations and mistakes”: Sebestyen (2006), 199.
CHAPTER 26: REPRESSION AND REACTION
1 “If ten or so Hungarian writers”: Sebestyen (2006), 81.
2 “We should re-examine our assessment”: Mark Kramer, “The ‘Malin Notes’ on the Crisis in Hungary and Poland, 1956.” Cold War International History Project Bulletin (1957), 394.
3 “We’ll do it then”: Sebestyen (2006), 219.
4 “This is Imre Nagy speaking”: Pryce-Jones (1969), 105.
5 “This is the Hungarian Writers Association”: Ibid.
6 “SOS SOS SOS”: Time, November 12, 1956.
7 “If ever there was a time”: Ibid.
8 “interference with the internal affairs”: Ibid.
9 “desist forthwith from all attack”: “Resolution 1004 (ES-II) adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on the Situation in Hungary (4 November 1956),” in General Assembly Official Records, 6, accessed at European Navigator, http://www.ena.lu/resolution_1004_es_ii_adopted_united_nations_general_assembly_november_1956-2-1260.
10 “The Russians have given their answer”: The Times, London, November 5, 1956.
11 In their statement: L’Humanité, November 5, 1956.
12 “Liberate Budapest”: Bernard (1991), 73, trans. SBC.
13 thirty were wounded: Ibid., trans. SBC.
14 “fascist arsonists and vandals”: Ibid., 70, trans. SBC.
15 “You are the only communists”: Ibid., 71, trans. SBC.
16 “POETS, WRITERS, SCHOLARS”: Le Sueur (2001), 278.
17 “Our Hungarian brothers”: Camus, Quilliot, and Faucon (1965), 1778, trans. SBC.
18 “the genocide of which Hungary”: Ibid., trans. SBC.
19 “to demonstrate to the world”: Ibid., 1780, trans SBC.
20 “our Soviet friends”: Sartre (1974), 323; Aronson (2004), 200.
21 “the Party has manifested”: Macridis (1958), 630.
22 “I condemn absolutely”: Sartre (1957), 16.
23 “the intervention was a crime”: Ibid., 6.
24 “was made possible”: Ibid., 7.
25 “Regretfully but completely”: Aronson (2004), 201–2.
26 “gravest fault was probably Khrushchev’s report”: Sartre in L’Express, November 9, 1956. Translation based on Sa
rtre (1957), 14, and Birchall (2004), 163.
27 “to reveal the truth to the masses”: Sartre (1957), 15.
28 On November 28: Le Monde, November 29, 1956. Note: Many secondary sources in print incorrectly report the date of this event as November 23. However, primary sources reveal the event occurred on November 28.
29 “The only thing that I can publicly”: Camus, Quilliot, and Faucon (1965), 1780–82, trans. SBC.
30 More than 2,500 Hungarians: Sebastyen (2006), 277.
31 “Hungarian mothers”: Juhász (1999), 28.
32 Ullmann was in the third row: Agnes Ullmann, interview, Paris, August 19, 2010.
33 Obersovszky and Gáli were charged: “Hungarian Writers’ Resistance to the Government,” January 22, 1957, from the Evaluation and Research Section: Background Report, Hungarian Research, Open Society Archives, http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/29-4-179.shtml.
34 On December 11: Lomax (1982), 85.
35 Workers continued to rebel at factories: Ibid., 86.
36 In the spring of 1957: “Hungary–People Who Should Be Freed,” March 28, 1963, PTO, Open Society Archives, http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text_da/32-3-168.shtml.
37 Other friends also were arrested: Agnes Ullmann, interview, Paris, August 19, 2010.
38 Russian soldiers in armored personnel carriers: The Times, London, March 16, 1957.
39 The men arrested Erdös anyway: Agnes Ullmann, e-mail to author, December 14, 2010.
40 Sartre wrote a 120-page exposition: Les Temps Modernes, 129–31 (November–December 1956–January 1957): 577–97.
41 “None of the evils that totalitarianism”: Camus in Demain, February 21–27, 1957, translated in Camus (1974), 171.
42 “Communism appears to us”: Aronson (2004), 202.
43 “Foreign tanks, police”: Camus (1974), 158.
44 “all men of the left”: Birchall (2004), 165.
45 “There is no possible evolution”: Camus (1974), 161.
46 “the USSR is not imperialist”: Birchall (2004), 165.
47 “The defects of the West”: Ibid., 163.
48 “Our faith is that throughout the world”: Franc-Tireur, April 18, 1957; Camus (1974), 164.
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