41 “Absurde”: Time, January 18, 1960.
42 “A Conscience Against Chaos” and “The Best of Us”: Combat, January 5, 1960.
43 “a creed which calls on men”: New York Times, January 5, 1960.
44 “is one of the greatest losses”: Ibid.
45 “We shall recognize”: J.-P. Sartre, France-Observateur, January 7, 1960, published in Brée (1962), 173–75.
46 “an irreparable catastrophe”: G. Brée, New York Times, January 24, 1960.
47 “We are not just weeping”: New York Times, January 10, 1960.
48 “Je suis triste pour toi”: Letter, Kövesi to Monod, January 9, 1960, item 66, MON. Ser. 04, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
49 “The death of Camus”: Letter, Monod to Kövesi, January 14, 1960, item 67, MON. Ser. 04, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
CHAPTER 32: MESSENGERS
1 “Dear Jacques, There are good hopes”: Letter, Kövesi to Monod, February 15, 1960, MON. Ser. 04, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
2 “What would happen if the lion”: Brunerie (2008), 73, and Ullmann e-mail to author, March 7, 2011.
3 “A. and T.… now have experimental proof”: Letter, Monod to Kövesi, March 1, 1960, MON. Ser. 04, Fonds Monod SAIP.
4 “Would you let me know”: Letter, Monod to Kövesi, March 7, 1960, MON. Ser. 04, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
5 The results meant that: Riley et al. (1960).
6 To Jacob, it felt more like: Jacob (1988), 311.
7 “That’s when the penny dropped”: Judson (1979), 431.
8 Several minutes passed: Jacob (1988), 312.
9 In their frenzied reaction: Volkin and Astrachan (1956).
10 “once again, a creature”: Jacob (1988), 313.
11 “A possible model”: Judson (1979), 434.
12 “You know exactly”: Ibid., 435.
13 “I believe that your visit”: Letter, Ullmann to Monod, April 19, 1960, MON. Ser. 04, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
14 “I talked to one of my new friends”: Letter, Kövesi to Monod, April 29, 1960, MON. Ser. 04, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
15 “so that we can discuss”: Letter, Monod to Ullmann, May 5, 1960, MON. Ser. 04, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
16 In order to understand: Telegram, Monod to Kövesi, May 11, 1960; trip details in letter from Monod to Csapo, June 3, 1960, MON. Ser. 04, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
17 The collaboration entailed: Riley et al. (1960).
18 “Oh, let’s go and have a walk”: Agnes Ullmann, interview, Paris, August 20, 2010.
19 Monod and Erdös had never met: Tamás Erdös, interview by phone, January 14, 2011.
20 At the time, Hungary’s borders: Letter, Monod to Csapo, June 3, 1960, MON. Ser. 04, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
21 “Oh, I should like to have a look”: Agnes Ullmann, interview, Paris, August 20, 2010.
22 Along the shores of the Danube: Agnes Ullmann, e-mail to author, March 18, 2011.
23 In his lecture: Agnes Ullmann, interview, Paris, August 20, 2010.
24 “Our extractions, in particular”: Letter, Monod to Ullmann, June 3, 1960, MON. Ser. 04, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
25 “I hardly need to tell you”: Letter, Monod to Kövesi, June 3, 1960, MON. Ser. 04, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
26 “Also, may I mention”: Ibid.
27 In early June, Helm made a preliminary trip: Agnes Ullmann, e-mail to author, March 24, 2011.
28 Helm and his wife: Tamás Erdös, phone interview, January 14, 2011.
29 “I will not get in there”: Agnes Ullmann, interview, Paris, August 20, 2010.
30 “Don’t move”: Brunerie (2008), 83.
31 Helm closed the box: Agnes Ullmann, e-mail to author, March 24, 2011.
32 At the border, two customs officers: The journey across the border is reconstructed from Agnes Ullmann, interview, Paris, August 20, 2010; Tamás Erdös, phone interview, January 14, 2011; and Brunerie (2008), 78 and 82.
33 “You have organized something”: Brunerie (2008), 79.
CHAPTER 33: SYNTHESIS
1 “I don’t believe it”: Jacob (1988), 314; Judson (1979), 436.
2 It also did not help: Jacob (1988), 315.
3 “It’s the magnesium!”: Ibid., 317; and S. Brenner, “100—Using Magnesium to Compete with Caesium: Radioactive Coca-Cola,” Web of Stories, http://www.webofstories.com/play/13313?o=MS.
4 He and Jacob hurried back: S. Brenner, “100—Using Magnesium to Compete with Caesium: Radioactive Coca-Cola,” Web of Stories, http://www.webofstories.com/play/13313?o=MS.
5 They were rushing: Ibid.; Judson (1979), 439.
6 At the end of the run: S. Brenner, “101—Using Magnesium to Compete with Caesium: The Experiment,” Web of Stories, http://www.webofstories.com/play/13314?o=MS.
7 Nervously but skillfully: Jacob (1988), 317; Judson (1979), 440; S. Brenner, “101—Using Magnesium to Compete with Caesium: The Experiment,” Web of Stories, http://www.webofstories.com/play/13314?o=MS.
8 His task of obtaining French visas: Brunerie to Monod, June 27, 1960, MON. Ser. 04, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
9 “croissant of liberty”: Brunerie (2008), 82.
10 a succession of papers had appeared: At the same time Jacob and Brenner were conducting their experiments in Pasadena, Francois Gros was working in Jim Watson’s laboratory at Harvard also in pursuit of the RNA intermediate. The two groups eventually decided to publish their papers simultaneously in May 1961. See Brenner, Jacob, and Meselson (1961); Gros et al. (1961); and Kay (2000), 229.
11 The challenge of writing in English: Jacob (1988), 318.
12 The next morning, Monod asked Madeleine: Story and quotes of exchange concerning 1960 Nobel Prize is from Brunerie (2008), 62–63, 84–85.
13 “messenger RNA”: Jacob and Monod (1961), 350.
14 “to understand why”: Ibid., 354.
15 “anything found to be true”: Monod and Jacob (1961), 393.
CHAPTER 34: CAMUS IN A LAB COAT
1 “for their discoveries”: Brunerie (2008), 204.
2 “The beautiful and hard adventure”: Paris-Presse, October 16, 1965, trans. SBC.
3 It showed pictures: France-Soir, October 15, 1965.
4 Of the three, no one: Le Nouvel Observateur, October 20–26, 1965; MON. Bio. 08, item 2, Fonds Monod, SAIP. Note that sources regarding the date of the interview are in conflict; Jacob (1988) indicates the interview was the evening of October 14; Debré (1996) reports that the interview took place on October 20.
5 “Camus’s existentialism, in the widest sense”: J. Monod, Lire, November 1975, 243, trans. SBC.
6 “the proper response”: New York Times, January 6, 1960.
7 “Communists condemn”: Duchen (1994), 181.
8 an estimated 400,000 to 800,000 procedures: Time, July 21, 1961.
9 “Because of scientific and technical”: Letter, Monod, Jacob, and Lwoff to Dr. Lagroua Weill-Hallé, November 18, 1965, MON. Pol. 02, Fonds Monod, SAIP, trans. SBC.
10 “Many of our fellow citizens”: J. Monod in “La Contraception. Problèmes biologiques et psychologiques” by J. Dalsace and R. Palmer (1966), MON. Pol. 02, Fonds Monod, SAIP, trans. SBC.
11 “The Country of the rights of man”: J. Monod, speech to Le Comité Parisien Martin Luther King, Palais des Sports, Paris, March 28, 1966, MON. Mss. 02, Fonds Monod, SAIP, trans. SBC; H. Dufour; L’Express April 4–10, 1966, 78–79.
12 “Let us listen to the lesson”: J. Monod, speech at Cirque d’Hiver, April 9, 1968, in homage to Dr. Martin Luther King, MON. Mss. 02, Fonds Monod, SAIP, trans. SBC.
13 More than 20,000 protestors: “La Contestation: La Terrible Semaine Qu’a Vécue le Quartier Latin,” Ina.fr, http://www.ina.fr/economie-et-societe/education-et-enseignement/video/AFE86001191/la-contestation-la-terrible-semaine-qu-a-vecue-le-quartier-latin.fr.html.
14 In his inaugural interview: Le Nouvel Observateur, October 20–26, 1965, 2, MON. Bio. 08, item 2, Fo
nds Monod, SAIP.
15 “These so-called representatives”: Le Nouvel Observateur, May 15–21, 1968, 31, trans. SBC.
16 Monod telephoned Alfred Kastler: Kastler, “Les 07 et 08 mai,” Come4News, http://www.come4news.com/mai-68-suite-29-9995.
17 General de Gaulle: Telegram to de Gaulle, Fonds Monod, SAIP, trans. SBC.
18 The rector could not: Le Nouvel Observateur, May 15–21, 1968, 31.
19 Ullmann told Monod: Ullmann interview, Paris, August 20, 2010.
20 “Mr. Minister”: Le Nouvel Observateur, May 15–21, 1968, 31.
21 “Are you in agreement”: Kastler, “Les 07 et 08 mai,” Come4News, http://www.come4news.com/mai-68-suite-29-9995.
22 “In the present circumstances”: France Soir, May 12–13, 1968.
23 Early Saturday morning: G. Kopelowicz, bhikku, http://www.bhikku.net/lugworm/com-bhikku-ments.php?429.
24 Four hours of battle: Le Monde, May 12–13, 1968.
25 “The undersigned professors declare”: Le Nouvel Observateur, May 15–21, 1968, 31.
26 In the provinces: “Résumé Chronologieque Des Principaux Faits Touchant a L’Ordre Public Survenus Au Cours Des Mois de Mai-Juin 1968,” http://polices.mobiles.free.fr/documents/mai68.htm.
27 “prodigious and exceeded the imagination”: Le Nouvel Observateur, May 15–21, 1968, 30.
28 The student crisis: Time, May 24, 1968.
29 “Otherwise we will tumble”: Time, May 31, 1968.
30 “There comes a moment”: Le Monde, June 14, 1968; MON. Bio. 09, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
31 Monod and a few colleagues: Le Monde, May 15, 1968.
32 Sweeping reforms: “La loi d’orientation de l’enseignement supérieur,” November 12, 1968, http://guilde.jeunes-chercheurs.org/Textes/Txtfond/L68-978.html.
33 “They are crazy!”: Ullmann interview, Paris, August 20, 2010.
CHAPTER 35: CHANCE AND NECESSITY: SISYPHUS RETURNS
1 “Whenever objectivity”: Monod (1953), 319–20.
2 “There’s always the tendency”: J. Monod, interview with Gerald Leach in Paris, January 3, 1967, broadcast on the BBC February 1, 1967, transcript MON. Bio. 09, Fonds Monod, SAIP, 11.
3 “The most unnecessary science”: Ibid., 7.
4 “If we still thought”: Ibid., 12.
5 “Science has molded”: Ibid.
6 “The mind’s deepest desire”: Camus (1991a), 17.
7 “The urge, the anguish”: Monod (1969), 19.
8 “At that subtle moment”: Camus (1991a), 123.
9 “philosophical, religious, and political”: Monod (1971), xi.
10 “remained as if suspended”: Ibid.
11 “Thirty years ago”: Ibid.
12 “The ‘secret of life’ ”: Ibid., xii.
13 “everything existing in the universe”: Credited to Democritus, although scholars have not been able to locate such a phrase in any particular work by the ancient Greek philosopher.
14 “Drawn out of the realm”: Monod (1971), 118.
15 “man was the product”: Monod (1968), 27, trans. SBC.
16 “And, in any case”: Monod (1969), 24.
17 “this fundamental scientific result”: Monod (1968), 27, trans. SBC.
18 “Should he despair”: Ibid., 28, trans. SBC.
19 “We must despair”: Camus (1991a), 18.
20 “Each conquest of Science is a victory of the absurd”: Monod (1968), 27.
21 “In virtually all the mythic”: Monod (1969), 22.
22 “between Man and the Universe”: Ibid.
23 “the scientific approach”: Ibid., 24.
24 “It remained for modern Biology”: Ibid., 23.
25 “none of the gracious”: Ibid., 24.
26 “Society by definition”: Le Nouvel Observateur, October 20, 1965, 2, trans. SBC.
27 “Modern societies had accepted”: Monod (1971), 170.
28 “our societies are still”: Ibid., 171.
29 “a nauseating mixture”: Monod (1969), 24.
30 “They all lie”: Ibid., 25.
31 “Man must wake”: Monod (1971), 172–73. Alternative translation of parts of the original French by SBC.
32 “A world that can”: Camus (1991a), 6.
33 “heart open to”: Camus (1946), 32.
34 “this universe without”: Camus (1991a), 123.
35 “that he alone creates”: Monod (1969), 25.
36 “Of all the schools”: Camus (1991a), 115.
37 “the absurd joy”: Ibid., 93.
38 “authentic creation is a gift”: Camus (1991a), 212.
39 “And what other ultimate values”: Monod (1969), 26.
40 “A society that would”: Ibid., 27.
41 “A utopia. Perhaps”: Monod (1971), 180.
42 Le Hasard et La Necessité appeared: This date has been reported differently elsewhere, but no reviews appear before this date; the date cited here is from Le Figaro, November 3, 1970, 10, in MON. Bio. 12, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
43 Almost 200,000 copies: Atlantic Monthly, November 1970, 126, MON. Bio. 12, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
44 Foreign translations quickly followed: Monod Notes en bas de la page, MON. Bio. 12, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
45 The book garnered scores of reviews: The Economist, May 13, 1972; Atlantic Monthly, November 1971, 125–30; H. Kenner, LIFE, November 5, 1971, Newsweek, April 26, 1971, all MON. Bio. 12, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
46 Monod received two reviews in the New York Times: C. Lehmann-Haupt, New York Times, October 15, 1971; G. Steiner, New York Times, November 21, 1971, MON. Bio. 12, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
47 also published two interviews: J. C. Hess, New York Times, March 13, 1971; New York Times, November 8, 1971, MON. Bio. 12, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
48 “I read Jacques Monod”: Le Figaro, November 3, 1970; MON. Bio. 12, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
49 “Even the most cautious”: The Economist, May 13, 1972, MON. Bio. 12, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
50 “One could ask oneself”: Interview with Emile Noël, “Notre Temps,” November 25, 1970, MON. Bio. 09, item 1, Fonds Monod, SAIP, transcript 50, trans. SBC.
51 “Myself, I do believe”: Ibid.
52 he became the eighth general director: “Direction Institut Pasteur 1887–1940,” Institut Pasteur, http://www.pasteur.fr/infosci/archives/dr1.html.
53 “Where does genius come from”: “Louis Pasteur: A Great Benefactor of Humanity,” Vigyan Prasar Science Portal, http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/PLouis.htm.
54 Monod hurled himself: Stanier (1977), 1–12.
55 He told Agnes Ullmann: Ullmann (2003), 204.
56 “Sir, I am a thirteen year-old boy”: Letter, Bruno to Monod, January 7, 1976, MON. Cor. 02, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
57 “My Dear Bruno, Thank you very much: Letter, Reply, J. Monod to Bruno, February 13, 1976, MON. Cor. 02, Fonds Monod, SAIP.
58 He enjoyed drinking: Kosiński (1986), 81–89.
59 “See you Monday”: Ullmann (2003), 204.
60 Philo heard his brother say: Brunerie (2008), 264; Ullmann, e-mail to author, June 15, 2011; Olivier Monod, interview, Paris August 17, 2010.
61 After his funeral: Brunerie, M. “Once Upon a Time,” in Ullmann (2003), 52.
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