128. Nigel Saul, Knights and Esquires: The Gloucestershire Gentry in the Fourteenth Century (Oxford, 1981), pp. 26–9.
129. BSA, facsimile edn., fol. iiii (r).
130. H & H, pp. 71–2.
131. London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146, fol. 16r.
132. John Harthan, Books of Hours and their Owners (London, 1977; repr. 1988), p. 95.
133. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Douce 62, fol. 31v.
134. MG, 1909, p. 216.
135. Nancy Heaton, The Language of Hunting (Knutsford, 1985), p. 8.
136. Ldc, Ch. 20, fol. 50; Marcel Thomas, and François Avril, The Hunting Book of Gaston Phébus (London, 1998), p. 35.
137. Ibid., p. 35.
138. MG, 1909, p. 119.
139. Ibid., pp. 120–1.
Chapter Three
1. Julians Barnes, Boke of Huntyng, ed. Gunnar Tilander, Cynegetica, XI (Karlshamn, 1964), p. 22.
2. Ibid., p. 22 for ‘rascal’; see also MG, 1909, p. 294, ‘any lean deer; any deer under ten [tines] was usually called rascal’. Ibid., p. 287, for ‘folly’, meaning ‘lesser deer, not hart or buck’. For ‘vermin’, see The Tretyse off Huntyng, p. 55, ll. 220–40, including ‘to speke & blow to all maner vermyn þat worchyth or hideth hym in gresse’.
3. Anne Rooney (ed.), The Tretyse off Huntyng, Scripta 19, Mediaeval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (Brussels, 1987), p. 39.
4. Barnes, Boke of Huntyng, ed. Tilander, p. 22.
5. Ibid., p. 24.
6. Dalby, p. xv.
7. Oliver Rackham, The History of the Countryside (London, 1986; repr. 1993), pp. 33–4.
8. Pisanello, p. 80.
9. Ldc, Tilander, p. 84, Ch. 8, l. 5; Franz Neiderwolfsgruber, Kaiser Maximilians I. Jagd und Fischereibücher, Ch. ‘Bärenjagd’ (bear hunting), pp. 34–6.
10. Dalby, p. xv.
11. Ibid., p. xvi.
12. Kurt Lindner (ed.), Die Lehre von den Zeichen des Hirsches, Quellen und Studien zur Geschichter der Jagd, III (Berlin, 1956).
13. Neuenstein, Hohenloheschen Zentral-Archivs, Die Hohenloheschen Handschrift, Nr. W. 5, fol. 15r.
14. MG, 1909, p. 225.
15. Ibid., p. 226: ‘Until he was a hart of ten . . . he was not considered a chaseable or warrantable deer.’ See also Dalby, p. 102, ‘jage-baere = warrantable’, old enough to be chased (of a stag).
16. MG, 1909, p. 29.
17. Ibid., pp. 224–5.
18. Rooney (ed.), The Tretyse off Huntyng, pp. 16–17.
19. MG, 1909, p. 23.
20. Ibid., p. 23. See also fn., p. 23: a springole was ‘an engine of war used for throwing stones’.
21. Roger B. Manning, Hunters and Poachers (Oxford, 1993), p. 111.
22. Ibid., p. 117.
23. Ralph Whitlock, Historic Forests of England (Bradford-on-Avon, 1979), p. 38.
24. H & H, p. 61.
25. Dalby, p. xvi.
26. Ldc, 616, fols 11–12: Ldc, Tilander, table, pp. 48–50.
27. Ldc, 616, fols 29–30:
C’est une orguilleuse et fiere beste et perilleuse, quar j’en ay veu aucunne foiz moult de maulz avenir et l’ay veu ferir homme, des le genoill jusques au piz tout fendre et tuer tout mort en un coup sanz parler a homme, et moy meismes a il porte a terre moult de fois, moy et mon coursier, et mort le coursier.
28. MG, 1909, p. 264.
29. Rackham, History of the Countryside (London, 1986: repr. 1993), pp. 36–7.
30. London, British Library, The Luttrell Psalter, Add. MS 42130, fol. 19v.
31. Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum, Wild Boar.
32. Rooney (ed.), The Tretyse off Huntyng, p. 29.
33. H & H, p. 97.
34. William Twiti, The Art of Hunting: 1327, ed. Bror Danielsson (Stockholm, 1977), p. 40, fol. 37, ll. 13–15.
35. MG, 1909, p. 221.
36. Ibid., p. 181.
37. H & H, p. 111.
38. Dalby, p. xviii.
39. Ibid., p. xviii.
40. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 264, fol. 81v.
41. Madrid, Museo del Prado, Garden of Earthly Delights.
42. Madrid, Museo del Prado and Madrid, Monasterio de san Lorenzo, El Escorial: Haywain.
43. Christa Grössinger, The World Upside-Down, English Misericords (London, 1997), text, p. 85 and plate p. 66.
44. Rackham, History of the Countryside, p. 34.
45. MG, 1909, p. xxi.
46. Ldc, Tilander, p. 83, fol. 15v, ll. 2–3; p. 85, fol. 15v, l. 5.
47. Ibid., p. 23.
48. H & H, p. 121.
49. Neiderwolfsgruber, Kaiser Maximilians I. Jagd und Fischereibücher pp. 35–6.
50. W.A. Baillie-Grohman, ‘Ancient Weapons of the Chase’, Burlington Magazine, 1904, Vol. IV, p. 158.
51. Dalby, p. xvii.
52. London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146: Calendar for October, fol. 11v; fol. 20r.
53. H & H, pp. 136–7.
54. Ldc, 616, Ch. 10, fol. 31v.
55. H & H, pp. 132 and 135.
56. Ibid., p. 138.
57. Barnes, The Boke of Huntyng, ed. Tilander, p. 22, l. 8.
58. H & H, p. 136 and pp. 138–40.
59. Dalby, p. xviii.
60. London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146, Calendar for February, fol. 3v.
61. H.W.C. Davis, Mediaeval England (Oxford, 1924), p. 339.
62. Rackham, History of the Countryside, p. 35.
63. Edmund Bogg, Regal Richmond, and the Land of the Swale (Leeds, 1909), pp. 234 and 233.
64. Rackham, History of the Countryside, pp. 35–6.
65. Davis, Mediaeval England, p. 339.
66. Nicholas Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry (London, 1984), p. 194. See Sir Gawain and the Green Knight trans. Brian Stone (Harmondsworth, 1959; repr. 1974), ll. 1133–1923, passim. Stag: pp. 48, 49, 53 and 54. Boar: pp. 56, 57, 60, 61 and 62. Fox: pp. 64, 65 and 70. Also see M.Y. Offord (ed.), The Parlement of the Thre Ages, Early English Text Society, No. 246 (London, 1959; repr. 1967), ll. 21–96.
67. A.C. Spearing, The Gawain-Poet, A Critical Study (Cambridge, 1970), p. 9.
68. Ibid., p. 10.
69. Dalby, p. x.
70. Ldc, 616: Hart: Ch. 45, fol. 77; Hare: Ch. 50, fol. 89v.
71. Modus, Tilander, pp. 67, 69 and 72; cf. Ldc, Tilander, pp. 193, 216 and 221.
72. Dalby, p. xi.
73. Marcelle Thiébaux, The Stag of Love: The Chase in Medieval Literature (Ithaca and London, 1974), pp. 28–40; Dalby, pp. x–xv.
74. MG, 1909, pp. 209–10. Fumes and fewmets are obsolete terms for the droppings of deer, the terms being derived from the French word fumées. Gaston de Foix and Edward of York differ in their nomenclature for the droppings of different quarry.
75. Twiti, The Art of Hunting: 1327, p. 48, fol. 38v, ll. 17–21 and 23.
76. A similar practice is employed by matadors to despatch bulls in modern bullfighting.
77. Tristan, p. 78.
78. Ibid., pp. 79–80.
79. H & H, p. 43.
80. Rooney (ed.), The Tretyse off Huntyng, p. 16.
81. Reader’s Digest, Universal Dictionary (London, 1987), p. 536.
82. Tristan, pp. 79 and 80.
83. Richard Almond and A.J. Pollard, ‘The Yeomanry of Robin Hood and Social Terminology in Fifteenth-Century England’, Past & Present, No. 171, February 2001.
84. Ldc, 616, Ch. 40, fol. 70.
85. Rooney (ed.), The Tretyse off Huntyng, p. 56, ll. 237–43.
86. Tristan, p. 81.
87. BSA, facsimile edn, fol. iiir.
88. Rooney (ed.), The Tretyse off Huntyng, p. 50, ll. 106–16.
89. Ibid., p. 55, ll. 225–34.
90. MG, 1909, p. 208.
91. H & H, p. 44: also Dalby, p. 12 (iii) ‘feeding hounds with bread, mixed with the blood and flesh of the quarry they were to hunt’.
92. Ldc, Tilander, pp. 181–3, fol. 54v., ll. 1–20; MG, 1909, pp. 196–7.
93. MG, 1909, p. 209.
94. Ldc, 616, C. 4
1, fol. 72; London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146, Calendar for August, fol. 9v.
95. Tristan, p. 81.
96. Dalby, pp. xiv–xv.
97. Tristan, p. 11.
98. MG, 1909, pp. 176–7.
99. Ibid., pp. 175 and 197.
100. Rooney (ed.), The Tretyse off Huntyng, pp. 15 and 16.
101. MG, 1904, pp. 110–11.
102. For a splendid fictional account of drift-hunting in the New Forest, firmly based upon sound research, see Edward Rutherfurd, The Forest (London, 2000), pp. 5–92.
103. Twiti, The Art of Hunting: 1327, p. 48, fol. 38v, ll. 29–31.
104. Ibid., p. 50, fol. 38v, ll. 34–7.
105. Ibid., p. 51.
106. MG, 1909, p. 197.
107. Ibid., p. 263.
108. A.R. Myers (ed.), The Household of Edward IV (Manchester, 1959), p. 113. Both the Black Book and The Master of Game use the word ‘yeoman’ in English and the fifteenth-century hunting books use this term consistently to mean the professional hunt and Forest officials.
109. MG, 1909, pp. 188–9 and p. 259.
110. Ibid., p. 263.
111. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, trans. Brian Stone (Harmondsworth, 1959; 2nd edn, 1974), Fit III, 46, p. 64.
112. Ibid., 47, p. 65.
113. ‘The Book of the Duchesse’, in The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, 2nd edn, ed. Walter W. Skeat, 7 vols (Oxford, 1894–1900), I, 287–93, II. 291–475.
114. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, The Stag Hunt of the Elector Frederick the Wise; The Stag Hunt for the Emperor Charles V at the Castle of Torgau.
115. Pisanello, p. 83.
116. Italy, Siena, Collezione Monte dei Paschi, Bullfighting and Other Games in the Piazza del Campo, Siena.
117. BSA, facsimile edn. fol. ii(r).
118. MG, 1909, p. 210.
119. C.J. Cornish, Wild England of Today (London, 1895), p. 157.
120. MG, 1909, pp. 253–7.
121. Dalby, p. xliii.
122. London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146, Calendar for May, fol. 6v.
123. Birrell, pp. 71–4.
Chapter Four
1. H & H, p. 234.
2. Kurt G. Blüchel, Game and Hunting (Cologne, 1997), p. 118.
3. Janet Backhouse, The Luttrell Psalter (London, 1989), p. 48.
4. Ibid., p. 14.
5. Birrell, p. 87.
6. Nicholas Orme, Medieval Children (New Haven and London, 2001 repr. 2002), p. 182.
7. MG, 1904, p. 14.
8. Ldc, Tilander, p. 259, fol. 87, l. 9.
9. Ibid., p. 251, fol. 83, ll. 18–19:
et est droitement deduit d’omme gros ou d’omme vieill ou d’un prelat ou d’omme qui ne veult travaillier . . . mes non pas pour homme qui veult chascier par mestrise et par droyte venerie.
10. Edith Rickert, The Babees’ Book: Medieval Manners for the Young: Done into Modern English from Dr. Furnivall’s Texts (London, 1923).
11. H & H, p. 234.
12. Maurice Keen, The Outlaws of Medieval Legend (London, 1977), p. 166; extract from Knighton’s Chronicle.
13. Ibid., p. 166.
14. Roger B. Manning, Hunters and Poachers (Oxford, 1993), p. 17.
15. A.R. Myers (ed.), English Historical Documents, 1327–1485 (London, 1969), p. 1004 569, ‘The lower orders are not to be allowed to hunt, 1390’.
16. Nicholas Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry (London, 1984), pp. 191–2.
17. A.R. Myers (ed.), English Historical Documents, 1327–1485 p. 1004 569.
18. A.J. Pollard, Late Medieval England 1399–1509 (Harlow, 2000), p. 186.
19. The author is grateful to Professor Anthony J. Pollard for access to, and use of, his unpublished conference paper ‘The 1390 Game Law’.
20. Myers (ed.), English Historical Documents, 1327–1485 (London, 1969), pp. 1153 and 1178.
21. Pollard, Late Medieval England 1399–1509, p. 189.
22. Maurice Keen, English Society in the Later Middle Ages 1348–1500 (London, 1990), p. 15.
23. R. Trevor Davies, Documents Illustrating the History of Civilisation in Medieval England (1066–1500) (New York and London, 1926; repr. 1969), p. 147.
24. H & H, p. 234.
25. Rose-Marie and Rainer Hagen, 15th Century Paintings (Cologne, 2001), p. 25.
26. Compton Reeves, ‘The Sumptuary Statute of 1363: A look at the aims and effectiveness of English legislation on diet and clothing’, Medieval Life, Issue 16, Winter 2001/2 (Gilling East, York), p. 18.
27. Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, The Art of Falconry, trans. and ed. Casey A. Wood and F. Marjorie Fyfe (Stanford, 1943; repr. 1955), p. 280.
28. H & H, p. 178.
29. William Twiti, The Art of Hunting, 1327, ed. Bror Danielsson (Stockholm, 1977), text, p. 22; see plates 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 11, 15, 17, 21, 22 after p. 116.
30. London, British Library, Queen Mary’s Psalter, MS Royal 2. B. VII, fol. 112.
31. Blüchel, Game and Hunting, p. 220.
32. Maurice Keen, The Outlaws of Medieval Legend (London, 1977), p. 2.
33. Ldc, 616, Ch. 40, fol. 70.
34. Richard Almond and A.J. Pollard, ‘The Yeomanry of Robin Hood and Social Terminology in Fifteenth-Century England’, Past & Present, No. 170, February 2001, pp. 63–4.
35. PTA, p. 5, I, l. 122.
36. Ibid., p. 7, VI, l. 194.
37. John Spiers, Medieval English Poetry, The Non-Chaucerian Tradition (London, 1957), p. 290; Marcelle Thiébaux, The Stag of Love, (Ithaca and London, 1974), p. 22.
38. PTA, p. 1, Prologue, l. 22.
39. Ldc, 616, Ch. 73, fol. 114.
40. Ibid., Ch. 76, fol. 115v; Marcel Thomas, and François Avril, The Hunting Book of Gaston Phébus (London, 1998), p. 70.
41. Manning, Hunters and Poachers, p. 26.
42. H & H, p. 179.
43. Ibid., p. 136.
44. MG, 1909, pp. 64–7.
45. London, British Library, The Luttrell Psalter, Add. MS 42130, fol. 64v.
46. Modus, Tilander: pp. 69–71; pp. 162–3.
47. MG, 1904, p. 148.
48. Ibid.
49. MG, 1909, p. 222.
50. François Villon, Selected Poems, trans. Peter Dale (London, 1978; repr. 1988), ‘The Testament’, stanza 110, p. 125.
51. Ldc, 616, Ch. 81.
52. Ibid., Hare driving with bells, Ch. 82, fol. 119; Netting hares in their muses, Ch. 81, fol. 118v.
53. Modus, Tilander, fol. 51v.
54. Ldc, 616: making nets and snares, Ch. 25, fol. 53v; netting large game, Ch. 60, fol. 103; netting rabbits, Ch. 51, fol. 92.
55. London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146, Calendar for April, fol. 5v.
56. Dalby, p. xiii.
57. Ibid.
58. Manning, Hunters and Poachers, p. 25.
59. Modus, Tilander, fol. 53.
60. London, British Library, Queen Mary’s Psalter, Royal MS 2. B. VII, fol. 112.
61. Modus, Tilander, fol. 97.
62. J.E. Hodgson (ed.), Percy Bailiff’s Rolls of the Fifteenth Century, Surtees Society, 134 (Durham, 1921), p. 115.
63. Ibid., p. 69; McKelvie, Colin, Snipe and Woodcock, Sport and Conservation (Shrewsbury, 1996), pp. 162–164
64. Modus, Tilander, fol. 93; H & H, p. 245.
65. London, British Library, The Luttrell Psalter, Add. MS 42130, fol. 63.
66. Modus, Tilander, fol. 93v.
67. Ibid., fol. 96v.
68. John of Salisbury, Policraticus, ed. Joseph B. Pike (London, 1938), p. 22.
69. Modus, Tilander, fol. 95.
70. New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M 945, fol. 107r.
71. John of Salisbury, Policraticus, ed. Joseph B. Pike (London, 1938), p. 22.
72. Manning, Hunters and Poachers, p. 76.
73. P.R. Coss, ‘Aspects of Cultural Diffusion in Medieval England: The Early Romances, Local Society and Robin Hood’, Past & Present, No. 108, August 1985, pp. 75–6.
74. Rose-Marie and Rainer Hagen,
16th Century Paintings (Cologne, 2001), p. 82.
75. Modus, Tilander, fol. 90v.
76. H & H, p. 244.
77. Modus, Tilander, fol. 85.
78. Oliver Rackham, The History of the Countryside (London, 1986; repr. 1993), p. 50.
79. London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146, fol. 23v.
80. Ibid., fol. 161v.
81. Thomas and Avril, The Hunting Book of Gaston Phébus, p. 65.
82. Ldc, 616, Ch. 67, fol. 109.
83. H & H, p. 241.
84. Ldc, 616, Ch. 63, fol. 107.
85. Ibid., Ch. 61, fol. 105v.
86. H & H, p. 241; Ldc, 616, Ch. 62, fol. 106v.
87. London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146, Calendar for November, fol. 12v.
88. London, British Library, Queen Mary’s Psalter, Royal MS 2. B. VII, fol. 155v.
89. Mark Bailey, A Marginal Economy? East Anglian Breckland in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 185 and 18.
90. MG, 1904, pp. 125 and 41.
91. Bailey, A Marginal Economy?, pp. 130–1.
92. London, British Library, The Luttrell Psalter, Add. MS 42130, fol. 176v.
93. Glasgow, Burrell Collection, Burgundian tapestry, Peasants Ferreting.
94. Ldc, 616, Ch. 7, fol. 26v; also Thomas and Avril, The Hunting Book of Gaston Phébus, p. 25.
95. Ldc, 616, Ch. 52, fol. 92; also Thomas, and Avril, The Hunting Book of Gaston Phébus, pp. 55–6.
96. Christa Grössinger, The World Upside-Down, English Misericords (London, 1997), pp. 165 and 167.
97. Ibid., p. 166.
98. Ibid., p. 164.
99. Ibid., p. 167.
100. Ibid., p. 166.
101. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, The Hunters in the Snow.
102. Penelope Le Fanu Hughes, Bruegel (Royston, 2002), p. 44.
103. Ibid.
104. Ibid., p. 54.
105. Ldc, Tilander, p. 258, fol. 85v, l. 11.
106. H & H, p. 247.
107. W.A. Baillie-Grohman, The Land in the Mountains (London, 1907), p. 249.
Chapter Five
1. P.R. Coss, ‘Aspects of Cultural Diffusion in Medieval England: The Early Romances, Local Society and Robin Hood’, Past & Present, No. 108, August 1985, p. 75.
2. Roger B. Manning, Hunters and Poachers (Oxford, 1993), p. 18.
3. Coss, ‘Aspects of Cultural Diffusion in Medieval England’, p. 75. Thanks to Professor A.J. Pollard for pointing out that this comment has a specific late fourteenth-century context.
4. London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146: Calendar pictures for April, fol. 5v; July, fol. 8v; August, fol. 9v; December, fol. 13v.
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