by Jamie Maslin
93. Testimony before the House Subcommittee on Foreign Operations and Monetary Affairs, Committee on Government Operations, Hearing on US Aid Operations in Laos, (May-June 1959); see also New York Times, (20 January 1961), page 2, and Washington Post, (10 April 1966) for statements of Laotian Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma re U.S. opposition to a coalition or neutralist government; cited in Killing Hope: U.S. Military & C.I.A. Interventions since World War II, Blum, William, (2004) London, Zed Books, page 411. See also Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, Chomsky, Noam, and Herman, Edward S, (1994), London, Vintage, page 253.
94. From congressional hearings cited in Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, Chomsky, Noam, and Herman, Edward S, (1994), London, Vintage, page 254. See also The Pentagon Papers and U.S. involvement in Laos, in Pentagon Papers, Senator Gravel edition, Haney, Walter (1972) Boston, Beacon Press, vol. 5.
95. To Move a Nation, Hilsman, Roger, (1967), New York, Delta, page 111, and page 112.
96. New York Times, (20 January 1961) page 2. See also Washington Post, (10 April 1966).
97. Killing Hope: U.S. Military & C.I.A. Interventions since World War II, Blum, William, (2004) London, Zed Books, page 141.
98. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House, Schlesinger, Arthur, (1965), Boston, Mariner Books, page 326.
99. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, Chomsky, Noam, and Herman, Edward S, (1994), London, Vintage, page 254.
100. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House, Schlesinger, Arthur, (1965), Boston, Mariner Books, page 325.
101. New York Times, (25 January 1958), page 6; New York Times (25 February), page 6; cited in Killing Hope: U.S. Military & C.I.A. Interventions since World War II, Blum, William, (2004) London, Zed Books, page 141.
102. Killing Hope: U.S. Military & C.I.A. Interventions since World War II, Blum, William, (2004) London, Zed Books, page 141.
103. Voices from the Plain of Jars, Branfman, Fred, (1972), New York, Harper Colophon Books, page 15.
104. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, Chomsky, Noam, and Herman, Edward S, (1994), London, Vintage, page 254.
105. Ibid.
106. Killing Hope: U.S. Military & C.I.A. Interventions since World War II, Blum, William, (2004) London, Zed Books, page 142; cited references: The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia, McCoy, Alfred W, (1972), New York, Harper & Row; The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade, McCoy, Alfred W, (1991), New York, Lawrence Hill Books; The Great Heroin Coup: Drugs, Intelligence, and International Fascism, Krugar, Henrik, (1981), Montreal, Black Rose Books; Air America, Robbins, Christopher, (1979), New York, Avon Books; Testimony of Daniel Oleksiw, USIA, before U.S. Senate committee on Foreign Relations, Hearing on US Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad: Kingdom of Laos, October 1969, page 586, and page 587.
107. Ibid.
108. Ibid.
109. Ibid. See also, New York Times, (26 October 1969) page 1; documentary Film, The Most Secret Place on Earth: The C.I.A.’s Covert War on Laos, Eberle, Marc, (2008): www.marceberle.com/the-most-secret-place-on-earth/
110. San Francisco Chronicle, (25 July 1973).
111. Air America, Robbins, Christopher, (1979), New York, Avon Books, chapters 5 and 8.
112. Branfman, Fred, from The C.I.A. File, Borosage, Robert L, Marks, John D, (1976), New York, Grossman Publishers.
113. Killing Hope: U.S. Military & C.I.A. Interventions since World War II, Blum, William, (2004) London, Zed Books, page 142.
114. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, Chomsky, Noam, and Herman, Edward S, (1994), London, Vintage, page 254.
115. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House, Schlesinger, Arthur, (1965), Boston, Mariner Books, page 329. See also Confronting Vietnam: Soviet Policy Towards the Indochina Conflict, 1954-1963, Gaiduk, Ilya, (2003), Stanford University Press, page 148.
116. New York Times, (3 May 1964), page 1; New York Times, (7 May 1964), page 7; New York Times (14 May), page 11. Cited in Killing Hope: U.S. Military & C.I.A. Interventions since World War II, Blum, William, (2004) London, Zed Books, page 144.
117. BBC News: www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/1100842.stm
118. See documentary Film, The Most Secret Place on Earth: The C.I.A.’s Covert War on Laos, Eberle, Marc, (2008): www.marceberle.com/the-most-secret-place-on-earth/
119. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, Chomsky, Noam, and Herman, Edward S, (1994), London, Vintage, page 254.
120. Ibid, and page 255.
121. Voices from the Plain of Jars, Branfman, Fred, (1972), New York, Harper Colophon Books, page 5.
122. See documentary Film, The Most Secret Place on Earth: The C.I.A.’s Covert War on Laos, Eberle, Marc, (2008): www.marceberle.com/the-most-secret-place-on-earth/
123. Cited in Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, Chomsky, Noam, and Herman, Edward S, (1994), London, Vintage, page 255.
124. Ibid.
125. Ibid, page 257. See also At War With Asia: Essays on Indochina, Chomsky, Noam, (2004), Oakland, Aka Press, page 70.
126. Far Eastern Economic Review, (16 April 1970), page 73.
127. Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World Affairs, Chomsky, Noam, (2000), Cambridge, South End Press, page 42.
128. The cave of Tham Piu, cited in documentary Film, The Most Secret Place on Earth: The C.I.A.’s Covert War on Laos, Eberle, Marc, (2008): www.marceberle.com/the-most-secret-place-on-earth/
129. The Guardian (14 October 1971), page 4.
130. See documentary Film, The Most Secret Place on Earth: The C.I.A.’s Covert War on Laos, Eberle, Marc, (2008): www.marceberle.com/the-most-secret-place-on-earth/
131. Refugee And Civilian War Casualty Problems in Indochina, Staff Report for the Subcommittee on Refugees and Escapees, U.S. Senate, (28 September, 1970).
132. New York Times, (24 August, 1975). Cited in Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, Chomsky, Noam, and Herman, Edward S, (1994), London, Vintage, page 382.
133. The Guardian, (Friday 10 December 2010): www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/dec/10/war-media-propaganda-iraq-lies
134. Interview with Elizabeth Omara-Otunna: www.advance.uconn.edu/2004/041108/04110803.htm
135. Cited in The Backroom Boys, Chomsky, Noam, (1973), London, Fontanna, page 23.
136. Salon, Goose, Steve, and Docherty, Bonnie, (June 8, 2012): www.salon.com/2012/06/08/white_phosphorous_the_new_napalm/
137. The New Rulers of the World, Pilger, John, (2002), London, Verso, page 104. See also, Heroes, Pilger, John, (1987), London, Pan, page 234, and page 235.
138. Ibid.
139. Mines Advisory Group: www.maginternational.org/
140. Ibid.
141. The Guardian, Chambers, Andrew, (Friday 6 July 2012): www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2012/jul/06/landmines-toll-civilians-laos-bombs
142. Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor:
www.the-monitor.org/index.php/cp/display/region_profiles/theme/1935
143. Handicap International:
www.handicap-international.org.uk/what_we_do/landmines_cluster_munitions/
144. The New Statesman, (09 April, 1999): www.newstatesman.com/node/134515
145. New York Times, (23 February 1973), page 1.
146. Election results from New York Times, (18 May 1958), page 7. See also Killing Hope: U.S. Military & C.I.A. Interventions since World War II, Blum, William, (2004) London, ZedBooks, page 140.
147. Figure cited in documentary film, The Trials of Henry Kissinger: www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bFOhAAYfqk. Figure of 600,000 cited in Lying For Empire: How to Commit War Crimes With a Straight Face, Model, David, (2005), Monroe, Common Courage Press, page 140. Figure of up to 500,000 cited by PBS’s Frontline World.
148. On 2 May, 1973, the C.I.A Directorate of Operations reported: “They [the Khmer Rouge]
are using damage caused by B52 strikes as the main theme of their propaganda . . . This approach has resulted in the successful recruitment of . . . young men . . . Residents . . . say that the propaganda campaign has been effective with refugees in areas . . . that have been subject to B52 strikes.” Cited in The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-1979, Kiernan, Ben, (2008), Yale University Press, page 22. See also The New Statesman, How Thatcher Gave Pol Pot a Hand, (17 April 2000): www.newstatesman.com/node/137397
149. The New Statesman, How Thatcher Gave Pol Pot a Hand,” (17 April 2000): www.newstatesman.com/node/137397. See also, Heroes, Pilger, John, (1987), London, Pan, Chapters 34, 35 and 36; Distant Voices, Pilger, John, (1992), London, Vintage, Chapter 9; documentary film Cambodia Year Ten: www.johnpilger.com/videos/cambodia-year-ten, documentary film Cambodia Year Ten (update): www.johnpilger.com/videos/cambodia-year-ten-update-, documentary film Cambodia the Betrayal: www.johnpilger.com/videos/cambodia-the-betrayal; documentary film Return to year Zero: www.johnpilger.com/videos/cambodia-return-to-year-zero. For more on Cambodia in general see Year Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia: www.johnpilger.com/videos/year-zero-the-silent-death-of-cambodia, Cambodia: Year One: www.johnpilger.com/videos/cambodia-year-one
150. Ibid.
151. Ibid.
152. Testimony before the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee, Hearings on Fiscal Year 1972 Authoritarians, (22 July 1971), page 4289.
153. Interview in Film, The Most Secret Place on Earth: The C.I.A.’s Covert War on Laos, Eberle, Marc, (2008): www.marceberle.com/the-most-secret-place-on-earth/
154. U.S. Congress, The United States Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad: Kingdom of Laos, page 484. See also, Information Clearinghouse, The Executive Branch of the U.S. Government. Worlds Most Evil and Lawless Institution? (28 June 2013): www.informationclearinghouse.info/article35432.htm; Voices from the Plain of Jars: Life Under An Air War (2nd expanded edition), Branfman, Fred, (2013); University of Wisconsin Press, page 36.
155. New York Times, 23 February 1973, page. 1. Cited in Killing Hope: U.S. Military & C.I.A. Interventions since World War II, Blum, William, (2004) London, Zed Books, page 145.
156. Subject to certain contractual stipulations;-)
157. www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBDL9jlUzFM
158. The Russia You Never Met, Bivens, Matt, and Bernstein, Jonas, informally circulated English version; Russian version was published in Demokratizatziya (1999), English version available online: http://goo.gl/UDRLC. See also BBC documentary film The Trap: We Will Force You To Be Free, (2007) www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFjCJFsbS0U (36minutes in). For general explanation and study of “Shock Therapy” globally see The Shock Doctrine, Klein, Naomi, (2007), New York, Metropolitan Books.
159. Ibid.
160. Ibid.
161. Ibid.
162. Ibid.
163. The Guardian, Harding, Luke, (8 April 2010): www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/08/kyrgyzstan-revolt-over-kurmanbek-bakiyev
164. Ibid.
165. BBC News, (17 June, 2010): www.bbc.co.uk/news/10341348
166. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe diplomatically condemned the election as “falling short of key standards.”
167. See U.S. Department of Defense Base structure report: www.defense.gov/pubs/BSR_2007_Baseline.pdf & Base Politics: Democratic Change and the U.S. military Overseas, Cooley, Alexander, (2008), Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
168. The Guardian, Mathews, Jackie Dewe, (27 March, 2010): www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/27/kyrgyzstan-kidnapped-brides-photo-essay
169. The Telegraph, Kilner, James, (29 Nov, 2011): www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kyrgyzstan/8922962/Kyrgyzstan-starts-anti-bride-kidnapping-campaign.html
170. The Telegraph, Lewis, Jason, (19 Oct, 2011): www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/tony-blair/8857689/Oil-rich-dictator-of-Kazakhstan-recruits-Tony-Blair-to-help-win-Nobel-peace-prize.html
171. Oasis at Knebworth, and very good it was too.
172. Extremes Along the Silk Road, Middleton, Nick, (2005), London, John Murray, page 243.
173. These include cancers, gastritis, typhoid, hepatitis, dysentery, paratyphoid, anaemia, heart disease and respiratory conditions such as tuberculosis. See Ibid, page 173. See also Dying and Dead Seas: Climatic Verses Anthropic Causes, Nihoul, Jacques C. J., Zavialov, Peter O., Micklin Philip P., (2004) Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, page 107.
174. See report by United Nations Environmental Programme: www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/techpublications/TechPub-4/izumi2-5.asp
175. Central Asia Lonely Planet, Mayhew, Bradley, Plunkett, Richard, and Richmond, Simon, (1996), London, Lonely Planet Publications, page 41.
176. See report by UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=13&ReportId=60534
177. Central Asia Lonely Planet, Mayhew, Bradley, Plunkett, Richard, and Richmond, Simon, (1996), London, Lonely Planet Publications, page 41. See also BBC News: www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/678898.stm
178. See report by UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=17839
179. See report by UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=17839
180. Scientific American, Micklin, Philip, and Aladin Nikolay V., (17 March, 2008): www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=reclaiming-the-aral-sea. For full article see: www.cis.uchicago.edu/outreach/summerinstitute/2010/documents/sti2010-micklin-reclaiming-the-aral-sea.pdf
181. National Geographic, Walters, Pat, (2 April, 2010): www.news.nationalgeographic.co.uk/news/2010/04/100402-aral-sea-story/
182. Central Asia Lonely Planet, Mayhew, Bradley, Plunkett, Richard, and Richmond, Simon, (1996), London, Lonely Planet Publications, page 41.
183. Ibid, page 42
184. Extremes Along the Silk Road, Middleton, Nick, (2005), London, John Murray, page 232. See also Dying and Dead Seas: Climatic Verses Anthropic Causes, Nihoul, Jacques C. J., Zavialov, Peter O., Micklin Philip P., (2004) Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, page107.
185. The Economist, (8 July 1999): www.economist.com/node/220659
186. Extremes Along the Silk Road, Middleton, Nick, (2005), London, John Murray, page 259.
187. Ibid, page 258, and page 259.
188. Dying and Dead Seas: Climatic Verses Anthropic Causes, Nihoul, Jacques C. J., Zavialov, Peter O., Micklin Philip P., (2004) Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, page 104.
189. Interview between Amy Goodman and Col. Sam Gardiner, discussing Russia’s threat to respond with tactical nuclear weapons to any United States use of precision conventional weapons against Russian troops: www.informationclearinghouse.info/article20492.htm
190. Forbes, Miniter, Richard, (9 Sept, 2011): www.forbes.com/sites/richardminiter/2011/09/09/should-george-soros-be-allowed-to-buy-u-s-foreign-policy/
191. Anti Empire Report, Blum, William (5 Sept 2008): www.killinghope.org/bblum6/aer61.htm
192. Information Clearing House, Margolis, Eric, (19 Aug, 2008): www.informationclearinghouse.info/article20556.htm
193. The Guardian, (13 November 2006): www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/nov/13/russia.georgia
194. Although the vast majority of mainstream media reports at the time of the Georgian invasion focused instead on Russia’s response, this BBC piece, broadcast, nearly three months afterwards, makes clear who attacked first and investigates allegations that Georgia committed war crimes: www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/review/7695956.stm
195. Information Clearing House, Margolis, Eric, (19 Aug, 2008): www.informationclearinghouse.info/article20556.htm
196. A nice example of this (as cited by William Blum) is the Chicago Tribune (28 Aug 2008), who referred to “Russia's invasion of Georgia,” and “Russia’s invasion of South Ossetia” without a single mention that it was Georgia who invaded South Ossetia. See also Washington Post (31 Aug,
2008) for more of the same.
197. National Public Radio, (15 Aug, 2008).
198. Anti Empire Report, Blum, William (5 Sept 2008): www.killinghope.org/bblum6/aer61.htm
199. Interview on CNN with Wolf Blitzer (10 August 2008).