13. Womack, Jones, and Roos, ibid., 159–68.
14. Ibid., 240–45; Ralph Landau, “Strategy for Economic Growth: Lessons from the Chemical Industry,” in Ralph Landau, Timothy Taylor, Gavin Wright, eds., The Mosaic of Economic Growth (Stanford, 1996), 411–12.
15. Kosai, “Postwar Japanese Economy,” 198; Nick Bunkley, “Toyota Moves Ahead of G.M. in Auto Sales,” New York Times, July 24, 2008.
16. Jeffrey R. Bernstein, “Japanese Capitalism,” in McGraw, ed., Creating Modern Capitalism, 473–74.
17. Ibid., 477–78; Kosai, “Postwar Japanese Economy,” 192–93; E. S. Crawcour, “Industrialization and Technological Change, 1885–1920,” in Yamamura, ed., Economic Emergence of Modern Japan, 341; Womack, Jones, and Roos, Machine That Changed the World, 54.
18. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Inventing the Electronic Century: The Epic Story of the Consumer Electronics and Computer Science Industries (New York, 2001), 35–40.
19. Ibid., 45–48.
20. Walter G. Moss, An Age of Progress?: Clashing Twentieth Century (New York, 2008), 44; Rowena Olegario, “IBM and the Two Thomas J. Watsons,” in Thomas K. McGraw, ed., Creating Modern Capitalism, 355; Chandler, Jr., Inventing the Electronic Century, 136–37.
21. Ben Marsden and Crosbie Smith, Engineering Empires: A Cultural History of Technology in Nineteenth-Century Britain (New York, 2005), 99; Chandler, Jr., Inventing the Electronic Century, 137.
22. Olegario, “Two Thomas J. Watsons,” 383.
23. Chandler, Jr., Inventing the Electronic Century, 35–40; Lee S. Sproul, “Computers in U.S. Households since 1977,” in Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., and James W. Cortada, eds., A Nation Transformed by Information: How Information Has Shaped the United States from Colonial Times to the Present (New York, 2003), 257.
24. Emerson W. Pugh, Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology (Cambridge, MA, 1995), 314; Chandler, Jr., Inventing the Electronic Century, 140–41.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 170–75.
27. Alex MacGillivray, A Brief History of Globalization: The Untold Story of Our Incredible Shrinking Planet (New York, 2006), 267.
28. David Carr, “Google Seduces with Utility,” New York Times, November 24, 2008.
29. Kenneth Flamm “Technological Advance and Costs,” in Robert W. Crandall and Kenneth Flamm, eds., Changing the Rules: International Competition, and Regulation in Communications (Washington, 1989), 28; Marsden and Smith, Engineering Empires, 100–1.
30. “Tech Hot Spots,” Silicon.com (2008).
31. William S. Broad and Cornelia Dean, “Rivals Visions Differ on Unleashing Innovation,” New York Times, October 16, 2008.
32. Olegario, “Two Thomas J. Watsons,” 381.
33. Chandler, Jr., Inventing the Electronic Century, 233–34.
34. Brenton R. Shlender, “U.S. PCs Invade Japan,” Fortune, July 12, 1993.
35. Chandler, Jr., Inventing the Electronic Century, 211–12; Michael C. Latham, Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and “Nation-Building” in the Kennedy Era (Chapel Hill, 2000).
36. Richard A. Stanford, “The Dependency Theory Critique of Capitalism,” Furman University Web site.
37. Barbara Stallings, “The Role of Foreign Capital in Economic Development” in Gary Gereffi and Donald L. Wyman, eds., Manufacturing Miracles: Paths of Industrialization in Latin America and East Asia (New York, 1990), 56–57.
38. Stephen Haggard, “The Politics of Industrialization in the Republic of Korea and Taiwan,” in Helen Hughes, ed., Achieving Industrialization in East Asia (Cambridge, 1988), 262–63.
39. Ian Buruma, “Who Freed Asia?,” Los Angeles Times, August 31, 2007.
40. Robert Wade, “The Role of Government in Overcoming Market Failure in Taiwan, Republic of Korea, and Japan,” in Hughes, ed., Achieving Industrialization in East Asia, 157–59.
41. Seiji Naya, “The Role of Trade Policies in the Industrialization of Rapidly Growing Asian Developing Countries,” in Hughes, ed., Achieving Industrialization in East Asia, 64.
42. James Riedel, “Industrialization and Growth: Alternative Views of East Asia,” in Hughes, ed., Achieving Industrialization in East Asia, 9–13.
43. Chandler, Jr., Inventing the Electronic Century, 212–15; David Mitch, “The Role of Education and Skill in the British Industrial Revolution,” in Joel Mokyr, ed., The British Industrial Revolution (Oxford, 1999), 277–78.
44. Nancy Birdsall, “Inequalitiy Matters: Why Globalization Doesn’t Lift All Boats,” Boston Review (March–April 2007): 7–11.
45. Amelia Gentleman, “Sex Selection by Abortion Is Denounced in New Delhi,” New York Times, April 29, 2008.
46. Choe Sang-Hun, “South Korea, Where Boys Were Kings, Revalues Its Girls,” New York Times, October 23, 2007.
47. Robert W. Crandall and Kenneth Flamm, “Overview,” in Crandall and Flamm, eds., Changing the Rules, 114–29; Tony A. Freyer, Antitrust and Global Capitalism (New York, 2006), 6–7.
48. Dick K. Nanto, “The 1997–98 Asian Financial Crisis,” CRS Report for Congress, February 6, 1998 (www.fas.org/man/crs/crs-asia2), 5.
49. “The Time 100,” New York (2000).
50. Thomas L. Friedman, The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century (New York, 2005), 128–39; Nelson Lichtenstein, “Why Working at Wal-Mart Is Different,” Connecticut Law Review, 39 (2007): 1649–84; “How Wal-Mart Fights Unions,” Minnesota Law Review, 92 (2008): 1462–1501.
51. Kenneth Pomeranz and Steven Topik, The World That Trade Created: Society, Culture, and the World Ecoomy, 1400 to the Present (Armonk, NY, 2006), 260.
52. Robert Pollin et al., A Measure of Fairness: The Economics of Living Wages and Minimum Wages in the United States (Amherst, 2008).
53. Nelson Lichtenstein, “American Trade Unions and the ‘Labor Question’: Past and Present, What’s Next for Organized Labor: The Report of the Century Foundation Task Force on the Future of Unions” (New York, 1999); Steven Greenhouse, The Big Squeeze: Tough Times for the American Worker (New York, 2008), 289–301.
54. Robert Brenner, The Economics of Global Turbulence: The Advanced Capitalist Economies from Long Boom to Long Downturn, 1945–2005 (London, 2006).
55. Charles R. Beitz, “Does Global Inequality Matter?,” in Thomas W Pogge, ed., Global Justice (Oxford, 2001), 106, quoted in Barbara Weinstein, “Developing Inequality,” American Historical Review, 113 (2008): 2.
CHAPTER 12. INTO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
1. Kenneth Pomeranz and Steven Topik, The World That Trade Created: Society, Culture, and the World Economy, 1400 to the Present (Armonk, NY, 2006), 263; Joseph E. Stiglitz, “Capital Market Liberalization, Globalization, and the IMF,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 20 (2004).
2. Justin Yifu Lin, “Lessons of China’s Transition from a Planned Economy to a Market Economy,” Distinguished Lectures Series, no. 16 (2004): 30; Jonathan Holland, ed., “Top Manta: la pirateria musical en Espana,” Puerto del Sol, vol. 11, no. 5 (2003): 15–18; Stephen Mihm, “A Nation of Outlaws,” Boston Globe, August 26, 2007.
3. Tina Rosenberg, “Globalization,” New York Times, July 30, 2008.
4. Jeffrey A. Frieden, Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century (New York, 2007), 166–67, 467–70.
5. Kenneth Pomeranz, “Chinese Development in Long-Run Perspective,” American Philosophical Society Proceedings, 152 (2008): 83–84.
6. Barry Naughton, The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth (Cambridge, 2007), 82, 222.
7. Ibid., 217–19.
8. S. Shuming Bao et al., “Geographic Factors and China’s Regional Development under Market Reforms, 1978–98,” China Economic Review, 13 (2002): 90, 109–10; Lin, “Lessons of China’s Transition”: 2; Naughton, Chinese Economy, 222.
9. Lin, “Lessons of China’s Transition”: 29.
10. Wing Thye Woo, “Transition Strategies: The Second Round of Debate” (2000): 10.
11. Siri Schubert and T. Christian Miller, “Where
Bribery Was Just a Line Item,” New York Times, December 21, 2008.
12. Naughton, Chinese Economy, 79; Philip Huang, The Peasant Family and Rural Development in the Yangzi Delta, 1350–1988 (Stanford, 1990); Philip Huang, The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China (Stanford, 1985).
13. C. V. Ranganathan, “How to Understand Deng Xiaping’s China,” in Tan Chung, ed., Across the Himalayan Gap: An Indian Quest for Understanding China (1998).
14. Pomeranz, “Chinese Development in Long-Run Perspective”: 90–92.
15. Naughton, Chinese Economy, 202–3, 398.
16. Pomeranz, “Chinese Development in Long-Run Perspective”: 95.
17. Edward Wong, “In Major Shift, China May Let Peasants Sell Rights to Farmland,” New York Times, October 11, 2008.
18. Naughton, Chinese Economy, 161.
19. David E. Bloom et al., “Why Has China’s Economy Taken Off Faster than India’s?” (June 2006), available on the Web; Kenneth Pomeranz, “Why China’s Dollar Pile Has to Shrink (Relatively Soon),” China Beat Blog, http://thechinabeat.blogspot.com/2008/01/why-chinas-dollar-pile-has-to-shrink.htmlp, January 19, 2008.
20. Woo, “Transition Strategies”: 10; Ranganathan, “How to Understand Deng Xiapeng’s China.”
21. James Fallows, “China Makes, the World Takes,” Atlantic Monthly (July–August 2007); Ching-Ching Ni, “The Beijing She Knew Is Gone; In Its Place, the Beijing She Loves,” Los Angeles Times, August 3, 2008.
22. Donald Clarke, Peter Murrell, and Susan Whiting, “The Role of Law in China’s Economic Development” and Fang Cai, Albert Park, and Yohui Zhao, “The Chinese Labor Market in the Reform Era,” in Loren Brandt and Thomas G. Rawski, eds., China’s Great Economic Transformation (New York, 2008), 172–73, 390–91; Robert Brenner, The Economics of Global Turbulence: The Advanced Capitalist Economies from Long Boom to Long Downturn, 1945–2005 (London, 2006), 324–26; Emily Hannum, Jere Behrman, Meiyan Wang, and Jihong Liu, “Education in the Reform Era” and Alan Heston and Terry Sicular, “China and Development Economics,” in Brandt and Rawski, eds., China’s Great Economic Transformation, 233, 40.
23. Naughton, Chinese Economy, 422–23, 107–10, 478–81; Keith Bradsher, “Qualifying Tests for Financial Workers,” New York Times, December 26, 2008.
24. Hannum, Behrman, Wang, and Liu, “Éducation in the Reform Era” and Heston and Sicular, “China and Development Economics,” 233, 40; Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (New York, 2005), 3–7.
25. D. S. Rajan, “China: Tibet-Indian Ocean Trade Route—Mixing Strategy, Security and Commerce,” South Asia Analysis Group, Paper No. 1546 (2005); Somini Sengupta, “After 60 Years, India and Pakistan Begin Trade across the Line Dividing Kashmir,” New York Times, October 22, 2008.
26. Lin, “Lessons of China’s Transition”: 16; Jeffrey D. Sachs and Wing Thye Woo, “Understanding China’s Economic Performance,” Journal of Policy Reform, 4 (2000): 18; Woo, “Transition Strategies”: 10, 12, 23; Sachs and Woo, “China’s Economic Growth after WTO Membership,” Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, vol. 1, no. 27 (2003): 27; Albert G. S. Yu and Gary H. Jefferson, “Science and Technology in China,” in Brandt and Rawski, China’s Great Economic Transformation, 320.
27. Qiu Xiaolong, Death of a Red Heroine (New York, 2000), 135, 308.
28. J. R. McNeill, Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (New York, 2000), 107.
29. Mark Magnier, “Bribery and Graft Taint Every Facet of Life in China,” Los Angeles Times, December 29, 2008.
30. Barry Naughton, “China: Which Way the Political Economy?,” Paper delivered at the UCLA Brenner Seminar, April 9, 2007.
31. Lin, “Lessons of China’s Transition”: 3. The opinion expressed is that of Grzegorz W. Kolodko.
32. Parag Khanna, “Waving Goodbye to Hegemony,” New York Times Magazine, January 27, 2008.
33. Manu Goswami, Producing India: From Colonial Economy to National Space (Chicago, 2004), 46–53.
34. Ibid., 224–26, 233.
35. Pranah Bardhan, “What Makes a Miracle?: Some Myths about the rise of China and India,” Boston Review (January–February 2008); Heston and Sicular, “China and Development Economics,” 31.
36. Los Angeles Times, July 7, 1973, Part 1:6.
37. Somini Sengupta, “A Daughter of India’s Underclass Rises on Votes That Cross Caste Lines, New York Times, July 18, 2008.
38. Bardhan, “What Makes a Miracle?”: 11–13; Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York, 1999), 149–51, and “An Elephant, Not a Tiger: A Special Report on India,” Economist, December 13, 2008, 6.
39. Naughton, Chinese Economy, 154–57, 196.
40. McNeill, Something New under the Sun, 219–21.
41. Naughton, Chinese Economy, 497; Mira Kamdar, Planet India: The Turbulent Rise of the Largest Democracy and the Future of Our World (New York, 2007), 143–48, 160, 179–85; Somini Sengupta, “India’s Growth Outstrips Crops,” New York Times, June 22, 2008.
42. Kamdar, Planet India, 112–16.
43. Ibid., 192–94, 102, 116–17; Jeremy Kahn, “Booming India Is Suddenly Caught in the Credit Vise,” New York Times, October 24, 2008; Joe Nocera, “How India Avoided a Crisis,” New York Times, December 20, 2008.
44. Kamdar, Planet India, 102, 107, 124; Anand Giridharadas, “Indian to the Core, and an Oligarch,” New York Times, June 15, 2008.
45. Gurcharan Das, “The Next World Order,” New York Times, January 2, 2009.
46. Keith Bradsher, “A Younger India Is Flexing Its Industrial Brawn,” New York Times, September 11, 2008.
47. Alexei Barrionuevo, “For Wealthy Brazilian, Money from Ore and Might from the Cosmos,” New York Times, August 2, 2008.
48. Kahn, “Booming India Is Suddenly Caught in the Credit Vise.”
49. Heather Timmons, “Singing the Praises of a New Asia,” New York Times, April 19, 2007.
CHAPTER 13. OF CRISES AND CRITICS
1. Michael Hirsch, “Mortgages and Madness,” Newsweek, June 2, 2008.
2. Robert O’Harrow and Brady Dennis, “Credit Ratings Woes Sent AIG Spiraling,” Los Angeles Times, January 2, 2009.
3. “Agency’s ’04 Rule Let Banks Pile Up New Debt, and Risk,” New York Times, October 3, 2008.
4. Willaim Greider, One World Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism (New York, 1996), 316, 310–11.
5. Erik Lipton and Stephen Labaton, “A Deregulator Looks Back, Unswayed,” New York Times, November 17, 2008.
6. Michael Lewis and David Einhorn, “The End of the Financial World as We Know It,” New York Times, January 3, 2009.
7. I am indebted to Erid Zensy for introducing me to Frederick Soddy and his study Wealth, Virtual Wealth, and Debt (London, 1926).
8. Jack Rosenthal, “On Language,” New York Times Magazine, September 8, 2008: 18.
9. Vikas Bajaj, “If Everyone’s Finger Pointing, Who’s to Blame?,” New York Times, January 22, 2008.
10. Nelson Lichtenstein, State of the Union: A Century of American Labor (Princeton, 2002), 125–28.
11. Peter Dreier and Kelly Candaele, “Why We Need EFCA,” American Prospect, December 2, 2008.
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