American Aurora
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LP The Lee Papers: Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1872 (New York: New York-Historical Society, 1872-75), 2 vols.
LTNA François-Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Travels Through the United States of North America, the Country of the Iroquois, and Upper Canada, in the years 1795, 1796, and 1797 … (London: R. Phillips, 1799), 2 vols.
LWSR William Bell Clark, Lambert Wickes, Sea Raider and Diplomat (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1932).
MCA Mathew Carey, Autobiography (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Eugene L. Schwaab, 1942).
MFBS Frank Luther Mott, Golden Multitudes: The Story of Best Sellers in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1947).
MFDR Frank Moore, The Diary of The Revolution [reprinted] (Hartford: J. B. Burr, 1876).
MHCC Honore-Gabriel Mirabeau de Riquetti, Considerations on the Order of Cincinnatus To Which Are Added Several Original Papers Relative to That Institution (London, 1784).
MHS Massachusetts Historical Society.
MJFE John C. Miller, The Federalist Era 1789-1801 (New York: Harper & Row, 1960).
MJOR John C. Miller, Origins of the American Revolution (Boston: Little, Brown, 1943).
MJSS Joachim Merlant, Soldiers and Sailors of France in the American War for Independence (1776-1783), transl. by Mary Bushnell Coleman (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1920).
MJTF John C. Miller, Triumph of Freedom 1775-1783 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948).
MLA Aleine Austin, Matthew Lyon, “New Man” of the Democratic Revolution, 1749-1822 (Univ. Park: Pennsylvania State Univ. Press, 1981).
MRFC Richard G. Miller, Philadelphia–The Federalist City: A Study of Urban Politics, 1789-1801 (Port Washington, N.Y: Kennikat Press, 1976).
MRPM Richard B. Morris, The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence (New York: Harper & Row, 1965).
MSOH Samuel Eliot Morison, The Oxford History of the American People (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1965).
ND Dudley W. Knox, ed., Naval Documents Related to the Quasi-War between the United States and France (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Off., 1935-38), 7 vols.
NDR William Bell Clark et al., eds., Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964-), 10 vols.
NGL George Washington Greene, The Life of Nathanael Greene (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1867), 3 vols.
NJUV Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Under Their Vine and Fig Tree: Travels Through America in 1797-1799, 1805 … transl. and ed. by Metchie J. E. Budka (Elizabeth, N.J.: Grassmann Publishing, 1965).
ODF Our Debt to France (New York: Washington Lafayette Institution, 1926).
PAAS Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society (Worcester, Mass.: American Antiquarian Society).
PAFC John McMaster and Frederick Stone, eds., Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution 1787-1788 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1970), 2 vols.
PAPS Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1838-), 100+ vols.
PDS Cornelius William Stafford, ed., The Philadelphia Directory for 1798 (Philadelphia: William W. Woodward, 1798).
PG Porcupine’s Gazette (Philadelphia).
PGP Pennsylvania Gazette (Philadelphia).
PHL William Wirt Henry, Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence and Speeches (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1891), 3 vols.
PJFR James Breck Perkins, France in the American Revolution (Williamstown, Mass.: Corner House Publishers, 1970).
PMHB Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (Philadelphia: Historical Society of Penn., 1877-), 96+ vols.
PRA The Complete Poor Richard’s Almanacks Published by Benjamin Franklin, reproduced in facsimile by Whitfield J. Bell, Jr. (Barre, Mass.: Imprint Society, 1970), 2 vols.
RARW Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Vintage Books, 1993).
RANV M. L’Abbé Robin, Nouveau voyage dans l’Amérique septentrionale en l’année 1781, et campagne de l’armée de M. Le Comte de Rochambeau (Philadelphia, 1782).
RDCS Jared Sparks, ed., The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution. (Boston: N. Hale and Gray & Bowen, 1829-30), 12 vols.
RDCW Francis Wharton, ed., The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1889), 6 vols.
REDX Early American Imprints, First Series, 1639-1800. Evans [microform] (New York: Readex Microprint, 1983). Microfiche.
RHLL James Curtis Ballagh, ed., The Letters of Richard Henry Lee (New York: Macmillan, 1911-14), 2 vols.
RJMP James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1896-99), 10 vols.
RKLK Charles R. King, ed., The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1894-1900), 6 vols.
RWA Weekly Advertiser of Reading (Berks County, Pennsylvania).
SCRT Report of the Trial of the Hon. Samuel Chase … Before the High Court of Impeachment … (Baltimore: Samuel Butler and George Keatings, 1805).
SDAR Daniel Sisson, The American Revolution of 1800 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974).
SDBF Rupert Furneaux, Saratoga: The Decisive Battle (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1971).
SDOP Donald H. Stewart, The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period (Albany: State Univ. of New York Press, 1969).
SFAC Benjamin Franklin Stevens, ed., B. F. Stevens’s Facsimilies of Manuscripts in European Archives Relating to America, 1773-1783 (London: Malby & Sons, 1889-1895), 24 portfolios.
SFP Shaw Family Papers, Library of Congress.
SJPC J. Paul Selsam, The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1936).
SJPF Jeffery A. Smith, Printers and Press Freedom (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988).
SJRH John Jay Smith, ed., Letters of Doctor Richard Hill and His Children … (Philadelphia: privately printed, 1854).
SLFR Laura Charlotte Sheldon, France and the American Revolution 1763-1778 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Andrus & Church, 1900).
SRMG George Richards Minot, The History of the Insurrections in Massachusetts in the Year 1786 … (Boston: James W. Burditt, 1810).
SSC Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989).
SWHA Helen Augur, Secret War of Independence (New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1955).
SWHP J. Thomas Scharf and Thompson Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884 (Philadelphia: L. H. Everts, 1884), 3 vols.
TCER Jacob E. Cooke, Tench Coxe and the Early Republic (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1978).
TCPL Dumas Malone, The Public Life of Thomas Cooper, 1793-1839 (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1926).
THRF H. M. Tinkcom, The Republicans and Federalists in Pennsylvania, 1790-1801 (Harrisburg, 1950).
TJAH Claude G. Bowers, Jefferson and Hamilton (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1925).
TJJC Chauncey Ford, ed., Thomas Jefferson and James Thomson Callender 1798-1802 (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Historical Printing Club, 1897).
TJJM James Morton Smith, ed., The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence Between Jefferson and Madison 1776-1826 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 3 vols.
TJMD Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948-1981), 6 vols.
TJMJ James Thacher, Military Journal During the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783 (Boston: Richardson and Lord, 1823).
TJPB Julian P. Boyd et al., eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1950–), 26 vols.
TJPM Thomas Jefferson Papers Microfilm (Library of Congress).
TJWF Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson. Federal Edition (New York, London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904-5), 12 vols.
TJWL Andrew A. Lipscomb and Ellery Bergh, eds., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (Washington, 1903-4), 20 vols.
TMH Hunter Miller, ed.
, Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1931).
TPAD Gerard H. Clarfield, Timothy Pickering and American Diplomacy, 1795-1800 (Columbia, Mo.: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1969).
TPHD David Freeman Hawke, Paine (New York: Harper & Row, 1974).
TPKJ John Keane, Tom Paine: A Political Life. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1995).
TPLW Thomas Paine, Letter to George Washington, President of the United States of America, On Affairs Public and Private (Philadelphia: Benjamin Franklin Bache, 1796). REDX 30,951.
TPPM Pickering Papers Microfilm, Massachusetts Historical Society.
TPTB Benjamin Bussey Thatcher, ed., Traits of the Tea Party: Being A Memoir of George R. T. Hewes, One of the Last of Its Survivors (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1835).
TPW Philip S. Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York: Citadel Press, 1969), 2 vols.
TYQ Lyon G. Tyler, ed., Tyler’s Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine (Richmond, Va.: Richmond Press, 1919-1952), 33 vols.
UHRA Jackson Turner Main, The Upper House in Revolutionary America 1763-1788 (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1967).
W&A George Gibbs, ed., Memoirs of the Administrations of Washington and John Adams (New York, 1907), 2 vols.
WBRA Robert C. Alberts, The Golden Voyage. The Life and Times of William Bingham 1752-1804 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969).
WCED G.D.H. Cole, ed., Letters from William Cobbett to Edward Thornton Written in the Years 1797 to 1800 (London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1937).
WCPM George Spater, William Cobbett: The Poor Man’s Friend (Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge Univ. Press,1982).
WCPW William Cobbett, Porcupine’s Works (London, 1801), 12 vols.
WCWR Christopher Ward, The War of the Revolution (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 2 vols.
WDBF William Duane, ed., The Works of Dr. Benjamin Franklin (Philadelphia, 1808-18), 6 vols.
WDBM Biographical Memoire of William J. Duane (Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen, and Haffelfinger, 1868).
WDCA Allen C. Clark, William Duane (Washington, D.C.: W. F. Roberts, 1905).
WDGE Elizabeth Duane Gillespie, A Book of Remembrance (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1901).
WDKP Kim Tousley Phillips, William Duane, Radical Journalist in the Age of Jefferson (New York: Garland Publishers, 1989).
WDLW [William Duane,] A Letter to George Washington, President of the United States: Containing Strictures on his Address of the Seventeenth of Sept. 1796, Notifying his Relinquishment of the Presidential Office, by Jasper Dwight, of Vermont (Philadelphia: Benjamin Franklin Bache, 1796). REDX 31,315.
WDME Minutes of Examination, Taken in Short Notes—on the Trial of the Rioters, for a Riot and Assault on William Duane, on the 15 May, 1799—Trial 28 Apr., 1801 (Philadelphia, 1801?).
WDRP William Duane, The Revolutionary Part, Vol. 4 (1798) of John Gifford, The History of France, from the Earliest Time Till the Death of Louis Sixteenth … and Continued from the Above Period Until the Conclusion of the Present War, by a Citizen of the United States [William Duane] (Philadelphia: Stewart & Rowson, 1796-98), 4 vols. REDX 33,796, 48,414.
WFST Francis Wharton, ed., State Trials of the United States During the Administrations of Washington and Adams (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1849).
WLFA Leonard D. White, The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History, 1789-1801 (New York: Free Press, 1948).
WPAE Vincent J. Esposito, ed., The West Point Atlas of American Wars (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1959), 2 vols.
WWHJ Edwin Wolf and Maxwell Whiteman, The History of the Jews in Philadelphia (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1956, 1975).
YCJH Henry P. Johnston, The Yorktown Campaign and The Surrender of Cornwallis 1781 (New York: Harper & Bros., 1881).
YF Thomas Condie and Richard Folwell, History of the Pestilence, Commonly Called Yellow Fever, Which Almost Desolated Philadelphia, in the Months of August, September and October, 1798 (Philadelphia: Press of R. Folwell, 1798). REDX 35,335; 35,336; 36,287(#5).
1 Detail, frontispiece (plate #2), BRP. William Birch etched his BRP engravings during 1798 & 1799 and appears to have sold some as individual prints early in 1799. See PG, Feb. 1, 1799.
2 Detail, plate #12, BRP.
3 Detail, plate #18, BRP.
4 JA to Dr. Benjamin Rush, Apr. 12, 1809, JAWO, IX, 619.
5 WDRP, 2.
6 Detail, plate #19, BRP.
7 GW to Benjamin Walker, Phil., Jan. 12, 1797, GWW, XXXV, 363-364.
8 [Paul Wentworth], “Minutes respecting political Parties in America and Sketches of the leading Persons in each Province” [app. 1778] … The Endorsement … by the hand of Wm Eden. SFAC, V, 487. Like the memorandum from Rev. J. Vardill to William Eden, Apr. 11, 1778, “Sketches of American public Characters and Hints for the use of the Commissioners,” SFAC, IV, 438, Wentworth’s “Minutes …” was probably a briefing paper for the Carlisle Peace Commissioners who were sent to America to thwart a Franco-American alliance. See BSDR, 68 n.-69 n., BFAW, 580-583, 589-593.
9 JA to Dr. Benjamin Rush, Apr. 12, 1809, JAWO, IX, 619.
10 Detail, plate #8, BRP.
11 AGA, May 12, 1800.
12 Detail, plate #15, BRP.
13 TJ to John Taylor, Phil., June 1, 1798, TJWF, VIII, 430, 432.
14 See JAC, 231 (“Decidedly, some time after he became Vice President, Adams concluded that the United States would have to adopt a hereditary legislature and a monarch”).
15 See AGA, July 8, 14, Aug. 14, Sept. 27, 29, 1797, Mar. 30, 1798. Various people heard JA say Americans would not be happy without a king. SDOP, 490.
16 JWM, 29, 63, BCMP, 192, JA to Jabez Bowen, June 26, 1789, JAPM, Reel 115.
17 See AGA, Nov. 4, 1796, JWM, 30, JBZP, 46, JAPM, Reel 376, JA to Trumbull, Apr. 2, 1790, JAPM, Reel 115, and JA to Abigail Adams, May 19, 1789, JAPM, Reel 372.
18 PG, May 14, 1798, has a detailed description of the cockade.
19 Because this history depicts a radical 1790’s Democratic-Republican point of view, your author has declined to use the narrative voice of the traditional historian (presumably impartial, implicitly omniscient, nearly anonymous, emotionally opaque) and has instead posited the chooser-of-fact to be William Duane, as he might narrate his life and times “with the advantage of these intervening years.” Those who object to the anachronicity and other deficiencies of this choice may interpret the narrator’s first-person/present-tense statements to be the author’s third-person/past-tense statements about WD and his time (they are endnoted). WD’s actual voice (as opposed to the narrative device) appears in Book Two and predominates in Book Three of this work, so WD’s actual voice can be compared with your author’s flawed, though useful, narrative device.
20 Italicized sentence quoted verbatim from WD’s letter to Stephen R. Bradley, Nov. 10, 1808, quoted in WDCA, 65-68.
21 Detail, plate #20, BRP.
22 The features of WD’s life prior to his arrival in America are found in WDKP, 4-50, WDBM, 1-5, DAB, V, 467.
23 Because the nation spoke and wrote of the paper as the Aurora or Philadelphia Aurora rather than as the Aurora General Advertiser (its masthead name), your author has frequently used the popular name when referring to the paper. For the history of the paper’s masthead names, see BCAN, 891-892.
24 TJ’s words. TJ to James Monroe, Monticello, Oct. 19, 1823, TJWF, XII, 316.
25 Detail, plate #9, BRP.
26 AGA, Aug. 11, 1802, BFBS, 158.
27 LTNA, II, 376.
28 Detail, plate #20, BRP.
29 N.H., Mass., R.I., Conn., Vt., N.Y., N.J., Pa., Del., Md., Va., Ky., Tenn., N.C., S.C., Ga.
30 Philadelphia Monthly Magazine, June 1798, 333-334.
31 NJUV, 42, 44.
32 Detail, plate #3, BRP.
33 ANC, 5C, 2S, 961-962, MLA, 17-19, 27-29, 73-102, BFBT, 332, 362.
34 BFBS, 135.
35 ANC, 5C, 2S, 968.
&nb
sp; 36 Detail, plate #22, BRP.
37 ANC, 5C, 2S, 1034. See PG, Feb. 9, 14, 15, 16, 1798, TJAH, 360-361.
38 BFBT, 331-332.
39 AGA, Feb. 14, 1798.
40 See BFBW, Pref.
41 LTNA, II, 376.
42 Detail, plate #22, BRP.
43 Philadelphia Monthly Magazine, June 1798, 333-334.
44 DMSM, 260-317.
45 BFBB, 337.
46 LTNA, II 379-380.
47 DMSM, 316.
48 See BFBP, 56-57, BFBT, 60-61.
49 DMSM, 262-263.
50 See AGA, Apr. 23, 1798.
51 RHMP, I, 235, 239.
52 TJ to Edward Rutledge, Phil., June 24, 1797, TJWF, VIII, 316, 318-319.
53 Elizabeth Hewson to Thomas Hewson, June 5, 1797, HP, cited by BFBS, 147.
54 AHO. See AHP, XXI, 121-144, JBZP, 75-85,168, TJMD, III, 326-328.
55 American Minerva (N.Y.), May 14, 1797. The letter first appeared in the Moniteur (Paris) of Jan. 25, 1797. TJMD, III, 301-306, GWF, IV, 382.
56 TJ to Philip Mazzei, Monticello, Apr. 24, 1796, TJWF, VIII, 235, 238-241. See TJMD, III, 267-268, xxiv, TCER, 376.
57 ANC, 5C, 2S, 1200-1202.
58 See SDOP, 609-612, 630-631.
59 SDOP, 609-612.
60 BFPP, 175.
61 ITHP, 35.
62 In general, see Joseph Moxon, Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing (1683-1684) (London: Oxford Univ., 1958), Lawrence C. Wroth, Benjamin Franklin: The Printer at Work (N.Y.: privately, 1981), Lawrence C. Wroth, The Colonial Printer (Portland: Southworth-Anthoensen Press, 1938), Elizabeth Harris and Clinton Sisson, The Common Press (Boston: David R. Godine, 1978), Caleb Stower, The Printer’s Grammar (London: Gregg Press, 1965), and Edward Grattan, The Printer’s Companion (N.Y.: Garland, 1981).
63 TJ to James Monroe, Mar. 8, 1798, TJWF, VIII, 380, 381.
64 AGA, Aug. 4, 19, 1800. John Fenno’s son, John Ward Fenno, denied JA helped. GUS, Oct. 14, 1800.
65 Details of John Fenno’s life are taken from John Hench,“Letters of John Fenno and John Ward Fenno,” PAAS, Vol. 89, Part 1 (1979), 300-301. On Fenno being printer to the Senate, see AGA, June 19, 1798, Jan. 8, 1799.