by the same author
Hitler’s Nuclear Weapons
(Leo Cooper, 1992)
Hirschfeld– The Story of a U-boat NCO 1935–1945
(Leo Cooper, 1997)
FIPS – Legendary U-Boat Commander, 1915–1918
(as translator – Leo Cooper, 1999)
First published in Great Britain in 2002 by
LEO COOPER
an imprint of Pen & Sword Books
47 Church Street,
Barnsley, South Yorkshire S70 2AS
Copyright © 2002 Geoffrey Brooks
ISBN 0 85052 896 8
eISBN 978 1 78337 933 0
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Phoenix Typesetting, Ilkley, West Yorkshire
Printed in England by
CPI UK
Dedication
Idedicate this book to the memory of Lt Charles Taylor USN, Senior Qualified Flight Instructor, Squadron 79M, Fort Lauderdale who, together with the thirteen men of TBM Avenger overwater navigational training flight 19, died on the evening of 5 December 1945 as the result of entering an anomalous gravity field near Great Stirrup Cay, Bahamas at about 3:15 that afternoon.
Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction
1 Vergeltungswaffen: V-1 to V-4
2 The Aryan Physics Doctrine
3 Heisenberg’s Pioneering Paper
4 Plutonium, Paraffin and Moderators
5 The Open Road to the Atom Bomb
6 Uraniumbombe: The German Post Office Takes Over
7 V-4: The Doomsday Bomb
8 The Decision not to Drop the German Bomb
9 Brighter than a Thousand Suns - for Two Seconds
10 The Sands of Time Run Out
11 The First and Last Voyage of the German Submarine U-234
12 “In the Interests of National Defense or Foreign Policy…”
13 The Manhattan Project
14 Gravity II
15 The “Foo Fighter”
16 German Flying Crescents and Discs
17 The Vril Reich
Appendix
Notes
Acknowledgements
I acknowledge a debt of gratitude to nuclear physicists Pat Flannen, whose speculation about Heisenberg’s experiments at Leipzig inspired this book initially, and Norberto Lahuerta, for his unstinting help with research and scientific opinion into all aspects of both V-4 projects.
I add a special note of appreciation to Brigadier Wilson, Barbara Bramall and Tom Hartman for their help and patience in coping with many late but unavoidable additions and deletions, and to Pen & Sword for having the courage to publish a book of this kind.
Introduction
Following the landings in France in 1944, the Combined Chiefs of Staff set up a number of military-civilian teams, termed the Joint Intelligence Objectives Committee, to follow the invading Allied armies into Germany with a view to seizing all Hitler’s military, scientific and industrial secrets for early use against Japan. The teams worked against the clock to obtain the most vital information before it was destroyed. The result was the biggest collect of captured enemy war secrets ever assembled. One Washington official called it “the greatest single source of this type of material in the world, the first orderly exploitation of an entire country’s brain-power”. The Office of Technical Services, the Washington government agency originally formed to handle the collection, reported that tens of thousands of tons of material was involved. It was estimated that over a million separate items had to be handled and they most likely represented practically all the scientific, military and industrial secrets of Nazi Germany. In A Brief History of Air Force Scientific and Technical Intelligence, published by NAIC, the National Air Intelligence Centre, it was recorded that in 1946 at Wright Field alone, three hundred people processed over 1500 tons of documents, adding 10,000 new technical terms to the English language. The technical knowledge from these documents revolutionized American industry.
In the summer of 1944, at about the time the JIOC was set in motion, the German High Command began to contemplate the eventuality of defeat and in September that year a General Plan was elaborated to evacuate Nazis, Third Reich capital and highly advanced technical and scientific knowledge to places selected by Hitler himself, of which Argentina was the principal destination. The strategist of the General Plan was Hitler’s personal ADC, Martin Bormann. The so-called “Rat Run” to Argentina was operated through the consulates of that country in Italy and Rome and facilitated the escape of wanted war criminals. But the Rat Run, known to the Germans under the codename Regentroepfchen (raindrop), was a fronting operation concealing a much vaster programme aimed at retaining for Nazism in exile its financial wealth, the scientific, political and military elite of the Third Reich and certain hyper-secret specialized knowledge. This latter was of a level above and beyond the million or so secret inventions and patents to be abandoned to the Allies. Code-named Aktion Wiking, this section of the overall plan was begun in September 1944 by Maximilian Erth with the assistance of Philip Bouhler (head of Hitler’s private office) and the Gauleiter of Lower Silesia, Karl Hanke.
The Nazis were particularly anxious to protect documents containing the highest classifications of secret knowledge designated Geheime Reichssache relating to the development of arms, aircraft and submarines. The most important of all these, files relating to a super aviation fuel and advanced aircraft, went by long-range Junkers Ju 390 transport aircraft directly to Argentina.
From the point of view of the US Government, the 260 tons of strategic material aboard the German U-boat U-234 escorted into Portsmouth Navy Yard, New Hampshire, on 19 May 1945 is so absurdly secret that the fact that it is classified as top secret is a secret, as are the documents pertaining to Dr Heinz Schlicke and the nature of the assistance he afforded the Manhattan Project in the three months after his capture. The most secret item of cargo aboard U-234 remains the eighty small cases of uranium powder which have never appeared on any USN Unloading Manifest and which will have been the fissile material for a rudimentary atomic explosive. But as far as the German High command was concerned, the voyage of this U-boat with its extraordinary cargo of war materials and passengers did not rate so highly as to fall within the ambit of the General Plan of Evacuation.
In the 1950s two crewmen of the former pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee Rudolf Walter Dettelmann and Alfred Schultz, interned in Argentina, swore statements to an Argentinian commission of enquiry to the effect that on 28 and 29 July 1945 they carried out naval duties in connection with the arrival on the Patagonian coast of two U-boats of an alleged six which escaped from Europe loaded with gold bullion and passengers. Extensive sonar sweeps along the inshore coast of Patagonia in March 2002 have resulted in a contact which, pending visual confirmation, will probably be a U-boat believed scuttled in these coordinates in July 1945. As it is neither of those mentioned by the two Graf Spee crewmen, it is clear that the General Plan was put into effect.
A leftist correspondent of a leading Neuquen daily newspaper active in exposing Nazi war criminals in the Bariloche area of Argentina and who prefers anonymity for that reason has stated in writing that he inspected official documents confirming that the German anti-gravity experiments SS-E-IV and SS-U-13, together with the notorious Bell described elsewhere in this volume, arrived aboard a Junkers Ju 390 long-range transport aircraft which flew non-stop from Norway to Gualeguay aerodrome in Entre Rios province, Argentina, at the war’s end1. If true, this might be seen by some as suggestive that the SS anti-gravity aircraft project was the post-war utmost priority for the National Socialist scientific elite.
Just a few days after the Nagasaki bombing in August 1945 the US authorities interrogated a German flak rocket expert whom they named only as Zinsser, a trained observer of aerial explosions. The interview document has a high reliability rating. During the interview Zinsser described certain characteristics of an A-bomb test he claimed to have observed over Germany in 1944 which he could not possibly have known about unless he had actually witnessed such an explosion. A nuclear weapons physicist whose opinion I sought thought that a small, possibly one-kiloton, device was being described, although the signs to look for were buried in the text and would elude the casual, unscientific reader of the document such as myself. That is the reason why its significance has been overlooked until now.
Unlikely as it may seem, therefore, on 11 October 1944, off Rügen Island in the western Baltic, German scientists successfully obtained a small atomic reaction from, for want of a better description, a rudimentary bomb within a lead jacket to suppress fallout. In a letter from Robert Oppenheimer to James B. Conant dated 30 November 1942 it was stated that in the opinion of General Groves, head of the Manhattan Project, a successful bomb was one “which had a 50% chance of exceeding a 1,000-ton TNT equivalent” and, as the German device seems to have fallen within this specification, Hitler’s scientists won the race for the atom bomb.
The V-4 is what catches the imagination. It was described by Hitler as being a weapon “of such potent effect that all human life would be exterminated within a radius of three to four kilometres of the point of impact”. This terminology could describe equally well an atomic weapon, a 250kg bomb of sarin nerve gas or even radiological material.
The looseness of Hitler’s description was intended to mislead his guest at table, Marshal Antonescu of Rumania, as to the nature of this “weapon of frightfulness” and how it was to be deployed, facts which have correspondingly remained a mystery ever since.
The researcher’s problem is that in the most important areas of history, particularly the Second World War, many governments intend that the truth of certain affairs is to be suppressed for ever. This may be done for a variety of reasons, both honourable and not. Thus, deep in national archives the papers which contain the true history will lie in darkness for decades and perhaps never see the light of day.
Aged servants of the former Third Reich in Germany and Austria often have useful files and documents which they are fearful to disclose lest their State pensions and those of their dependants should become forfeit on some unfortunate “technicality”. A file of correspondence between an Austrian Gauleiter and Hitler pertaining to the successful development of an efficient implosion fuse capable of detonating a plutonium bomb is, to my certain knowledge, in Sicherheit, which means in the custody of a lawyer until the death of the rightful holder, when it is to be released to a named researcher for publication.
Even more to be deplored is the sale of microfilmed documents from allegedly classified US archives. In two references in this book the source document does not appear to have been made available to the public but was “brokered through a licensee”. Exactly what the machinery is for this operation remains obscure. The author of one of the books concerned has given his word of honour that such a microfilmed document in his possession reads as he says it does, and I have no reason to doubt him. “Many researchers and physicists would give an arm for a glimpse of this document,” he writes. That may be so, but what sort of history is built on such a foundation?
All this official secrecy has led to the creation of lobbies. One of them believes passionately in an SS atom bomb built in some deep catacomb in the Tyrol or Harz Mountains. Another thinks that Professor Heisenberg must have been behind everything. An opposing lobby is tied to revealed documentation which dictates that National Socialist Germany not only had no atom bomb project and no nuclear reactor, but could not possibly have had one even if they wanted because their best scientists had all emigrated.
In fact, given the right implosion fuse, a couple of rudimentary zeroenergy nuclear reactors in an underground factory beside the Danube, two years and a chemical separation plant, a low-grade plutonium bomb would not have been beyond Germany’s capabilities in the Second World War, and from September 1941 they knew it. Simply to dismiss as a flight of fancy the V-4 explosive mentioned by Hitler, as academics and historians have done over the last half-century, seems too easy a solution. I have yet to see anything which convinces me that Third Reich scientists developed a full-size atom bomb, as many Germans insist, but the Wagnerian monstrosity below Haigerloch church, the cave with its chain of dangling uranium cubes above a well of heavy water in the gloom, is German humour at its best. Many suspect that the standard history we have been fed is bogus and that the Third Reich must have come up with something better than this abject, dismal failure.
Re-examining with the assistance of two nuclear physicists all the wartime German nuclear documents in the hope of discovering some inconsistency, suspicion soon fell on certain experimental work at Leipzig performed by Professor Heisenberg. It was pointed out that, whether he knew it or not, what he was doing was more useful fieldwork for making a bomb than designing a nuclear reactor. If intended as the warhead in a V-2 rocket it was ingenious.
Recently released official documents allow us to deduce that in April 1945 the submarine U-234 sailed for Tokyo direct with enough treated uranium for two of these small, laboratory-built atom bombs, a scientific passenger who specialized in fuse technology, and a large quantity of heavy water, essential ingredients in the manufacture of Heisenberg’s bomb. Thus at last we may have the solution to the mystery surrounding this German submarine.
The path of the V-4 project, which was not one weapon but two, is so tortuous that it should come as no surprise to find it occupying the greater part of this book. However, the theme of the volume is the German V-weapons of the Second World War. Because they are so well known, the V-1 and V-2 are mentioned primarily with reference to their intended use in the last five months of the war. The V-3 High Pressure Pump was used operationally by the Germans to bombard Luxemburg City during the Battle of the Ardennes and merits attention for that reason.
The Motorstoppmittel, Feuerkugel, known popularly as the Foo-Fighter, and the other side of the same coin, the Kugelblitz were all exotic ideas connected with the SS electro-magnetic anti-gravity project. Some claim that the concept originated in the workshops of some other world’s air force. Official documents prove the existence of all three developments, but fifty-five years afterwards, beyond a grudging admission that their airmen were not hallucinating with respect to the foo-fighter, the authorities have still revealed nothing about how the machines worked. Initially aircrew abstained from reporting what they had seen for fear of being grounded and hospitalized for psychiatric examination. Certainly on the evidence it is strange how the Germans, whose warships’ radar needed a vast steel mattress twelve yards square at the foretop, can have made such giant strides in propulsion, aerodynamics and radar in a few months that they were able to menace enemy bomber formations at 10,000 feet with luminous aerobatic basketballs capable of making over 400 knots. It is said that these aerial vehicles, if one can call them that, had been developed by – and one hopes that they were developed by – clever SS scientists at Wiener Neustadt. They seemed to be an ingenious though harmless anti-aircraft device.
The purpose of building such vehicles so close to the cessation of hostilities, particularly in view of the unholy alliance of Allied Governments with former German military and political leaders to conceal their existence ever since, gives rise to the conviction that we should not altogether discount the possibility of a connection between the loss of the war by Hitler and the upsurge in UFO sightings from 1947 onwards, the theme of the closing chapter of this book. There is no evidence for a German flying saucer excepting claims made by German aeronautical engineers postwar that they had worked on the design or construction of the project. Nevertheless, in 1947 the USAF was absolutely certain that flying saucers ex
isted, flew in our airspace and they suspected a German origin for them. For that reason I have considered it worthwhile to examine the evidence and to form a hypothesis for their creation in line with National Socialist ideology.
Mention must be made of the officer entrusted with running the V-weapons project from its inception. Probably the most extraordinary and enigmatic figure among the latter-day Nazi hierarchy, SS-General Dr (Ing) Hans Kammler (b. Stettin 26.8.1901) was a grey career man who had seen no fighting at the front. As engineer in charge of Building and Construction Works at WVHA, the SS-Chief Economic and Administrative Office, in 1942 Kammler had had responsibility for the planning and design of a number of death camps and had personally supervised the construction of the Auschwitz satellite camp at Birkenau.
On 7 July 1943, at FHQ Rastenburg, Hitler informed Wernher von Braun and Oberst Dr (Ing) Walter Dornberger, senior rocket scientists at the Peenemünde research establishment, that the V-2 project had been given the highest priority rating. On 22 July of that year, after the destruction by bombing of the rocket component plant at Friedrichshafen, the SS had begun looking for an underground factory and had found a suitable location at Niedersachswerfen near Nordhausen in the Harz Mountains, the largest subterranean factory in the world.2
On 17 August a large force of British aircraft bombed Peenemünde. The material damage was not extensive and more than 80 per cent of the bombs fell on open land and in the nearby woods. Even the effective patterns had damaged mostly non-industrial or easily repairable facilities. Dornberger reviewed the damage at first light and concluded that the site would be operational again within six weeks, but the following day Kaltenbrunner, head of SS Security Police, arrived in order to enquire personally into an alleged security leak. The intervention provided Himmler with the opportunity to approach Hitler with a convincing argument for transferring the entire V-weapons project from the Army to the SS. The satisfactory continuation of the programme could be guaranteed only by placing it under SS supervision, he argued, ensuring secrecy by using concentration camp inmates for the work force. Hitler concurred. On 1 September 1943 Hans Kammler was promoted to SS-Gruppenführer and appointed Special Commissioner for the V-2 project. He recruited 2000 engineers and drew 15,000 concentration camp inmates from Buchenwald and Natzweiler3 for the conversion work at the former Wifo factory now renamed Nordhausen Central Works and also SS-Mittelwerk, the latter by reason of its geographical position at the centre of Germany.
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