20 *Harrison Kitteridge, For Want of a Nail: The Closure of the Arctic Convoy Route to Russia (New York: Mason & Chandler, 1995), pp. 322-34.
21 *Schumdt, Wolfsschanze, p. 287.
Chapter 7, Counting the Victories
1 Kessel, literally a kettle, but meaning in a military sense an encircled pocket of enemy forces.
2 Carell, Stalingrad, p. 63.
3 Carell, Hitler Moves East, p. 511.
4 Benôit Lemay, Erich von Manstein: Hitler’s Master Strategist (Philadelphia: Casemate, 2011), pp. 250-66.
5 Lemay, Manstein, pp. 34-8. Mischlinge was the Nazi term for Germans with a Jewish parent or grandparent.
6 Carell, Stalingrad, pp. 64-5.
7 Horst Scheibert, Panzer-Grenadier Division Grossdeutschland (Warren, MI: Squadron/Signal, 1977), pp. 7, 39-41.
8 NKVD — Narodnyi Kommissariat Vnutrennikh Del — People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs — the Soviet secret police at the time of the Second World War.
9 Jones, Stalingrad, pp. 46-7.
10 Remaining at this point were USS Ranger, Saratoga, Enterprise and Hornet. The first of the Essex Class, the USS Essex, was commissioned in December 1942 and joined the fleet the next year. Also in 1943, the new USS Yorktown, Intrepid and Hornet joined the fleet in the Pacific. Yorktown and Hornet were named for the original ships lost at the battles of Midway and the Santa Cruz Islands.
11 *Edward W. Pruitt, Strategic Command Decisions of World War II (Washington, DC: Center for Military History, 1962), pp. 138-40.
12 Carell, Stalingrad, p. 63.
13 Jones, Stalingrad, pp. 23, 25.
14 Homer, tr. Robert Fagles, The Iliad (New York: Viking, 1990), 9.1-8.
15 Philipp von Boeselager, Valkyrie: The Plot to Kill Hitler (London: Phoenix, 2009), p. 72.
16 Matthew Hughes & Chris Mann, Inside Hitler’s Germany: Life Under the Third Reich (New York: MJF Books, 2000), p. 80.
17 Boeselager, Valkyrie, p. 74.
18 Chuikov, Battle for Stalingrad, pp. 18-19.
19 Jones, Stalingrad, p. 39.
20 Not to be confused with Rostov Veliki (Rostov the Great), a medieval city north of Moscow.
21 Carell, Stalingrad, p. 74.
22 Carell, Stalingrad, p. 78.
23 *Franz Halder, Decision at Werewolf (Frankfurt: Schiller, 1960), pp. 35-9.
24 *Erich von Manstein, Desperate Victories (New York: Steindorf, 1963), p. 131.
25 Craig, Enemy at the Gates, pp. 19-20.
26 Carell, Hitler Moves East, pp. 583-4.
27 Earl E. Zeimke, Stalingrad to Berlin (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1996), pp. 34, 39. Tank armies were made up of tank and mechanized corps, equivalent to panzer and panzergrenadier divisions.
28 Chuikov, Battle for Stalingrad, p. 31.
29 Stalin to Churchill, 23 July 1942, Works, Vol. 17, 1942, www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/Stalin/v17_1942.htm; accessed 30 March 2012.
30 Carell, Hitler Moves East, p. 587.
31 Chuikov, Battle for Stalingrad, pp. 33-6.
32 Jones, Stalingrad, p. 41.
33 V. I. Stalin, Sochineniia, Vol. 15 (Moscow, 1977), pp. 110-11.
34 *Gill, ‘Into the Caucasus’, pp. 150-1.
Chapter 8, ‘Those Crazy Mountain Climbers’
1 *Edwin R. Unger, Admiral Canaris: Master of Military Intelligence (London: Blackfriars, 1980), p. 211.
2 *Vernon T. Nelson, ‘Betrayal of the German Navy’, Naval Society Journal, Vol. XX, No. 3, June 1970.
3 A marcher land is a hostile border area between two states such as the border between England and Scotland, which was called the ‘Disputed Land’ for centuries as each side raided the other.
4 Mehmet Iconoglu, Turkey and the German Alliance (Cambridge: Massachusetts University Press, 1972), pp. 83-5.
5 Chuikov, Battle for Stalingrad, pp. 42-3.
6 Chuikov, Battle for Stalingrad, pp. 38, 47.
7 Chuikov, Battle for Stalingrad, pp. 51-2.
8 Beevor, Stalingrad, pp. 99-100.
9 Jones, Stalingrad, p. 29.
10 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 97.
11 A Hoax at the Soviet oilfields’, www.germanmilitaryhistory.com/blog/51608-a-hoax-at-soviet-oil-fields, accessed 13 March 1942.
12 *Baron Adrian von Fölkersam, Green Devils: The Brandenburg Regiment in the Second World War (London: Greenhill, 1985), p. 93. This book is considered the authoritative account of the German special forces in World War II and was the type of military book gem that Greenhill Books editor/owner, Lionel Leventhal, the grand old man of British military publishing, was famous for bringing to the English-speaking readership.
13 Carell, Hitler Moves East, pp. 557-8.
14 David Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad: Soviet-German Combat Operations, April-August 1942 (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas, 2009), p. 419.
15 Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, pp. 429-31.
16 *Boris Oblomov, Monster: The Life of Lavrenti Beria (Boulder, CO: Eastview Press, 1993), pp. 290-2.
17 Carell, Hitler Moves East, p. 559.
18 *William S. Johnson, Hoist on Their Own Petard: The German Use of Soviet Equipment in World War II (London: Charing Cross Road Publishers, 1966), pp. 153—66.
19 *Alfredo Coletti, Soaring Roman Eagles: The Alpini in the Caucasus (New York: Frederick, Bolton Et Myers, 1966), p. 156. In appreciation of this assistance, the Germans emblazoned their Caucasus mountain fighting badge with the image of an Alpini mule.
20 *Manfried von Sulzbach, Conquering the Caucasus: German Mountain Troops in Action (Warren, MI: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1967), p. 122.
21 *Coletti, Roman Eagles, p. 157.
22 Hans Ulrich Rudel, Stuka Pilot (New York: Ballantine, 1958), p. 57.
23 Albert Speer http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=50Ett=28721Etstart=0, accessed 17 March 2012.
Chapter 9, The Terror Raid
1 Chuikov, The Battle for Stalingrad, p. 43.
2 Herbert Selle, ‘The German Sixth Army on the Road to Catastrophe’, Military Review, Volume XXXVII, September 1957, No. 6.
3 Carell, Stalingrad, pp. 124-5.
4 Stalin, Works, Vol. 17, 1942, to Roosevelt, 22 August 1942. www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/Stalin/v17_1942.htm; accessed 30 March 2012.
5 ‘Alger Hiss’, www.conservapedia.com/Alger_Hiss#cite_note-237, accessed 30 March 2012.
6 Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, ‘Reds in the White House’, A review of The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America’s Traitors, Claremont Institute, Summer 2001.
7 Racey Jordan with Richard L. Stokes, From Major Jordan’s Diaries (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1952), p. 42.
8 *Aaron C. Davis, ‘The Convoy Decision’, Journal of Civil-Military Relations, Vol. XXXI, No. 12, June 1977, p. 1101.
9 Victor Nekrasov, Eront-Line Stalingrad (New York: Fontana/Collins, 1964), p. 43.
10 Nekrasov, Front-Line Stalingrad, pp. 61-2.
11 Beevor, Stalingrad, pp. 104-5.
12 Jones, Stalingrad, p. 57.
13 Wolfram von Richthofen’s cousin was the famous Manfred von Richthofen, the greatest German ace of the First World War.
14 David Glantz, Armageddon in Stalingrad, September-November 1942, The Stalingrad Trilogy, Volume 2 (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas, 2009), p. 25.
15 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 97.
16 Craig, Enemy at the Gates, p. 32.
17 Beevor, Stalingrad, pp. 97-8.
18 Carell, Hitler Moves East, p. 594.
19 Glantz, Armageddon in Stalingrad, p. 17.
20 Jones, Stalingrad, pp. 59-61.
21 Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, p. 264.
22 Jones, Stalingrad, pp. 42-4.
23 *Alexei Suvorov, ‘Red Army Mutiny at Stalingrad’, Military Review, Vol. XXX, No. 12, Dec 1956, p. 55.
24 *Karl Schmidt, ‘How Henry Ford won the Battle of Stalingrad’, Military History Review, Vol. XXX, No. 12, 1957, pp. 199-202,
25 Craig, Enemy at the Gates, p. 10.
&
nbsp; 26 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 113.
Chapter 10, New Commanders All Round
1 *Gill, ‘Into the Caucasus’, p. 154.
2 *Gill, ‘Into the Caucasus’, p. 153.
3 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 117.
4 Craig, Enemy at the Gates, p. 78.
5 Gerhard Engel, At the Heart of the Reich: The Secret Diary of Hitler’s Army Adjutant (London: Greenhill, 2005), p. 131.
6 Glantz, Armageddon in Stalingrad, p. 545.
7 Carell, Hitler Moves East, p. 577.
8 Beevor, Stalingrad, pp. 123-4.
9 *Bennett C. Archer, The Battle for Sukhumi 1942, Battle Study No. 137 (London: Peregrine, 2012), p. 77.
10 *Boris Oblomov, Monster: The Life of Lavrenti Beria (Boulder, CO: Eastview Press, 1993), p. 321.
11 *Archer, Sukhumi, pp. 94-6.
12 *Samuel Morison, Gallant Sailor: The Life of Admiral Sergei Gorshkov (Annapolis: Naval Society Press, 1955), p. 198.
13 *Gerhard Engel, The Hitler I Served: The Story of Hitler’s Army Adjutant (London: Greenhill, 1993), p. 121.
14 Stalin, Works, Vol. 17, 1942, to Churchill, 7 September 1942. www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/Stalin/v17_1942.htm; accessed 30 March 2012.
15 Craig, Enemy at the Gates, pp. 79-80.
16 *Gill, ‘Into the Caucasus’, pp. 156-7.
17 *John R. Wilson, The Wehrmacht’s Foreign Legion (London: Greenhill, 1985), p. 211.
18 *Peter G. Tsouras, ‘Killing the Red Tsar’.
19 Sverdlovsk’s name before the Revolution was Yekaterinburg, named after its founder, Catherine the Great. It was here that the Bolsheviks murdered the Romanov Imperial family. Its name was changed to Sverdlovsk after the name of a prominent Bolshevik.
20 Vassili Zaitsev, Notes of a Russian Sniper (London: Frontline, 2009), pp. 1-2, 9, 12.
21 Chuikov, The Battle for Stalingrad, pp. 74-6.
22 Chuikov, The Battle for Stalingrad, p. 78.
23 Carell, Stalingrad, p. 138.
24 Jones, Stalingrad, pp. 107-15.
25 Glantz, Armageddon in Stalingrad, pp. 125-9.
26 Glantz, Armageddon in Stalingrad, p. 134.
Chapter 11, Der Rattenkrieg
1 *Stephen J. Haithwaite, German Airborne Operations in the Caucasus: The Battle for Grozny, Battle Study No. 144 (London: Peregrine, 2001) p. 34.
2 Chuikov, The Battle for Stalingrad, p. 99.
3 Jones, Stalingrad, pp. 118-19.
4 Chuikov, The Battle for Stalingrad, p.101.
5 Zaitsev, Notes of a Russian Sniper, pp. 12-13.
6 *Archibald Perry, Treason Et Atrocities: Germany’s Collaborators in World War II (London: Blackheath Publishers, 1966), pp. 233-4.
7 *Ewald von Kleist, Caucasus Victory (Frankfurt: Sandvoss, 1955), pp. 239-42.
8 Engel, At the Heart of the Reich, pp. 133-4.
9 Earl E. Ziemcke, Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East (New York: Barnes Et Noble, 1996), pp. 32-3.
10 Glantz, Armageddon in Stalingrad, p. 137.
11 Craig, Enemy at the Gates, p. 111.
12 *Guy R. Williams, Hitler and His Generals (New York: Veni, Vidi, Vici, 1976), p. 199.
13 Jonathan Trigg, Hitler’s Jihadis: Muslim Volunteers of the Waffen-SS (Stroud: History Press, 2008), p. 47.
14 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 152.
15 Beevor, Stalingrad, pp. 221-3.
16 Feldgrau (field grey) was the colour of the German uniform. It was actually adopted in 1954 by the East German People’s Army (Volksarmee) which was at pains to explain that it was not really Feldgrau but Steingrau (stone grey), a case of ‘What’s in a name?’
17 *Rupert Graf von Hentzau, Hitler, Manstein, and the High Command: Derision on the Volga (London: Greenhill, 1992), pp. 239-41.
18 *Benoit Lemay, Erich von Manstein: Hitler’s Master Strategist (Philadelphia: Casemate, 2011), p. 392.
19 *Albert Tomlinson, The Stalingrad Plot Against Hitler (New York: Veni, Vidi, Vici, 1977), p. 290.
20 Lemay, Manstein, p. 292.
21 *Alexander Stahlberg, Serving with Manstein on the Volga: The Memoirs of his Military Assistant (London: Greenhill, 1985), p. 193.
22 Lemay, Manstein, p. 293.
Chapter 12, ‘Danke Sehr, Herr Roosevelt!’
1 Zaitsev, Notes of a Russian Sniper, p. 54.
2 Zaitsev, Notes of a Russian Sniper, p. 59.
3 *Ranjit Singh, The Indian Corps in the Battle of Baku (New Dehli: Armed Forces Publishers, 1975), pp. 155-60.
4 Stalin, Works, Vol. 17, 1942, to Roosevelt, 7 October 1942. www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/Stalin/v17_1942.htm; accessed 30 March 2012.
5 *Mason C. Wilkenson, Roosevelt and Soviet Aid: The Art of the Possible (New York: Stafford Et Sons, 1962), pp. 233-4.
6 Erich von Manstein, Lost Victories (London: Collins, 1958 ), pp 268-9.
7 *Helmut Graf von Kitzingen und Langheim, Hitler und Manstein (Frankurt: Ritterlich, 1977), pp. 339-41.
8 Bloody Sunday, 22 January 1905, a squadron of Cossack cavalry was ordered by a local official to charge and disperse a peaceful march on the Winter Palace in St Petersburg to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II. The tsar was not even present in the city and had no hand in the tragedy at all. Nevertheless, it sparked the 1905 Revolution that was only barely suppressed but which served in effect as a rehearsal for the 1917 Revolution.
9 *Dale M. Patterson, The Stalingrad Plot Against Stalin (Boulder, CO: Eastview Press, 1999), p. 146.
10 Chuikov, The Battle for Stalingrad, p. 185.
11 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 206.
12 *Jason R. Smith, ‘A Masterpiece of Deception and Logistics: The Counter-Offensive Build-up for Operation Uranus’, Military Review, June 1976,
13 *Helmut Ratzinger, The Road to Astrakhan: A Soldier with 1st Panzer Army (New York: Kingston, 1988), pp. 188-9.
14 The rank of Oberjäger was a variation of the rank Oberschutze, equivalent to private first class and awarded to a soldier who had distinguished himself but was not thought suitable for the first NCO grade of Gefreiter (corporal). For Pohl the rank was recognition of his deadly efficiency as a sniper.
15 *Friedrich Pohl, A Sniper at Stalingrad (London: Greenhill, 1980), p. 23.
16 Mungo Melvin, Manstein: Hitler’s Greatest General (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2010), p. 289.
17 Manstein, Lost Victories, p. 287.
18 *Henning von Tresckow, Desperate Days (London: Greenhill, 1988), p. 211.
19 Melvin, Manstein, p. 289,
20 *Paul H. Vivian, ‘4th Panzer Army in the Battle of Stalingrad’, Military History Review, July 1992, p. 32. Both the XIV and XLVIII Panzer Corps had participated in the late October assaults in Stalingrad; at that time they had about 300 tanks. By the time each had been redeployed on the flanks, each had fewer than 100 tanks, putting them at the normal strength of a panzer division.
21 Zaitsev, Notes of a Russian Sniper, pp. 157-8.
22 Manstein, Lost Victories, p. 271.
23 Joachim Fest, Plotting Hitler’s Death, 289-90.
24 *Werner Maria Pohl, Ten Righteous Men of Germany (Berlin: Sandvoss, 1997), p. 310.
Chapter 13, Der Totenritt bei Leninsk
1 *Ivan I. Chonkin, The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Georgi Zhukov (New York: Paladin, 1978), pp. 331-2.
2 *Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach, Command Decisions in the Stalingrad Campaign (Potsdam: Wehrmacht Press, 1955), p. 199.
3 Carell, Stalingrad, p. 158.
4 In Napoleon’s retreat from Moscow in 1812 his starving, freezing army attempted to cross the Beresina River over a few makeshift bridges. Discipline broke down as a mass of stragglers jammed onto the last bridge as the Russians poured artillery into them. The French lost as many as 20,000 men and a large number of camp followers. To this day Beresina is a French term for military disaster.
5 Jones, Stalingrad, p. 241.
6 Craig, Enemy at the Gates, pp. 194-5.
7 *Christopher Reese, The Cavalry to the Rescue: The LX Panzer Corps in the Battle
for Stalingrad, Great Fighting Forces Series (London: Peregrine, 2002), p. 77.
8 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 249.
9 *Georgi Zhukov, Operation Uranus and the Battle for Stalingrad (Moscow: Russian Armed Forces Press, 1966), p. 221. The RAFP had an active English-language publishing division that earned it considerable profits in the West by offering excellent translations of major works by senior officers. The works were highly respected since by that time there was no official editing of the author’s words.
10 Carell, Stalingrad, p. 161.
11 Erhard Raus, ed. Peter G. Tsouras, Panzers on the Eastern Front: General Erhard Raus and his Panzer Divisions in Russia 1941-1945 (London: Greenhill, 2002), p. 121.
12 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 259.
13 *Ernst Thalmann, I served with von Seydlitz: The Account of a Signal Soldier in 6th Army Headquarters (London: Charing Cross, 1961), p. 177.
14 Carell, Stalingrad, pp. 604-5.
15 *Erich von Manstein, Decision on the Volga (New York; World, 1955), p. 322.
16 Carell, Hitler Moves East.
17 Rudel, Stuka Pilot, pp. 131-2.
Chapter 14, ‘Manstein is Coming!’
1 *Valentin V. Petrochenkov, The Tragic Hero: Chuikov at Stalingrad (London: Coopersmith, 1977), pp. 311-14.
2 Combat pilots of the Red Air Force were often referred to as Red Falcons.
3 *Albert Speer, Making War Feed War (Frankfurt: Sandvoss, 1966), pp. 339-42.
4 *Manstein., Decision on the Volga, p. 388. Since Hoth commanded only one panzer and one infantry corps in 4th Panzer Army, Seydlitz with the far larger force was put in command of both armies despite his being junior to Hoth.
5 *Nikita S. Khrushchev, The Crimes of Stalin: His Rise and Fall (Moscow: Progress, 1965), p. 304,
6 *Carl F. Goerdeler, To Remove a Tyrant (London: Greenhill, 1985), 316-18.
7 Raus, Panzers on the Eastern Front, p. 127.
8 Raus, Panzers on the Eastern Front, p. 128.
9 *Mason N. Dixon, The German LX Panzer Corps at Stalingrad, Elite Formations 98 (London: Peregrine, 2005), pp. 77-9.
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