39. MB, 823–25; see also n. 78, suggesting that perhaps the daily entries from May 17 to June 19 might be a more accurate listing of the mileage than the final report cited at 823–25.
40. TJ to Martha J. Randolph, Papers, 20:381.
41. MB, 829 n. 91: William Short to TJ, Feb. 18, 1791, Papers, 19:291.
42. Lucia Stanton, "‘A Well-Ordered Household’: Domestic Servants in Jefferson’s White House," White House History, no. 17 (2006): 14.
43. Stein, Worlds, 43.
44. Ibid.
45. TJ to Martha Randolph, Dec. 4, 1791, Papers, 22:377; TJ to Martha Randolph, Dec. 13, 1792, ibid., 24:740–41.
46. Adrien Petit to TJ, July 28, 1792, Papers, 24:262.
47. TJ to Adrien Petit, Aug. 13, 1792, Papers, 24:294.
48. TJ to George Taylor Jr., Aug. 13, 1792, Papers, 24:295.
49. George Taylor to TJ, Aug. 26, 1792, Papers, 24:326–27.
50. Ibid.; George Taylor to TJ, Sept. 1, 1792, ibid., 340. TJ to George Taylor, Sept. 10, 1792, ibid., 365.
51. Adrien Petit to TJ, July 28, 1792, Papers, 24:262.
52. Clare A. Lyons, "Mapping an Atlantic Sexual Culture: Homoeroticism in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia," WMQ, 3d ser., 60 (2003): 119–54, par. 30.
53. MB, 830.
54. Stanton, "‘Well-Ordered Household,’" 12–13.
55. Ibid., 13.
56. Kierner, Scandal at Bizarre, 84, 109.
57. MB, 880.
58. Benjamin Banneker to TJ, Aug. 19, 1791, Papers, 22:49.
59. TJ to Benjamin Banneker, Aug. 30, 1791, Papers, 22:97–98.
60. See Papers, 22:52–54, detailing TJ’s relations with Banneker.
61. TJ to Henri-Baptiste Gregoire, Feb. 25, 1809; TJ to Joel Barlow, Oct. 8, 1809, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, 12 vols. (New York, 1904–05), 9:309–10, 10:261.
62. Thomas Greene Fessenden, Democracy Unveiled; or, Tyranny Stripped of the Garb of Patriotism, 2 vols. (New York, 1805), 2:52n, cited in Papers, 22:54.
63. See, Papers, 22:54 n.; Silvio A. Bendini, The Life of Benjamin Banneker (New York, 1972); Gordon-Reed, TJ and SH, chap. 2.
64. Gordon-Reed, TJ and SH, 139.
65. Ibid., 139–40. There are numerous references to Gardiner in TJ’s account books between 1790 and 1800; see, e.g., MB, 808 n. 7, 814, 980, 1019.
66. Philip D. Morgan, "‘To Get Quit of Negroes’: George Washington and Slavery," Journal of American Studies 39 (2005): 404.
67. Ibid., 415.
68. Annette Gordon-Reed, "Engaging Jefferson: Blacks and the Founding Father," WMQ, 3d ser., 58 (2000): 171–82.
23: Exodus
1. For discussions of the late eighteenth-century revolutions, see, e.g., David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823 (Ithaca, 1975); James, Black Jacobins; Robin Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848 (London, 1988).
2. An Act to Authorize the Manumission of Slaves, Laws of Virginia, 1782, chap. 61; Ira Berlin, "The Revolution in Black Life," in The American Revolution, ed. Alfred F. Young (DeKalb, III., 1976), 349–82; McColley, Slavery and Jeffersonian Virginia; Ralph Waller, John Wesley: A Personal Portrait (New York, 2003); James Haskins, The Methodists (New York, 1992); Cynthia Lynn Lyerly, Methodism and the Southern Mind, 1770–1810 (New York, 1998).
3. Berlin, "Revolution in Black Life," 362, 364; Ira Berlin, Slaves without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South (New York, 1974); Frey, Water from the Rock.
4. Stanton, Slavery at Monticello, 16.
5. "Thenia Hemings," Monticello Research Department files, Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc.
6. See Hemings family tree in this book.
7. TJ to Nicholas Lewis, April, 12, 1792, Papers, 23:408.
8. TJ to Daniel Hylton, Nov. 22, 1792, Papers, 24:657
9. MB, 836, 877.
10. Farm Book, 30.
11. TJ to Martha Randolph, Jan. 22, 1795, Papers, 28:249; Stanton, Free Some Day, 179 n. 204.
12. Stanton, Free Some Day, 119.
13. "Agreement with James Hemings," Sept. 15, 1793, Papers, 27:119–20.
14. See, e.g., Sawney v. Carter, 27 Va. 173 (1828); Shue v. Turk, 56 Va. 256 (1859). But see Eliasv. Smith, 6 Hum. 33, and Lewis v. Simonton, 8 Hum. 185, cases from Tennessee allowing for the enforcement of contracts for emancipation made between slaves and masters.
15. Paul Finkelman, "Treason against the Hopes of the World," Jeffersonian Legacies, 205.
16. MB, 891 n. 28.
17. "Notes of a Conversation with George Washington," Feb. 7, 1793, Papers, 25: 153–54.
18. TJ to Martha Randolph, July 7, 1793, Papers, 25:445–46.
19. Martin S. Pernick, "Politics, Parties, and Pestilence: Epidemic Yellow Fever in Philadelphia and the Rise of the First Party System," WMQ, 3d ser., 29 (1972): 559.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., 562–63.
22. See J. H. Powell, Bring Out Your Dead: The Great Plague of Yellow Fever in Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1993), xi. 96–101, detailing African American involvement with the epidemic.
23. TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, Nov. 2, 1793, Papers, 27:299. TJ gave his earliest descriptions of the disease to James Madison and then to his son-in-law Thomas Mann Randolph. TJ to James Madison, Sept. 1, 1793, Papers, 26:7; TJ to Thomas M. Randolph, Sept. 2, 1793, ibid., 20–21.
24. Powell, Bring Out Your Dead, 100–101.
25. TJ to George Washington, July 31, 1793, Papers, 26:593–94; "Notes of a Conversation with George Washington," Aug. 6, 1793, ibid., 627–30; TJ to George Washington, Aug. 11, 1793, ibid., 659–60; George Washington to TJ, Aug. 12, 1793, ibid., 660.
26. MB, 903.
27. Malone, Jefferson, 3:141; Ketchum, James Madison, 378–82.
28. Malone, Jefferson, 3:146.
29. TJ to James Madison, Nov. 2, 1793, Papers, 27:297; TJ to Thomas M. Randolph, Nov. 2, 1793, ibid., 299.
30. MB, 904 n. 69.
31. Ibid., 910.
32. Bear, The Hemings Family of Monticello, 7. See also Thomas Mann Randolph to TJ, April 30, 1791, Papers, 20:328; Mary Jefferson to TJ, May 1, 1791, ibid., 335; TJ to Daniel Hylton, July 1, 1792, ibid., 24:145.
33. "Deed of Manumission for Robert Hemings," Dec. 21, 1794. See photograph in the first insert.
34. TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, Dec. 26, 1794, Papers, 28:225–26.
35. Hamilton, Making and Unmaking of a Revolutionary Family, 83.
36. Martha Randolph to TJ, Jan. 15, 1795, Papers, 28:247.
24: The Second Monticello
1. MB, 912.
2. Ibid. TJ noted, "Peter comes home from working for Chapman," on Jan. 27.
3. Edmund Randolph to TJ, Aug. 28, 1794, Papers, 28:118; TJ to Edmund Randolph, Sept. 7, 1794, ibid., 148.
4. MB, 499; Farm Book, 421; TJ to James Barbour, May 11, 1821. TJ does not mention him by name, but the "servant of great intelligence and diligence" was Peter Hemings, who had been taught brewing by a London brewer who had relocated to Virginia.
5. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, "The Last Days of Jefferson," Special Collections, ViU; Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, 352–53, quoting the Frederick Town Herald, reprinted in the Richmond Recorder, Dec. 8, 1802. The editor of the paper employed a curious formulation of Callender’s writings about SH’s alleged son, "Tom," noting that the boy Callender "called" Tom did indeed look like Jefferson, as if they were skeptical of Callender on this point.
6. TJ to George Wythe, Oct. 23, 1794, Papers, 28:181.
7. Stein, The Worlds of Thomas Jefferson, 81.
8. TJ to Edmund Randolph, Feb. 3, 1794, Papers, 28:15–16; TJ to James Monroe, March 11, 1794, ibid., 34–35.
9. Stanton, Slavery at Monticello, 16.
10. Ibid.
11. See Lucia Stanton, "Rational Plantation Management at Monticello," in forthcoming collection of essays from Univ. of Virginia Press, quoting Lownes.
12. TJ to Jean Nicolas Demeunier, April 29, 1795, Papers, 28:341.
13. Sta
nton, Free Some Day, 114.
14. Farm Book, 110–11. See Stanton, "Rational Plantation Management," on TJ’s method of keeping daily tabs on the output of each nail boy.
15. Charles Campbell, "Life of Isaac Jefferson," 581.
16. Patricia Samford, "Archaeology of African-American Slavery and Material Culture," WMQ, 3d ser., 53 (1996): 88.
17. Fraser Neiman, Leslie McFaden, and Derek Wheeler, "Archaeological Investigation of the Elizabeth Hemings Site (44AB438)," http://Monticello.org/archaeology/publications/hemings.pdf, 5.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 6. As this book was going to press, an additional home site was found in the vicinity of the Elizabeth Hemings site.
20. Ellen Randolph Coolidge to Joseph Coolidge, Oct. 14, 1858, Family Letters Project.
21. TJ to George Jefferson, Dec. 3, 1801, Farm Book, 425.
22. Fraser, McFaden, and Wheeler, "Elizabeth Hemings Site," 54.
23. Ibid., 16–17.
24. Samford, "Archaeology," 94.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 92–93.
27. Peter S. Onuf, Jefferson’s Empire, 68.
28. Charles H. Wesley, "Negro Suffrage in the Period of Constitution-Making, 1787–1865," Journal of Negro History 32, no. 2 (April 1947), 143–68 at 154; James W. Patton, "The Progress of Emancipation in Tennessee, 1796–1860, Journal of Negro History 17, no. 1 (Jan. 1932), 67–102 at 68–69.
29. Neiman, McFaden, and Wheeler, "Elizabeth Hemings Site," 17.
30. T. H. Breen, The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence (New York, 2004), 140.
31. Samford, "Archaeology," 95.
32. Neiman, McFaden, and Wheeler, "Elizabeth Hemings Site," 50–51.
33. Ibid., 52.
34. Farm Book, 31.
35. See Gordon-Reed, TJ and SH, 195–96.
36. Ibid., 196–201.
37. See Hemings family tree in this book.
38. Malone, Jefferson, 1:430.
39. Farm Book, 50, 51, 52.
40. TJ to William O. Callis, May 8, 1795, Papers, 28:346.
41. Stanton, Free Some Day, 124.
42. "Deed of Manumission for Robert Hemings," Dec. 21, 1794, Papers, 28:222. See photograph in the first insert.
25: Into the Future, Echoes from the Past
1. MB, 936.
2. James Hemings’s inventory of kitchen utensils at Monticello, Papers, 28:610–11. See photo graph in the first insert.
3. Midori Takagi, "Rearing Wolves to Our Own Destruction": Slavery in Richmond, Virginia, 1782–1865 (Charlottesville, 1999), 17, 10, 13–14.
4. Ibid., 22–23; Marianne Buroff Sheldon, "Black-White Relations in Richmond, Virginia, 1782–1820," Journal of Southern History 45 (1979): 28–29.
5. Michael Durey, With the Hammer of Truth: James Thompson Callender and America’s Early National Heroes (Charlottesville, 1990), 158; Campbell, "Life of Isaac Jefferson," 567.
6. TJ to George Jefferson, June 21, 1799, Papers, 31:135.
7. George Jefferson to TJ, July 8, 1799, Papers, 31:148; TJ to George Jefferson, July 12, 1799, ibid., 148; George Jefferson to TJ, July 14, 1799, ibid., 148; TJ to George Jefferson, July 25, 1799, ibid., 149.
8. TJ to George Jefferson, May 18, 1799, Papers, 31:111; George Jefferson to TJ, June 3, 1799, ibid., 118.
9. Takagi, "Rearing Wolves," 22–23; James Sidbury, Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel’s Virginia, 1730–1810 (Cambridge, 1997), 184–219.
10. TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, Dec. 26, 1794, Papers, 28:225.
11. Rhys Isaac, review of Sidbury’s Ploughshares into Swords, in Journal of Social History 33 (2000): 1020–21.
12. Durey, With the Hammer of Truth, 154.
13. Extensive literature on Gabriel’s revolt references the importance of Saint Domingue in the political climate of Richmond. See, e.g., Douglas R. Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802 (Chapel Hill, 1993); Sidbury, Ploughshares into Swords; James Sidbury, "Saint Domingue in Virginia: Ideology, Local Meanings, and Resistance to Slavery, 1790–1800," Journal of Southern History 63 (1997): 531–52; Sheldon, "Black-White Relations in Richmond." The writings on TJ and this question are extensive as well. See, e.g., Tim Matthewson, "Jefferson and Haiti," Journal of Southern History 61 (1995): 209–48.
14. See Gary B. Nash, Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia’s Black Community, 1720–1840 (Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 14–142, discussing the political and social influences of the black arrivals from the French colony. The Pennsylvania Abolition Society helped secure freedom for many of them, and soon many "French-speaking" black people were living as free people in the city by 1793.
15. TJ to Mary Jefferson, May 15, 1797, Papers, 29:399.
16. Martha Randolph to TJ, Jan. 22, 1798, Papers, 30:43.
17. MB, 966, where Jefferson noted, "Arrived at Monticello between 8 & 9. aclock A.M."; Farm Book, 57.
18. TJ to Francis Eppes, Sept. 24, 1797, Papers, 29:531–32; Gordon-Reed, TJ and SH, 197; Brodie, "Thomas Jefferson’s Unknown Grandchildren," 94–99.
19. Gordon-Reed, TJ and SH, 196–201.
20. Ibid.
21. Early American Indian Documents: Treaties and Laws, 1607–1789, vol. 5, Virginia Treaties, 1723–1775, ed. W. Stith Robinson (Washington, D.C., 1979), 86–87, for the Treaty of Lancaster; Warren R. Hofstra, "‘The Extensions of His Majesties Dominion’: The Virginia Backcountry and the Extension of Imperial Frontiers," Journal of American History 84 (1998): 1310; Patrice Louis-René Higonnet, "The Origins of the Seven Years’ War," Journal of Modern History 40 (1968): 61. The LOC’s American Memory site has a copy of the Fry-Jefferson map, http://memory.loc/cgi-bin/map_pl; Jefferson, Notes, in Writings, 324. See also photograph in the second insert. See also Papers, 4:390, referring to documents in TJ’s handwriting that use the Treaty of Lancaster as a baseline for establishing rights to western lands, and ibid., 6:666, for TJ’s use of the Treaty in defense of Virginia’s claim to western territory; MB, 94, 1326 n. 36.
22. TJ to John Henry, Dec. 31, 1797, Papers, 29:600. Jefferson explained why he would never write to Martin directly to answer his charges by saying that his critic had forfeited the right to a one-on-one discussion by attacking him in the newspapers before writing directly to him about the problem. Luther Martin to TJ, June 24, 1797, Papers, 29:452. This letter was also printed in the Porcupine Gazette, a Federalist newspaper whose editor was the rabidly racist and anti-Jefferson William Cobbett. He continued to "write" to Jefferson throughout the rest of the year and into the next. See Papers, 29: 454–55, for the history of the Martin letters.
23. See, e.g., TJ to John Gibson, May 31, 1797, Papers, 29:408–9; TJ to Peregrine Fitzhugh, June 4, 1797, ibid., 415–18; TJ to John Gibson, Dec. 31, 1797, ibid., 599–600; TJ to John Henry, Dec. 31, 1797, ibid., 29:600–601. The last letter is particularly intriguing because, while describing his state of mind in 1774 when he took down the narrative of Logan’s speech, TJ says, "I knew nothing of the Cresaps, and could not possibly have a motive to do them an injury with design." But he surely must have learned something of them after that time, or how else would he have known to write that Thomas Cresap was "infamous for many murders"?
24. Thomas Jefferson’s Library: A Catalog with the Entries in His Own Order, ed. James Gilreath and Douglas L. Wilson (Washington, D.C., 1999), chap. 16, item 30, "Ethics. 2. Law of Nature and Nations."
25. Stith, ed., Early American Indian Documents, 5:87.
26. Christopher Gist’s Journals, with Historical, Geographical, and Ethnological Notes and Biographies of His Contemporaries, ed. William M. Darlington (Pittsburgh, 1893), 202–6.
27. Anthony F. C. Wallace, Jefferson and the Indians: The Tragic Fate of the First Americans (Cambridge, 1999), 28–34; Coolie Verner, "The Fry and Jefferson Map," Imago Mundi, 21 (1967): 75–76.
28. TJ to John Gibson, May 31, 1797, Papers, 29:408; TJ, An Appendix to the "Notes on Virginia" relative to the Murd
er of Logan’s Family (Philadelphia, 1800).
29. William Short to TJ, Feb. 27, 1798, Papers, 30:149–51.
30. Ibid., 150–51.
31. Hamilton, The Making and Unmaking of a Revolutionary Family, 42–43.
32. Short to TJ, Sept. 18 and Dec. 9, 1800, Papers, 32:155, 295.
33. TJ to Edward Coles, Aug. 25, 1814, Writings, 1345.
34. TJ to William Short, April 13, 1800, Papers, 501–10.
26: The Ocean of Life
1. "Old Virginia Editors," WMQ 7 (1898): 9–17.
2. Richmond Recorder, Sept. 1, 1802, cited in Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, 323; New York Commercial Advertiser, Oct. 9, 1800, cited ibid.
3. See Michael Durey, With the Hammer of Truth, 97–102, discussing the Reynolds affair and Callender’s involvement in it; Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (New York, 2004), 619, calling Hamilton’s "intemperate indictment of John Adams…a form of political suicide."
4. TJ to William Evans, Feb. 22, 1801, Papers, 33:38.
5. TJ to Philippe de Létombe, Feb. 22, 1801, Papers, 33:43.
6. Francis Say to TJ, Feb. 23, 1801, Papers, 33:53.
7. TJ to William Evans, Feb. 22, 1801, Papers, 33:38.
8. Francis Say to TJ, Feb. 23, 1801, Papers, 33:53.
9. William Evans to TJ, Feb. 27, 1801, Papers, 33:91–92.
10. Stanton, Free Some Day, 128.
11. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, "The Last Days of Jefferson," Special Collections, ViU.
12. Carlos Martinez de Irujo to TJ, March 13, 1801, Papers, 33:268–69; Philippe de Létombe, March 15, 1801, ibid., 302; TJ to Philippe de Létombe, March 19, 1801, ibid., 366; Philippe de Létombe, to TJ March 26, 1801, ibid., 449; TJ to Philippe de Létombe, March 31, 1801, ibid., 506–7.
13. TJ to William Evans, March 31, 1801, Papers, 33:505.
14. MB, 1051; TJ to Philippe de Létombe, March 19, 1801, Papers, 33:366.
15. Gordon-Reed, TJ and SH, 79, 254, 195.
16. Rothman, Notorious in the Neighborhood, 30.
17. MB, 1053 n. 15.
18. TJ to William Evans, Nov. 24, 1801; Evans to TJ, Nov. 5, 1801, MHi.
19. TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, Dec. 4, 1801, LOC, 20356.
The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family Page 93