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Index
Adams, Stephen B., 347
Advanced Research Projects Administration (ARPA), 210
Alcatel, 337, 338, 340, 346
Alvarez, Luis, 67–68, 246
American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T), 2, 17–20, 25–26, 331
anti-Semitism at, 63–64
antitrust suit against, 273–75, 297–303
Bell System, see Bell System
Bell Telephone Laboratories, see Bell Telephone Laboratories
companies within, 25
Depression and, 36, 37
federal investigation of, 45
horizontal structure of, 298–99
Long Lines Department, 25, 173, 269, 301
military and, 157–58
monopoly held by, 17, 30–31, 155, 158, 161–62, 164, 182–83, 185–86, 268–75, 297–301, 346, 350–51
patents held by, see patents
publicity and image of, 44–45
Sandia Labs and, 160, 271
vertical structure of, 298, 301
Western Electric, see Western Electric
amplifiers, 57–58, 83, 94–97, 99
Anderson, Phil, 55, 56, 102, 154
Angus, Irene, 140–41
Anti-Submarine Warfare Operations Research Group (ASWORG), 71–72
Apollo program, 4, 316, 356
Apple, 353–54
applied vs. basic research, 28–29
Arnold, Harold, 22–23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 41, 57, 122, 176, 353
audion and, 23
death of, 36
ASCII, 129–30
Astounding Science Fiction, 202
astronomy, 106
A.T.&T.: The Story of Industrial Conquest (Danielian), 45–47
atomic bomb, 59–60, 65–66, 74, 104, 202, 356
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 159–60, 246, 266
atoms, 42, 81, 83–84, 85
audion, 23
Baker, Helen, 240–41
Baker, William, 2, 3, 38–39, 81, 211, 213, 236, 237–49, 250–52, 254, 256, 258, 260–61, 266–67, 270–73, 275, 278, 297, 304, 307, 311, 319, 327–29, 342, 347, 352, 357
antitrust suit and, 300–301
as Bell Labs president, 268–69, 301
charge-coupled device and, 261
childhood of, 240–41
death of, 330
Fisk and, 241–42, 243
government work of, 245–49
Pierce and, 238, 243–44
retirement of, 301
Shannon and, 244
Shockley and, 313–14
synthetic rubber work of, 242–43
Telecommunications Act and, 328–29
Baker Committee, 246–47
Bamford, James, 247
Bardeen, John, 88–89, 92, 94–97, 163, 166, 180, 197, 266, 315–17
Brattain and, 89
death of, 316
Nobel Prizes awarded to, 181, 317
“surface states” theory of, 92–93
transistor work of, 99–107, 110, 111, 114, 171, 181, 281, 315–16
Barzman (née Levor), Norma, 119–20, 121, 133
basic research, 30
applied research vs., 28–29
Baxter, William, 297–98, 301
Beckman, Arnold, 308
Bell, Alexander Graham, 17, 23–24, 98, 112, 263
Bell Laboratories Record, 63, 74, 160, 169, 173, 263
Bello, Francis, 142, 163–64, 184–85
Bell System, 17–20, 22, 26, 341
breakup of, 272, 301–2, 304, 328, 330, 331, 333
growth of, 45–46
MCI and, 271–74, 299
New York World’s Fair exhibit of, 228–31, 262
quality control within, 49–50
Bell System Technical Journal, 41, 127
Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1–2, 298, 330–38, 339–60
antitrust suit and, 299–303
“case” classifications at, 80
Communications Development Training Program (“Kelly College”) at, 153, 293
creation of, 31–32
Depression and, 43
development and systems engineers at, 173
diffusion of new technologies from, 111
downsizing at, 333
durability tests at, 48–49
essential idea of, 32–33
funding for, 154, 156, 333, 336, 351
growth of, 76–77
Holmdel facility, see Holmdel
individual genius vs. collaboration at, 133–35
interdisciplinary groups at, 79–80
Kelly’s lectures about, 149–52
Kwajalein outpost of, 293–94
lectures at, 43
Lucent and, 335–37, 338, 340, 346
management style at, 102
markets for products of, 154
materials at, 50–51, 81–83, 114
math department at, 122–23, 133
military and, see military
Murray Hill facility of, 75–79, 81, 88, 93, 146, 151, 331, 335, 336, 338, 340
narrowing of ambitions at, 334–35, 346
notebooks at, 56–57
number of workers at, 172–73
qualities shared by recruits at, 38–39
research scientists at, 173
social and professional exchanges at, 151
solid-state group at, 43, 79, 80, 81, 86–91, 92, 102, 103, 105, 112, 134, 150–51
study groups at, 43–44
technical assistants at, 154
West Street offices of, 26–27, 31, 75, 76, 146, 339–40
World War II and, 59–74, 81
Bennett, William, 256
bits, 129
Bode, Hendrik, 146, 147
Bohr, Niels, 51, 69, 267
bombs, 71
atomic, 59–60, 65–66, 74, 104, 202, 356
Bown, Ralph, 96–97, 99–100, 104–6, 108, 141, 150, 266, 334, 357–58
Brattain, Walter, 39, 42, 43, 44, 57–58, 80–81, 83, 85, 87–89, 93–97, 111, 154, 163, 166, 170, 180, 183, 266, 315–16
Bardeen and, 89
death of, 316
laboratory of, 93
Nobel Prize awarded to, 181
Pierce and, 197
transistor work of, 99–107, 110–11, 114, 171, 180, 181, 281, 315–16
Braun, Ernest, 90, 108, 152
Bridge, The, 61–62
Brown, Benjamin, 316
Brown, Charles, 298, 299, 301, 333
Brown, Walter, 56, 310
Brownell, Herbert, 182
Buchsbaum, Sol, 302, 357
Buckley, Oliver, 37, 40, 44–45, 59, 63, 64, 69, 73, 105, 106, 112, 156, 157, 160, 236, 245, 246, 282
as Bell Labs president, 78–79
Murray Hill complex and, 76–77, 78
retirement of, 156, 157
Buehler, Ernie, 167–68
Bush, Vannevar, 116–20, 123, 157
Business Week, 253
Byron, Christopher, 333
California Institute of Technology (Caltech), 14, 267
Pierce at, 191–93, 324, 325
Shockley at, 53–54, 192
carbon granules, 12, 20
Carr, Nicholas, 342
Carty, John J., 21–22, 27, 31
cell phones, 3, 131, 227, 233–34, 279–83, 284, 286–97, 335
Chaffee, Joe, 222
Chapin, Daryl, 171, 172
charge-coupled device (CCD), 261, 341
chess computer, 136, 137–38, 143, 322
chips, 252–53
Christensen, Clayton, 349
Chu, Steven, 331, 355
CIA, 247
Clark, Thomas, 158
Clarke, Arthur C., 4–5, 177, 178, 179, 197, 203
Clifford, Clark, 248, 328
codes, 124–25, 126
Coll, Steve, 271
Columbia University, 43
communication and messages, 121, 125–26, 128–32
cryptography and, 124–25, 131, 141, 147
digital, 129–31, 185, 250–51
optical, 256–61
pattern followed by, 128
Communications Development Training Program (CDT; “Kelly College”), 153, 293
Communications Satellite Act, 224
computers, 105–6, 155, 182, 184, 197, 226, 235, 250, 252, 253
chess, 136, 137–38, 143, 322
digital, 123, 251
Echo and, 214
electronic switching and, 233
music and, 225, 244, 325–27
Shannon and, 117–18, 136–44
COMSAT, 224
Conant, James, 157
“Convergence in Webster” game, 133, 197
copper, 83, 84, 86
Cornell University, 14
Corning Glass Works, 261, 262, 277, 278
Craig, Cleo, 179–80
Crawford Hill, 214–18, 220, 223, 258, 259, 340
Cronkite, Walter, 226
cryptography, 124–25, 131, 141, 147
Cuban Missile Crisis, 248
Cutler, C. Chapin, 214
cybernetics, 142
Danielian, N. R., 45–47
Darrow, Karl, 41–42, 43, 202
David, Edward, 228, 229, 238
Davisson, Clinton J. “Davy,” 28–30, 32, 33, 37, 40, 43, 52, 60, 61, 69, 152, 353, 359
Murray Hill complex and, 76
DeButts, John, 273–74, 298
De Forest, Lee, 23
Depression, Great, 36, 37, 41, 43, 75
digital computing, 123, 251
digital information, 129–31, 185, 250–51
digital photography, 261
DiPiazza, Gerry, 293–95
discovery, invention vs., 106–7
Distant Early Warning (DEW) line, 161, 182
“Don’t Write: Telegraph” (Pierce), 202–3
Dorros, Irwin, 239, 264, 265, 333
Drucker, Peter, 302–3, 330
DuBridge, Lee, 157, 245
DuPont, 167
Echo, 212–20, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 244, 254, 323, 340
Edison, Thomas, 11–13, 14, 29, 81, 152
carbon granules and, 12, 20
Einstein, Albert, 43, 51, 267
Shannon and, 121, 131–32
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 157, 182, 217–18, 246, 247
electrolytes, 93–94, 95
electromagnetic waves, 235–36
electron diffraction, 37
electronic switching (ESS), 229, 231–34, 235, 260, 261, 290–91
electrons, 15, 42, 43, 83–84, 85, 95, 101
Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors (Shockley), 112
Elizabeth II, Queen, 224
Elmendorf, Chuck, 55, 192–94, 236, 283, 288, 312, 358
energy innovation, 355–56
Engel, Joel, 287–91, 294–95, 354
Epstein, Paul, 15
Espenschied, Lloyd, 63–64
Facebook, 344, 353–54
Fairchild Semiconductor, 251, 252
Fano, Robert, 131
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 226–27, 260, 270–72, 280–83, 286–88, 290, 295–97, 302, 329
Fermi, Enrico, 43, 60
Feynman, Richard, 42, 63
fiber optics, 258–62, 277–79, 331, 341
testing of, 296–97
field effect, 90–91, 92, 101
Fisk, Jim, 2, 3, 38, 41, 43, 55, 59–60, 68–72, 80, 88, 133, 159, 170, 184–85, 211–13, 234–37, 242, 245–46, 248, 252, 254, 258, 260, 263, 268, 285, 300, 304, 306, 307, 311–13
Baker and, 241–42, 243
retirement of, 266
Fleckenstein, Bill, 237
Fletcher, Harvey, 15, 16, 22, 25, 26, 28, 40, 43, 65, 80, 96, 267
Jewett and, 24
Flexner, Simon, 205
Forrester, Jay, 105–6, 334
Fortune, 142, 163–64, 166, 184–85, 219, 243, 270
Frenkiel, Dick, 284–96, 351
Friis, Harald, 152–53, 174, 196, 206, 209, 213
Fry, Thornton, 122–23
Fuller, Cal, 168–69, 171–72
functional devices, 252
Galambos, Louis, 19–20
Gallatin, Mo., 9–11, 38, 342
Gates, Bill, 4, 357
General Electric (GE), 163, 251, 303, 348
germanium, 86–87, 93–95, 99, 102–4, 107, 109–10, 165–66, 168, 169
purification of, 114, 134
Gibney, Robert B., 93, 96
Ginsparg, Paul, 337
glass, 83
Glennan, Keith, 211
glider planes, 189–90, 192
Goeken, Jack, 271
“Gold Bug, The” (Poe), 124
Golden, William, 157
Goodell, Rae, 313
Google, 341, 344, 353–54
Gordon, Eugene, 109
Gould, Gordon, 255