Dull Knife, 149
Dunmore’s War (1774), 71–72
Dustin, Hannah, 64–65
dysfunction, narrative of, 211–14
Echo-Hawk, Walter R., 11–12
economic self-determination, 208–10
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 174, 176
Emancipation Proclamation (1863), 136, 146
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 130, 131
The End of the Trail (sculpture), 9, 161
energy resources, 10, 209–10
England. See Britain
Enloe, Cynthia, 226–27
epidemic diseases, 39–42
ethnic cleansing: by buffalo soldiers, 148; and democracy, 106; in Georgia, 66; militarization and, 227; Muskogee War as, 100; in nineteenth century, 93; as term for genocide, 9; in Texas, 127; of West, 136, 149
exceptionalism, 47, 50, 104–5, 248n7
Fairchild assembly plant, 209
Fallen Timbers, 83, 86
farmer-settlers, 70–71
farming. See agriculture
federal Indian trusts, 161, 206
“Fetterman Massacre” (1866), 145
Filson, John, 106–7
fire, precolonial use of, 27–28
firearms ownership, 227–28
“First Americans,” 13
“First Barbary War” (1801–5), 119
First Indian Brigade, 135
“firsting and lasting,” 9
First Seminole War (1817–19), 102
fishing rights, 181–82
Fitzpatrick, Thomas, 187
“Five Civilized Tribes,” 98, 101, 134–35
Fixico, Donald, 158–59
Florida: Geronimo in, 150; Muskogee Nation and, 90, 108; Seminole Nation in, 101–2, 194; Spanish, 43, 66, 90
food supplies: of Miamis, 80–81; of Plains peoples, 220; of Seminoles, 102; of Senecas, 77; in total war, 58, 144–45
forced marches, 112–14, 138–39
forests, 28, 45–47
Forsyth, James, 155
Franciscan missionaries, 125, 126, 127–28
Fraser, James Earle, 9, 161
freedom and empire, 105–6, 124
“freesoilers,” 134–36, 140–46
Frémont, John C., 123
French and Indian War (1754–63), 53, 67–71
“frontier thesis,” 179
funds, investment of Indigenous, 168
fur trade, 186–88
game management, 15–16, 28
Garifuna people, 23
Gatling gun, 139–40
General Allotment Act (1887), 11, 157–61, 189
genocide: of Cherokee Nation, 87–90; during Civil War, 136–40; in colonial period, 57–60; vs. disease, 39–42; Andrew Jackson and, 94, 97–102, 109–14; migratory, 149; of Muskogees, 90–92; in Ohio Country, 81–83; policies of, 9–10; and race to innocence, 228–31; and settler colonialism, 2, 6, 8–10; and Tecumseh, 84–87; after war for independence, 79–80
Georgia (state), 88, 90–92, 110
Georgia colony, 65–66
germ warfare, 68
Geronimo (Goyathlay), 150–51, 165, 221; as code name for Osama bin Laden, 56
Ghost Dance, 153–154, 156
Gilbert, Humphrey, 38, 39
gold fever, 42–44, 129, 130, 145, 152
Goldstein, Alyosha, 262n23
Gómez-Quiñones, Juan, 235
GOON squad (Guardians of the Oglala Nation), 186, 250n22
Gorman, Howard, 172
governance, Indigenous, 25–27, 215–17
Goyathlay (Geronimo), 150–51, 165, 221
Gran Colombia, 119
Grant, Ulysses S., 144, 145, 146, 151
grasses, destruction of natural, 144
Great Depression, 171–72
Great Law of Peace, 26, 246n14
Great Plains: buffalo slaughter on, 143; destruction of natural grasses of, 144; Indian Wars in, 9; military outposts on, 221; in precolonial America, 28, 29; Sioux Nation on, 166, 187
Great Railroad Strike (1877), 166
Great Upheaval, 67
“Great White Fleet,” 163
Green Corn Dance, 31
Green Corn Rebellion, 166–67
Grenier, John: on cultural aspects of militarization, 227; on Haudenosaunee, 77; on irregular and unlimited warfare, 56, 57–61, 196, 219; on Andrew Jackson, 100; on ranging, 63–64, 65, 220; on settler-farmers, 71; on war of independence, 76
Guale (Spanish Florida), 66, 90
Guantánamo Bay detention center, 201, 222, 224
Guardians of the Oglala Nation (GOON squad), 186, 250n22
gun ownership, 227–28
Guthrie, Woody, 2–3, 55
habitat management, 28, 45–47
Harjo, Chitto (Crazy Snake), 158–59
Harrison, William Henry, 85–86, 87
Haudenosaunee, 24, 26, 76–77
Hawai‘i, US military control of, 163
Hawkins, Benjamin, 98
health care, national, 263n22
Hickory Ground, 158
Hidalgo, Miguel, 120
Hohokam people, 22
Holder, Stan, 148
“home rule,” 190
Homestead Act (1862), 140, 141
homo sacer, 224
Hopi Nation, 159–60
Horseshoe Bend, 99–100
Hotchkiss guns, 155
Houston, Sam, 127
Huguenots, 49
Huhugam people, 22
human remains, repatriation of, 206, 231–33
IITC (International Indian Treaty Council), 203–4, 260n21
Illinois Territory, 85, 87
immigrants, 13, 50–51, 148, 229
imperialism: exceptionalism and, 104–5; “Indian Wars” as template for, 192–95, 218, 219–22, 229; of Andrew Jackson, 107–10, 114–15, 253n26; populist, 106, 108; US overseas, 118–21, 162–67
“In Country,” 57, 193
Indian Appropriation Act (1871), 142
Indiana Territory, 87
Indian Citizenship Act (1924), 169, 171
Indian Claims Commission, 173
Indian Claims Court, 173
“Indian Country,” 133–61; and annihilation unto total surrender, 149–53; army of the West in, 136–40; colonial policy in, 140–46; colonial soldiers in, 146–49; and Ghost Dance, 153–57; and greed, 157–61; legal use of term, 57, 248–49n2; and Lincoln’s “free soil” for settlers, 134–36; military use of term, 56–57, 106, 132, 148, 193, 220
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988), 210
Indian Relocation Act (1956), 174
Indian Removal Act (1830), 110
Indian removal policy, 109–14
Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 159, 171–73, 185, 190, 215
Indian Self-Determination Act (1975), 209
Indians of All Tribes, 183–84
Indian Territory (Oklahoma), 3; allotment in, 158–61; “Five Civilized Tribes” in, 134–35; Indian Removal Act and, 110–14; Indigenous alliances in, 85–87; in Louisiana Purchase, 95; Unassigned Lands in, 158
“Indian Wars,” 71–74; as template for imperialism, 192–95, 218, 219–22, 229
Indigenous communities and nations, federally recognized, 10–11
Indigenous Peoples of the Americas conference, 197–98
“Indigenous Quotient,” 235
industrialization, 166, 167–68
infectious diseases, 39–42
innocence, race to, 229–31
Inter-American Indian Institute, 176
International Indian Treaty Council (IITC), 203–4, 260n21
Iraq, US military invasions of, 193–95, 222, 229
Ireland: England’s colonization of, 38–39, 51–52
Iroquois Nations, 17, 24, 76–77
irregular warfare: in California, 129; by Cheyennes, 146; during Civil War, 94, 135–36; in colonial period, 57–60, 69; by Crazy Horse, 152; in King Philip’s War, 64; by Modocs, 223; in Ohio Country, 81–83; Second Amendment and, 80; in Seminole Wars, 102; after war of i
ndependence, 94; in West, 150, 152
irrigation systems, 16, 21–22
Ishi, 161, 232
Israel, as covenant state, 47, 50, 248n7
Iturbide, Agustín de, 123
Jackson, Andrew: background of, 53, 96–97, 108–9; and genocide, 94, 97–102, 109–14; imperialism of, 107–10, 253n26; as “Indian hater,” 59; and Indian removal policy, 109–14; and Muskogee War, 93, 97–101; and persistence of denial, 114–16; and Santa Fe Trail, 122; and Seminole Wars, 97, 101–2; and settler patriotism, 103, 106, 107; and Texas, 127; and Trail of Tears, 112–14; and treaties with Indigenous nations, 111; and Walt Whitman, 117–18
Jacobson, Dan, 48
Jamestown settlement, 60–61, 195
Jefferson, Thomas: and Barbary Wars, 119; on continental expansion, 3; and Doctrine of Discovery, 199; and settlers, 55, 75; and US occupation of Mexico, 120–21
Jennings, Francis, 46–47, 104
Jim Crow laws, 140, 170
Johnson, Andrew, 142
Johnson, Lyndon B., 182, 208–9
Johnson v. McIntosh (1823), 199–200
Joseph (Chief). See Nimi’ipuu
Kaplan, Robert D., 219–22
Keen, Benjamin, 40
Keetoowah secret society, 158
Kennedy, John F., 178–79
Kennewick Man, 232–33
Kickapoo (Coahuila Kikapú) Nation, 126
Killsback, Leo, 204–5
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 50, 78, 182–83
King, Matthew, 190–91
King George’s War (1744–48), 67
King Hagler, 69–70
King Philip’s War (1675), 64
Kintpuash (Captain Jack), 223–24
Kiowa Nation, 143
Knickmeyer, Ellen, 194–95
Knox, Henry, 81, 88, 91, 92
Kroeber, Arthur, 232
Kuznick, Peter, 228
LaDuke, Winona, 226
Lakotas: seizure of Black Hills from, 180, 188, 207; Wounded Knee massacre of, 154–56; Wounded Knee siege by, 185–86
land: and Civil War, 133–34; and genocide, 2, 6, 8–10; and Indian reservations, 10–12; and manifest destiny, 2–3, 5–6; and national narrative, 2, 3–4, 12–13; as private property, 34–36; as real estate, 55, 141; sacred, 55, 152, 179–80, 206–7, 211, 236; sale to settlers of, 84–86; and settler colonialism, 2–10; stewards of the, 27–30; surveying and distribution of, 124; in US history, 1–14; in US West or Borderlands history, 7–8
land claims, 205–8
land grants, 123, 126–27, 140–42
Land Ordinance (1785), 124
land restitution, 175, 179–80, 181, 205–8, 258–59n5
The Last of the Mohicans (Cooper), 71, 103–4, 221
Lawrence, D. H., 94, 105, 227
Lawton, Henry W., 165
Leatherstocking Tales (Cooper), 103, 106
Lee, Robert E., 133, 135
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 28, 120–21
liberty and empire, 105–6, 124
Liliuokalani (Queen of Hawai‘i), 163
Lincoln, Abraham: and Civil War, 133; colonial policy prior to military implementation under, 140–46; and “free soil” for settlers, 134–36; and genocidal army of the West, 136–40
Little Bighorn, 151–52, 155
Little Crow, 136
Little House on the Prairie series, 252–53n19
Little Turtle (Meshekinnoqquah), 81, 83, 85
Little Wolf, 149
Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903), 189
“Long Walk,” 138–39
“Lord Dunmore’s War” (1774), 71–72
“lost tribes,” 233
Louisiana Purchase, 95–96; Daniel Boone and, 106; Cherokees and, 111; conditions for statehood in, 124; and Lewis and Clark, 120; and Sioux Nation, 186
Lowell, James Russell, 130, 131
“low-intensity conflict,” 58
Lyons, Oren, 26
MacArthur, Arthur, 165
MacDonald, Peter, 210
Madison, James, 85, 87, 100
Magellan, Ferdinand, 43
Malisset people, 67
El Malpais, 180
manifest destiny: and buffalo soldiers, 147; challenge to concept of, 220; and General Allotment Act, 157–61; Mexican War and, 130, 131; and multiculturalism, 5–6; unconscious, 2–3; and US origin myth, 105–6; and US overseas imperialism, 162–67; Walt Whitman on, 118
Mankiller, Wilma, 108
Mann, Charles C., 15, 27, 28
Maroons, 23, 66, 101
Marshall, John, 110, 199–200
Martínez, Miguel Alfonso, 205
Mason, John, 59, 62, 63
Mayan civilization, 18–19
Mayflower Compact, 49, 50
McGillivray, Alexander, 78
McIntosh, Lachlan, 72–73
McNickle, D’Arcy, 175, 176, 197
Means, Russell, 186
medicine, Indigenous, 17, 246n3
Melville, Herman, 103, 130
Menominee Nation, 175
mercantile capitalism, 143–44
Merritt, Wesley E., 165
Meshekinnoqquah (Little Turtle), 81, 83, 85
Mesoamerica, 17–21
Mexican War (1846), 117, 123, 130–32
Mexican workers, deportation of, 176
Mexico: abolishment of slavery by, 127; early Indigenous civilizations in, 17–21; independence movement in, 120; indigenous people of occupied, 125–30; land grants in, 123, 126–27; revolution of Indigenous farmers in, 167; US colonization of, 121–24; and US imperialism, 118–21; views on US invasion and occupation of, 130–32
Miamis, 81–83
Micronesians, 225–26
migration(s): of Cherokees, 21; and cultivation of corn, 22, 30; to Indian Territory, 112, 115; interstate, 8; to and from reservations, 259n20; of Scots-Irish, 52–53, 54, 96; seasonal, 29; of Sioux, 152; through Mexico, 30
migratory genocide, 149
Mi’kmaq people, 67
Miles, Nelson A., 139, 149, 164, 165
militarization, 225–28
military names, 56–57
militia(s): in “Black Hawk War,” 111; in Cherokee territory, 89; colonial, 58–60, 64; in French and Indian War, 67, 69, 71; and Green Corn Rebellion, 167; in Illinois and Indiana Territories, 87; under Andrew Jackson, 97, 99; and Modocs, 223; and Muskogee Nation, 92; in Ohio Country, 72, 73, 81; regular army and, 94; Rough Riders, 165; Scots-Irish in, 53–54; and Second Amendment, 80; settler, 73, 82, 165; in Virginia, 75; in West, 137, 138
Mills, Sid, 181–82
Miner, H. Craig, 167, 168
mining, 19, 209–10
Mission Dolores, 127–28
Modoc War, 223–24
Monroe, James, 102, 133
Monroe Doctrine, 3; Roosevelt Corollary to, 166
Montezuma II, 21
Montgomery, Archibald, 68–69
Mooney, James, 112–13
Moriscos, 37
Morrill Act (1862), 140
Mount Rushmore, 180, 207
Murguía, Alejandro, 129
Muskogee (Creek) Nation: and allotments, 158–59; and “civilization” project, 98; forced removal of, 113; governance of, 26; origins of, 30; Red Sticks of, 98–99, 100, 101; resistance by, 90–92; treaties with Confederacy by, 135
Muskogee Creek Orphan Fund, 168
Muskogee War (1813–14), 93, 97–101
Myer, Dillon S., 174
NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 1990), 206
Narragansetts, 63
National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), 57, 175, 184, 193
National Indian Gaming Association, 210
National Indian Youth Council (NIYC), 181, 182, 185, 210
national narrative, 2, 3–4, 12–13
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA, 1990), 206
Navajo (Diné) Nation: Fairchild assembly plant in, 209; forced march of, 138–39; land base of, 12; and mining, 210; origins of, 23; reje
ction of Indian Reorganization Act by, 171–72
Nazi Germany, 204–5
NCAI (National Congress of American Indians), 57, 175, 184, 193
Neal, Richard, 57, 193
neocolonialism, 7, 190
New Deal, 170–72
New England colony, 62–64
“new frontier,” 178–80
New Mexico: land-grant settlements in, 258–59n5; Spanish settler-colonists in, 125; statehood of, 124
New Spain, 43
“New World,” 42
Nimi’ipuu (Chief Joseph, Nez Perce), 149–50, 165
Nixon, Richard M., 179–80, 184, 185
NIYC (National Indian Youth Council), 181, 182, 185, 210
Northwest Ordinance (1787), 3, 124
Obama, Barack: on colonial power, 115–16; and Violence Against Women Act, 214
Office of Indian Affairs, 102–3, 151, 189
Oglethorpe, James, 66
Ohio Country: and Northwest Ordinance, 3; Tecumseh in, 84–87; transfer from Britain of, 78; during war for independence, 71–74; after war of independence, 81–83
Ojibwe Nation, 24, 216–17
Oklahoma: Green Corn Rebellion in, 166–67; statehood of, 159. See also Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
“Oklahoma Run,” 158
Old Lady Horse, 143
Olmec civilization, 19
Oneida Nation, 77
“Operation Wetback,” 176
origin myths/narratives, 2, 3–4, 12–13, 47–51, 102–7
Ortiz, Simon J., 133, 137, 236
Osage Nation, 215–16
overgrazing, 171–72
Pacific Railroad Act (1862), 140
Paha Sapa. See Black Hills (Paha Sapa)
pan-Indigenous movement, 10, 84–85
patriotism: Alamo and, 127; after Civil War, 140; and covenant, 50, 51; under Andrew Jackson, 102–7, 108, 115; origin story and, 47
Patton, George, 167, 194
Pequot War (1637), 62–63, 64
Percy, George, 60
Pershing, John J., 167
Persian Gulf War, 57, 193–94
Philippines, US occupation of, 164, 165–66
Pike, Zebulon M., 120–22, 123
Pilgrims, 49
Pine Ridge Sioux Reservation: Guardians of the Oglala Nation at, 186, 250n22; home rule in, 190; poverty and social dysfunction in, 208, 211; and Trail of Broken Treaties, 185–86; and Wounded Knee Massacre, 154–56
Plains Indians: and Geronimo, 150; relocation of, 150, 151; scorched-earth forays against, 139; slaughter of buffalo of, 142–43, 220; Winchester rifle in campaign against, 234
plantation(s): economy of, 55, 92–93, 109; and Hawkins project, 98; Muskogee, 100; owned by Scots-Irish, 53; vs. small-scale farmers, 55, 71, 80, 109, 134; in Spanish Florida, 66, 102; in Texas, 126–27
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