318 ‘it was also said she carried poison in a hollow bodkin, about which she wound her hair’. Plutarch, Antony 82, Dryden trans., p.779.
318 Hairpins in sculpture see Bartman 2001, fig.10, p.12; in mummy hair see Bowman 1996, pl.6; Roman attitude to female hair in la Folette 2001, p.57, Sebesta 1997, p.535.
318 ‘Cleopatra’s hair-dressing girl’. Plutarch, Antony, Dryden trans., p.770.
318 ‘with majestic grace, took in her hands all the emblems of royalty’. Cassius Dio 51.14, Scott-Kilvert trans., p.74.
318 Hairpins’ ability to pierce skin in Ovid, Art of Love III.240-245, Lewis May trans., p.91; Apuleius VIII, Grant trans., p.191.
318 ‘made a small scratch her arm and caused the poison to enter her blood’. Cassius Dio, 51.14, in Scott-Kilvert trans., p.75; ‘she bit herself and then poured the poison of a viper into the wound’. Galen, De Theriads ad Pisonem 7, in von Wertheimer 1931, p.318.
319 ‘lying upon a bed of gold, set out in all her royal ornaments. Eiras, one of her women, lay dying at her feet, and Charmion, just ready to fall, scarce able to hold up her head, was adjusting her mistress’s diadem’. Plutarch, Antony 82, Dryden trans., p.779.
319 ‘Was this well done of your lady, Charmion?’ . . . and as befitting the descendant of so many kings’. Plutarch, Antony 85, Dryden trans., p.779; Rowlandson (ed.) 1998, pp.40-1.
Chapter 12
320 ‘he was so anxious to save Cleopatra as an ornament for his triumph’. Suetonius, Augustus 17, Graves trans., p.59.
320 ‘the only marks that were found on her body were tiny pricks on the arm’. Cassius Dio 51.14, Scott-Kilvert trans., p.74.
320 ‘only something like the trail of it was said to have been noticed on the sand by the sea, on the part towards which the building faced and where the windows were’. Plutarch, Antony 82, Dryden trans., p.779.
320 ‘actually summoned Psyllian snake-charmers to suck the poison from her self-inflicted wound, supposedly from the bite of an asp’. Suetonius Augustus 17, Graves trans., p.59.
320 ‘if sent for immediately, to suck out the venom of any reptile before the victim dies’. Cassius Dio 51.14, Scott-Kilvert trans., p.75.
320 ‘Will the patient live or die?’. After Nunn 1996, p.188.
321 ‘not only came to see her body, but called in the aid of drugs ... in an attempt to revive her’. Cassius Dio 51.14 Scott-Kilvert trans., p.75.
321 ‘the poison does not enter the heart here, nor burn the breast here . . . Osiris’ sword destroys the poison, it cools the burn, when the snakes — merbu, wartet, ketet — come out!’ After Andreu et al. 1997, p.204.
321 ‘I will not be shown in a triumph’. Livy CXXXIII.54, trans., Schlesinger 1959, p.223.
321 ‘was bitterly chagrined on his own account, as if all the glory of his victory had been taken away from him’. Cassius Dio 51.14, Scott-Kilvert trans., p.75.
321 ‘were both embalmed in the same manner and buried in the same tomb’. Cassius Dio 51.15, Scott-Kilvert trans., p.75.
321 ‘full of ghosts’. Pausanias 10.32.17, in Witt 1971, p.66.
322 ‘her women also received honorable burial by his directions’. Plutarch, Antony, Dryden trans., p.779.
322 ‘with royal splendour and magnificence’. Plutarch, Antony 85, Dryden trans., p.779.
322 ‘great quantities of treasure were found in the palace’. Cassius Dio 51.17, Scott-Kilvert trans., p.78.
322 ‘a single agate cup’. Suetonius, Augustus 71, Graves trans., p.90.
322 ‘the rate of interest fell from 12 to 4%’. Earl 1968, p.55.
322 ‘seduced the army with bonuses, and his cheap food policy was successful bait for civilians. Indeed, he attracted everybody’s goodwill by the enjoyable gift of peace . . . war or judicial murder had disposed of all men of spirit’. Tacitus, Annals 1.2, Grant trans., p.29-30.
322 Interregnum mentioned by Clement in Skeat 1953, pp.98-100; Whitehorne 2001, p.197.
323 ‘it is bad to have too many Caesars’. Plutarch, Antony, in Grant 1972, p.229, paraphrasing Odysseus’ speech in Homer, Iliad 11.204, Graves trans., p.45.
323 Bust identified as Antonia Minor on basis of hairstyle, ‘always a precious clue regarding identity’. Goddio and Bernard 2004, p.135.
323 ‘Archibius, one of her friends, gave [Octavian] two thousand talents to save them’. Plutarch, Antony 82, Dryden trans., p.779; interpretation in Goudchaux 2001, p.129.
324 ‘the Memphite dynasty was extinguished at the same moment as the House of the Ptolemies’. Reymond and Barns 1977, p.14.
324 ‘gold and silver ornaments with protective amulets of all sorts of genuine precious stones’. BM.EA.188. in Reymond 1981, p.218.
324 ‘would not go out of his way, however slightly, to honour the divine Apis bull’. Suetonius, Augustus 93, Graves trans., p.100.
324 ‘to worship gods, not cattle’. Cassius Dio 51.16, Scott-Kilvert trans., p.77.
324 ‘deranged . . . demented’. Juvenal, Satires XV.l-2, 2-8, 44 in Maehler 2003, p.212; similarly ‘yapping Anubis’. Propertius III.11, trans., Shepherd 1985 in Maehler 2003, p.209-210; ‘monstrous gods and barking Anubis’. Virgil, Aeneid VIII.698-700 in Maehler 2003, p.208.
324 ‘the angry priests’. Lindsay 1970, p.485, deliberately omitting cartouche from Buchis Stela No.13 in Mond and Myers I p.14, II pp.11-12; Tarn 1936 p.188; Brooklyn 1988, no.107, p.213.
325 ‘both lamp-lighters in the temple of Serapis, most great god, and of the Isis shrine there, and Paapis son of Thonis and Petorisris son of Patoiphos, both lamp-lighters in the temple of Taweret, most great goddess, at Oxyrynchos. All four swear by Caesar, god and son of a god, to the overseers of the temples in the Oxyrynchos and Kynopolitye nomes, that we will superintend the lamps of the above named temples and will supply proper oil for the daily lamps burning in the temples signified from Thoth 1 to Mesore 5 of the present year 1 of Caesar in accordance with what was supplied up to the 22nd which was year 7 of Cleopatra; and we the aforesaid are mutually sureties and all our property is security for the performance of the duties herein written’. Oxyrynchus Papyrus, after Lindsay 1970, p.485-6.
325 ‘high priest of Alexandria and all Egypt’. Dunand and Zivie-Coche 2004, p.211-13.
325 ‘like those of horses, the whites being larger than usual’. Pliny, Natural History XI.143, Loeb trans., p.521; bronze statue GR 1911.9-1.1 in Bosanquet 1911, p.69; Huskmson (ed.) 2000, p.289.
325 ‘beloved of Ptah and Isis’. Witt 1971, p.63.
326 ‘the Roman . . . Caesar the god, son of the god’. Rowlandson (ed.) 1998, p.50.
326 ‘he whose power is incomparable in the City par excellence that he loves, Rome’. Dunand and Zivie-Coche 2004, p.201.
326 ‘took a leaf from Alexander’s book when [he] decided to keep Egypt under strict surveillance’. Arrian III.6, de Selincourt trans., p.155; Octavian’s Egyptian policy in Cassius Dio 51.17, Scott-Kilvert trans., p.77.
326 ‘praefectus Aegypti et Alexandreae’. Berman 1999, p.465.
326 ‘caused a list of his achievements to be inscribed upon the pyramids . . . circulated much disparaging gossip’. Cassius Dio 53.23, Scott-Kilvert trans., p.146.
326 ‘second Cleopatra’. Reeves 2326, p.36; suppression of defeat in Hus-kinson (ed.) 2000, p.288.
327 ‘even wrenched from their bases the statues of Caesar’. Strabo in Bosanquet 1911, p.70.
327 ‘all the processions presented a striking appearance on account of the spoils of Egypt’. Cassius Dio 51.21, Scott-Kilvert trans., p.82.
327 ‘an effigy of the dead Cleopatra lying on a couch, so that in a sense she too, together with the live captives, who included her children . . . formed a part of the pageant’. Cassius Dio 51.21, Scott-Kilvert trans., p.82.
327 ‘I’ve seen the sacred adders’ fang upon her bosom close and hang, and her whole body slowly creep on the dark road to endless sleep’, Propertius III.ll.51-54 in Grant 1972, p.227; also Maehler 2003, p.210.
327 ‘Now is the time to drain the flo
wing bowl, now with unfettered foot to beat the ground with dancing, now with feasting to deck the couches of the gods, my comrades!’ Horace, Ode 1.37.1-4, Bennett trans., p.99; compare with sombre Epode IX ‘After Actium’, Bennett trans., p.387-9.
328 ‘cost me about 100,000,000 sesterces’, Res Gestae in Earl 1968, pp.101-2.
328 ‘the largest mass of rock crystal ever seen’, Pliny, Natural History XXXVII, 23-29, Loeb trans., p.183.
328 ‘at great expense, without any inscription of my name’ Res Gestae, in Earl 1968, pp.101-2.
328 ‘cut in two pieces, so that half a helping of the jewel might be in each of the ears’. Pliny Natural History IX.59.119-121, Loeb trans., p.247; see also Hales 2005, p.137.
328 ‘the buildings could be imagined as having sexual intercourse’. Montserrat in Huskinson (ed.) 2000, p. 169.
328 ‘I found Rome built of sun dried bricks — I leave her clothed in marble’. Suetonius, Augustus 28, Graves trans., p.66.
329 ‘all that men of old and new times thought, with learned minds, is open to inspection by the reader’. Ovid, Tristia III. 1.63, in Earl 1968, p.103.
329 ‘the biggest clock of all time’. Hamer 1993, p.22.
329 Octavian’s mausoleum in Toynbee 1996, fig.14; Cestius’ pyramid in Toynbee 1996, pl.33.
330 ‘when glorious Rome had founded been, by augury august’. Suetonius, Augustus 7, Graves trans., p.54.
330 ‘Isis Augusta’. Witt 1971, p.81; ‘the title “Augustus” definitely connoted monarchical power. We might paraphrase as “His Majesty’”. White’s commentary in Appian, Roman History 1.5, White trans., p.13, note 1.
330 ‘that the month renamed in his honour should be the one in which he brought down Cleopatra’. Hamer 1993, p.xvii; discussion of ‘Augustan’ in Hamer 1996, p.81.
330 ‘I added Egypt to the empire of the Roman people’. Res Gestae 27.1 in La’da 2003, p.158.
331 ‘were enough to safeguard embarrassing facts and dangerous sentiments’. Reymond and Barns 1977, p.30.
331 Coins’ durability in Walker and Higgs (eds) 2001, p.240; Antonius’ claim that ‘the way to carry noble blood through the world was by begetting in every place a new line and series of kings’ in Plutarch, Antony 36.3-4, Dryden trans., p.761.
332 Alexandria replacing Rome in Suetonius, Caligula 49, Graves trans., p.173; Caligula ‘turned to Cleopatra’s Alexandria for a sense of courtly life as it was never lived in the days of the first citizen of the restored Republic’. Walker 2003.(b) p.85.
332 Obelisk for Antonius in Habachi p.131; Caligula’s attitude to Isis in Walker and Higgs (eds) 2001, p.286, 288, and to ‘Moon goddess’ in Suetonius, Caligula 22, Graves trans., p.159.
332 ‘mensa Isiaca’ in Tiradritti 1998, fig.23; priest of Isis and Serapis in Witt 1971, p.317, note 17; Poppaea’s embalmment in Tacitus, Annals XVI.6 in Toynbee 1971, p.41.
332 ‘would not be allowed to publish a free and unvarnished report on the intervening period’. Suetonius, Claudius 41. 2, Graves trans., p.205.
333 ‘totally her mother’s daughter’. Roller 2003, p.90.
333 ‘brought them up no less tenderly than if they had been members of his own family, and gave them the education their rank deserved’. Suetonius, Augustus 17, Graves trans., p.59.
333 Fates of Ptolemy and Alexander Helios in Roller 2003, p. 84 and Hamer 1993, p.21.
333 ‘before military and marriageable age’. Roller 2003, p.84.
334 Statue of Tuthmosis I, Cherchel Museum S.74 in Roller 2002, p.142; Tuthmosis III in Scott 1933, p.175; uraeus Cherchel Museum S.86 in Roller 2003, p.142; Amun/Amnion, Cherchel Museum 66 in Roller 2002, p. 142.
334 ‘gallery of ancestors’. Holbl 2001, p.251.
334 Images of Juba II, e.g. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 1591, in Roller 2002, fig.19, p.147; Cherchel Museum S.166 in Sennequier and Colonna (eds) 2003, no.165, p.148.
334 ‘the marks of her devotion and love for her mother country’. Walker and Higgs (eds) 2001, p.219 referring to Cherchel S.66; see also Louvre MA.3500 in Higgs and Walker 2003, p.71.
334 Statue of Ptolemy I, Cherchel Museum 50 in Roller 2002, p.142; statue of Petubastis III, Cherchel S.75 in Roller 2002, p.143.
334 ‘the veiled head shows perhaps a different portrait type of Cleopatra VII’. Cherchel Museum S.65 (28), in Higgs in Walker and Higgs (eds) 2001, p.208; see also Grant 1968, p.172; Brogan 1966, p.242.
334 Alexander the Great bust from second-century AD North Africa, National Museum of Denmark Inv.ABb97, in Chugg 2004, p.56.
334 ‘prominent but beautiful nose’. Brogan 1966, p.242; claim head is male by Ferroukhi in Walker and Higgs (eds) 2001, p.242.
335 ‘arranged in no recognizable coiffure’. Walker and Higgs (eds) 2001, p.312, in reference to silver dish Louvre Bj.1969.
335 ‘inherited her mother’s strong prominent nose but leave us with the impression that she was probably prettier than Cleopatra VII’. Whitehorne 2001, p.199.
335 ‘even more distinguished for his renown as a student than for his royal sovereignty’. Pliny, Natural History V.16, in Loeb trans, p.231.
336 ‘Canaria’. Roller 2002, p.197; discussion of Egyptian-style mummification in Prahl 2004, pp.80-92 and Fletcher 2004, p.136.
336 ‘so far as Kingjuba was able to ascertain’. Pliny, Natural History V.51-53, in Loeb trans., p.257.
336 ‘the Nile above the 3rd cataract, together with its tributary, the Atbara, can indeed be envisaged as dividing Ethiopia from Egypt’. Braund 1984, p.177.
336 ‘Great neighbour regions of the world, which the full stream of Nile separates from the black Aethiopians, you have made common kings for both by marriage, making a single race of Egyptians and Libyans. May the king’s children hold from their fathers in their turn firm dominion over both mainlands’. Anth.Pal.9.235, in Braund 1984, p.175.
336 ‘the unusually elevated status of women at Caesaraea in the centuries following her death’. Roller 2003, p.257.
336 ‘when she rose the moon herself grew dark, veiling her grief in night, for she saw her lovely namesake Selene bereft of life and going down to gloomy Hades. With her she had shared her light’s beauty, and with her death she mingled her own darkness. Crinagoras 18/Anth. Pal. 7.633 in Whitehorne 2001, p.201.
337 ‘the public memorial of the royal family’. Pomponius Mela in Scott 1933, p.169; Sennequier and Colonna (eds) 2003, p.109.
337 ‘which could have held only two or three inhumation burials’. Toynbee 1971, p.159, with remains of looted contents in Scott 1933, p.173.
337 ‘toga picta’. Barrett 1989, p.116.
337 Statue of Ptolemy of Mauretania Louvre MA.1887 in Roller 2003, p.149; Sennequier and Colonna 2003, pp.143, 149.
337 ‘Regma Urania’. Roller 2003, p.252, note 41.
338 ‘son of Kingjuba and descendant of King Ptolemy’. Braund 1984, p.178.
338 ‘attracted universal admiration’. Suetonius, Gaius Caligula 35.2, Graves trans., p.166-67; Cassius Dio 59.21 in Barrett 1989, pp.116-18; possibility ‘he hoped for an enlarged kingdom in North Africa, even including mighty Egypt itself in Braund 1984, p.178.
339 ‘Drusilla, granddaughter of Cleopatra and Antonius’. Tacitus, Histories 5.9-10, Wellesley trans., p.285; see also Roller 2003, pp.251-2.
339 ‘the Dioscuri’. Acts 28.11 in Witt 1971, p.293, note.5. 339 ‘made saviours’. Witt 1971, p.70.
339 ‘the one with beautiful long hair’. Scarre 1995, p.182; Zenobia claiming descent from Cleopatra in Roller 2003, p.255, note 65; ‘New Cleopatra’ in Holbl 2001, p.310.
340 ‘set us free from Zenobia’. Historia Augusta, Claud. 4.4 in Zahran 2003, p.i.
340 ‘walls were torn down and it lost the greater part of the area known as the Brucheion’. Ammianus Marcellinus in MacLeod (ed.) 2002, pp.72-73.
340 ‘bi-yadi la bi-yad ‘Amr ... ‘I die by my own hand, not that of Amr’. El-Daly 2005, p.136; Zahran 2003, p.16.
340 Cleopatra ‘appears in gold in the temple of Venus’. Cassius Dio 51.22.3, Scott-
Kilvert trans., p.83; claim Egypt praised ‘her Cleopatra’ by Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History XXVIII.4.9, in Bowersock 1969, p.254; Cleopatra’s cult sites in Holbl 2001, p.310, el-Daly 2005, p.137.
340 ‘I overlaid the figure of Cleopatra with gold’. Holbl 2001, p.310; treaty and festival in Witt 1971, pp.62, 165 and Bowman 1986, p.51.
Bibliography
Although many more works were consulted, these were the main titles used for reference:
Abdalla, A. 1991,’ A Graeco-Roman Group Statue of Unusual Character from Dendera’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 77, pp.189-93
Africa, T.W. 1963, ‘Herodotus and Diodorus on Egypt’, Journal oj Near Eastern Studies 22 (4), pp.254-58
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Aldred, C. 1971, Jewels of the Pharaohs, London (Thames & Hudson)
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Alston, R. 1995, Soldier and Society in Roman Egypt: a Social History, London (Routledge)
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Andreu, G., Rutschowscaya, M. and Ziegler, C. 1997, Ancient Egypt at the Louvre, Paris (Hachette)
Andrews, C. 1981, The Rosetta Stone, London (BMP)
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Andrews, C. 1990, Ancient Egyptian Jewellery, London (BMP)
Andronicos, M. 1988, Vergina: the Royal Tombs and the Ancient City, Athens (Ekdotike Athenon)
Antiquity 1927, ‘News and Notes: The Lakes of Nemi’, Antiquity 1 (2), pp.221-3
Appian, trans., White, H. 1912, Roman History II: the Mithridatic Wars, London (Heinemann)
Appian, trans., White, H. 1913, Roman History III-IV: the Civil Wars, London (Heinemann)
Apuleius, trans., Adlington, W. 1996, The Golden Ass, Ware (Wordsworth)
Apuleius, trans., Graves., R. 1951, The Golden Ass: The Transformations of Lucius, Harmondsworth (Penguin)
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