10 D. M. Harland and J. E. Catchpole, Creating the International Space Station (Berlin: Springer-Praxis, 2002).
11 First Lunar Outpost (FLO), NASA-JSC (1992); http://www.nss.org/settlement/moon/FLO.html.
12 J. K. Strickland (2011); http://www.nss.org/settlement/mars/AccessToMars.pdf.
13 Fleshed out in a fully mature, corrected form in R. Zubrin and R. Wagner, The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must (New York: Free Press, 1996).
14 See Chapter 3, note 29.
15 A. Matsuoka and C. Russell, eds., The Kaguya Mission to the Moon (Berlin: Springer, 2011).
16 See B. R. Blair, “Quantitative Approaches to Lunar Economic Analysis” (2009), for some of the conclusions of this work: http://tinyurl.com/pr6ktmd.
17 This sad story is well told in M. Cabbage and W. Harwood, Comm Check: The Final Flight of Shuttle Columbia (New York: Free Press, 2008).
18 Details of this long policymaking process are described in F. Sietzen and K. L. Cowing, New Moon Rising: The Making of America’s New Space Vision and the Remaking of NASA (Burlington, ON: Apogee Books, 2004).
19 Ibid.
20 See these documents at the Klaus Heiss files, http://www.spudislunarresources.com/klaus.htm.
21 Gold Team study products are unpublished; summaries presented in this book are taken from files in my collection.
22 Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB), Report of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (Washington, DC: NASA, 2003); http://www.nasa.gov/columbia/home/CAIB_Vol1.html.
23 “Bush May Announce Return to Moon at Kitty Hawk,” Space Daily, October 29, 2003; http://www.spacedaily.com/news/beyondleo-03a.html.
24 Sietzen and Cowing, New Moon Rising.
25 G. W. Bush, “A Renewed Spirit of Discovery” (2004), White House; http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=13404.
5. Implementing the Vision
1 G. W. Bush, “A Renewed Spirit of Discovery” (2004), White House; www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=13404.
2 I trace this evolution, including excerpts from the internal Headquarters Red team/Blue Team activity in a presentation, “The Vision and the Mission,” at http://tinyurl.com/aqer2t.
3 http://history.nasa.gov/DPT/DPT.htm.
4 Some involved with the DPT contend that it was a capability-driven (rather than a destination driven) strategic planning effort. See H. Thronson, “NASA’s Decadal Planning Team (DPT) and the NASA Exploration Team (NEXT)” (2014), http://history.nasa.gov/DPT/thronson.pdf. The Mars and Quest for Life fixations of the agency were never far beneath the surface. See especially this presentation at the National Academy of Engineering web site: http://www.naefrontiers.org/File.aspx?id=22013. It reflects agency thinking on this topic.
5 http://tinyurl.com/nagq2tn
6 http://tinyurl.com/aqer2t.
7 Comments at last public meeting, Aldridge Commission, June 2004: http://tinyurl.com/krlzdpz.
8 President’s Commission on the Implementation of Space Exploration Policy (Aldridge Report), Journey to Inspire, Innovate and Discover (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2004).
9 Objectives/Requirements Definition Team (ORDT) for 2008 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, http://tinyurl.com/k6ffpdx.
10 Mini-RF imaging radar instruments: http://tinyurl.com/n8fnlvl.
11 I wrote a few articles recounting my experiences during the Chandrayaan-1 mission for Air & Space magazine: http://tinyurl.com/koqzdkl, http://tinyurl.com/lhul4b6, http://tinyurl.com/lcdge3v.
12 http://tinyurl.com/oh8ktrh.
13 http://tinyurl.com/nk78bk8.
14 http://www.space.com/15406-blue-origin-private-spacecraft-infographic.html.
15 http://www.nasa.gov/about/highlights/griffin_bio.html.
16 http://tinyurl.com/pnvgjyr.
17 http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/news/ESAS_report.html.
18 Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB), Report of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (Washington, DC: NASA, 2003); http://www.nasa.gov/columbia/home/CAIB_Vol1.html.
19 J. Marburger, Keynote Address, 44th Goddard Memorial Symposium (2006), http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=19999.
20 http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=13404.
21 C. Bergin, “Digging Deeper into NASA’s Moon Plans,” NASA Spaceflight, December 4, 2006, http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2006/12/digging-deeper-into-nasas-moon-plans. See also http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/163896main_LAT_GES_1204.pdf.
22 D. Beattie, “Just How Full of Opportunity Is the Moon?” The Space Review (2007), http://www.thespacereview.com/article/804/1.
23 http://lcross.arc.nasa.gov/index.htm.
24 D. Shiga, “NASA May Abandon Plans for Moon Base,” New Scientist (2009), http://tinyurl.com/oz54p2x.
25 http://tinyurl.com/koqzdkl.
26 P. D. Spudis et al., “Initial Results for the North Pole of the Moon from Mini-SAR, Chandrayaan-1,” Geophysical Research Letters 37 (2010), http://tinyurl.com/pl5hjh6.
27 P. D. Spudis, “Return to the Moon: Outpost or Sorties?” Air & Space (2009), http://tinyurl.com/mkhtflz.
28 http://tinyurl.com/lyg4du.
29 N. R. Augustine et al. (Augustine Report), Advisory Committee on the Future of the U.S. Space Program (Washington, DC: NASA, 1990), http://history.nasa.gov/augustine/racfup1.htm.
30 Review of Human Spaceflight Plans Committee (Augustine Committee), Seeking a Human Spaceflight Program Worthy of a Great Nation (Washington, DC: NASA, 2010), http://www.nss.org/resources/library/spacepolicy/HSF_Cmte_FinalReport.pdf.
31 http://history.nasa.gov/DPT/DPT.htm.
32 In May 2013, Bolden was quoted as saying, “We need to try and get all of us on to the same sheet of music in terms of the roadmap. [If we] have someone in the next administration who could take us back to a human lunar mission, it’s all over, we will go back to square one.” http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/05/return-moon-send-nasa-square-one-bolden.
33 Obama space policy speech, NASA Kennedy Space Center, April 15, 2010; http://www.nasa.gov/news/media/trans/obama_ksc_trans.html.
34 http://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/the-authorized-version-156372809.
35 http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls.
36 http://www.spudislunarresources.com/blog/lets-haul-asteroids.
37 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_of_NAS. A Projected budget amounts for NASA without the VSE and projected augmented budget with VSE (Figure 5.2) are from a presentation by Administrator Sean O’Keefe, available at http://tinyurl.com/ns5t3j3.
6. Why? Three Reasons the Moon Is Important
1 A summary of the six themes developed at this workshop can be seen on a poster: http://www.nss.org/settlement/moon/NASAwhymoon.pdf.
2 See J. Lovell and J. Kluger, Lost Moon: The Perilous Journey of Apollo 13 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994).
3 See National Research Council, The Scientific Context for Exploration of the Moon (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007), http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11954.
4 See J. L. Powell, Night Comes to the Cretaceous: Dinosaur Extinction and the Transformation of Modern Geology (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1998).
5 P. D. Spudis, “Lunar Resources: Unlocking the Space Frontier,” Ad Astra 23, wno. 2 (Summer 2011), http://www.nss.org/adastra/volume23/lunarresources.html.
6 L. A. Taylor and T. T. Meek, “Microwave Sintering of Lunar Soil: Properties, Theory and Practice,” Journal of Aerospace Engineering 18 (2005): 188–196; http://www.isruinfo.com/docs/microwave_sintering_of_lunar_soil.pdf.
7 D. B. J. Bussey, P. D. Spudis, and M. S. Robinson, “Illumination Conditions at the Lunar South Pole,” Geophysical Research Letters 26, no. 9 (1999): 1187; D. B. J. Bussey, K. E. Fristad, P. M. Schenk, M. S. Robinson, and P. D. Spudis, “Constant Illumination at the Lunar North Pole,” Nature 434 (2005): 842.
8 Discussed in detail in H. H. Schmitt, Return to the Moon: Exploration, Enterprise, and Energy in the Human Settlement of Space (New York: Pra
xis-Copernicus, 2006).
9 For example, see http://www.planetary.org/blogs/bill-nye/20130710-the-goal-is-mars.html.
10 http://www.nss.org/settlement/mars/AccessToMars.pdf.
11 See the current NASA Mars Design Reference Mission 5.0, http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/373665main_NASA-SP-2009–566.pdf.
12 Space Task Group, “The Post-Apollo Space Program: Directions for the Future” (1969), White House, http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html; http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=13404.
13 See, for example, W. W. Mendell, “Meditations on the New Space Vision: The Moon as a Stepping Stone to Mars,” Acta Astronautica 57 (2005): 676–683; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16010766.
14 R. Launius, “Exploding the Myth of Popular Support for Project Apollo” (2010), http://tinyurl.com/k9k9jt4.
7. How? Things We Should Have Been Doing
1 A good introduction to general astronautics for the nontechnical reader can be found in G. Swinerd, How Spacecraft Fly (New York: Copernicus-Springer, 2008).
2 For a good, nontechnical explanation, see D. Pettit, “The Tyranny of the Rocket Equation” (2001), www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition30/tyranny.html.
3 Ibid.
4 http://www.fai.org/icare-records/100km-altitude-boundary-for-astronautics.
5 See B. F. Kutter et al., “A Practical Affordable Propellant Depot in Space Based on ULA’s Flight Experience,” Space 2008, AIAA 2008–7644 (2008), http://tinyurl.com/l2ndspu.
6 http://tinyurl.com/qhw5nsu.
7 J. M. Logsdon, “The Space Shuttle: A Policy Failure,” Science 232 (1986): 1099–1105; http://www.sciencemag.org/content/232/4754/1099.
8 http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/orion/index.html; http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/index.html.
9 http://www.ulalaunch.com/products_deltaiv.aspx.
10 http://www.spacex.com/falcon-heavy.
11 P. D. Spudis and A. R. Lavoie, “Using the Resources of the Moon to Create a Permanent Cislunar Space Faring System,” Space 2011, AIAA, 2011–7185 (2011); http://www.spudislunarresources.com/Bibliography/p/102.pdf.
12 http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/rps/rtg.cfm.
13 Spudis and Lavoie, “Using the Resources of the Moon.”
14 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_of_NASA.
15 See D. A. Day, “Whispers in the Echo Chamber,” The Space Review (2004), http://www.thespacereview.com/article/119/1.
16 Spudis and Lavoie, “Using the Resources of the Moon.”
17 Review of Human Spaceflight Plans Committee (Augustine Committee), Seeking a Human Spaceflight Program Worthy of a Great Nation (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2010), http://www.nss.org/resources/library/spacepolicy/HSF_Cmte_FinalReport.pdf.
8. If Not Now, When? If Not Us, Who?
1 See J. M. Logsdon, John F. Kennedy and the Race to the Moon (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010); on desalination, see http://www.desalination.com/museum/office-saline-water-desal-rd-funding-usa.
2 See R. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986).
3 J. Marburger, Keynote Address, 44th Goddard Memorial Symposium (2006), http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=19999.
4 http://history.nasa.gov/spaceact.html.
5 P. D. Spudis, “Faded Flags on the Moon,” Air & Space (July 19, 2011), http://tinyurl.com/oro7ome. Bolden’s quote comes from the Denver Post of February 12, 2010.
6 Science in Orbit: The Shuttle and Spacelab Experience 1981–1986, NASA NP-119, Chapter 7; http://history.nasa.gov/NP-119/ch7.htm.
7 http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/index.html.
8 R. Ridenoure, “Beyond GEO, Commercially: 15 Years and Counting,” The Space Review (2013), http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2295/1.
9 http://www.spudislunarresources.com/Opinion_Editorial/Apollo_30_op-ed.htm.
10 http://www.dod.mil/pubs/space20010111.pdf.
11 http://freebeacon.com/national-security/china-launches-three-asat-satellites.
12 http://www.spudislunarresources.com/blog/china-in-space.
13 President J. F. Kennedy to Joint Session of Congress, May 25, 1961: “We go into space because whatever mankind must undertake, free men must fully share.” http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/features/jfk_speech_text.html.
14 See the literature cited at http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/hqlibrary/pathfindersopinion.htm.
15 http://lunar.xprize.org.
16 http://ansari.xprize.org.
17 http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/SpaceLaw/outerspt.html.
9. A Visit to the Future Moon
1 http://tinyurl.com/knvua7l.
2 http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/moon20090924.html.
3 mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/rover.
4 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/main.
5 P. D. Spudis and A. R. Lavoie, “Using the Resources of the Moon to Create a Permanent Cislunar Space Faring System,” Space 2011, AIAA, 2011–7185 (2011), http://www.spudislunarresources.com/Bibliography/p/102.pdf.
6 http://www.space.com/18694-moon-dirt-3d-printing-lunar-base.html.
7 http://www.nss.org/settlement/ColoniesInSpace/colonies_chap06.html.
8 http://tinyurl.com/8zf4m5.
9 http://www3.nd.edu/~cneal/Lunar-L/Moon-as-a-tape-recorder.pdf
10 P. D. Spudis and G. J. Taylor, “The Roles of Humans and Robots as Field Geologists on the Moon,” in 2nd Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of 21st Century, ed. W. Mendell, NASA Conference Publications 3166 (1992), 1:307–313. http://tinyurl.com/q44zh36.
11 http://www.nss.org/settlement/ssp.
12 http://www.spaceagepub.com/pdfs/Ignatiev.pdf.
13 D. R. Criswell, “Solar Power via the Moon,” The Industrial Physicist, April/May 2002, http://tinyurl.com/pmnelod.
14 H. H. Schmitt, Return to the Moon: Exploration, Enterprise, and Energy in the Human Settlement of Space (New York: Praxis-Copernicus, 2006).
15 http://lcross.arc.nasa.gov/observation.htm.
16 I discuss the “Flexible Path” idea here: http://tinyurl.com/ok8wsvv.
10. Where Do We Go From Here?
1 H. H. Schmitt, “Space Policy and the Constitution” (2011), Americasuncommonsense.com, http://tinyurl.com/luohafp.
2 “ISRU and the Critical Path to Mars” (2013), Spudis Lunar Resources Blog, http://tinyurl.com/pw53hm2.
A LUNAR LIBRARY
The literature of the Moon is enormous, and the following list makes no claim to completeness. These are books or sources that I have found to be important in one way or another. Several books deal with space topics other than the Moon; they are included because they are relevant to understanding the issues raised here. All books have their own bibliographies that will allow you to explore their topics in greater depth.
Two Essential Books
Both of these books can be downloaded at no cost on the Internet:
Heiken, G. H., D. T. Vaniman, and B. M. French, eds. 1991. The Lunar Sourcebook: A User’s Guide to the Moon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/lunar_sourcebook.
The definitive reference book on the Moon, written by more than thirty active and former lunar scientists. Particularly thorough on lunar rocks and soils and nicely complements Wilhelms’s book (below). Written for the lay reader, but does not flinch on technical concepts.
Wilhelms, D. E. 1987. The Geologic History of the Moon. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1348. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GHM.
The historical geology of the Moon, written by one of the premier lunar geologists and historians of lunar science. The book is well written and illustrated. A cogent summary of our understanding of the Moon from the stratigraphic perspective.
History Lesson
Chaikin, A. 1994. A Man on the Moon. New York: Viking Press.
Deals with Apollo from the astronauts’ perspective. Very well don
e and interesting; covers both science and operations. Basis for the HBO TV series From the Earth to the Moon.
Collins, M. 1974. Carrying The Fire: An Astronaut’s Journeys. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
The best book by any astronaut, even if he does dislike geology! Fascinating, funny, and profound. Read this book to get a real feel for what going to the Moon was like.
Compton, W. D. 1989. Where No Man Has Gone Before: A History of Apollo Lunar Exploration Missions. NASA Special Publication 4214. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/documents/NTRS/collection3/NASA_SP_4214.pdf.
The “official” NASA history of Apollo lunar exploration. Takes the stance that lunar flight was primarily a difficult engineering task, made even more difficult by continuously complaining scientists (a view with which I can sympathize). Complements the scientific viewpoint by Wilhelms’s To a Rocky Moon.
Harland, D. M. 2008. Exploring the Moon: The Apollo Expeditions. Berlin: Springer-Praxis.
Superb, well illustrated, and comprehensive history of the Apollo missions, their goals, and the events of the program.
Heiken, G., and E. Jones. 2007. On the Moon: The Apollo Journals. Berlin: Springer-Praxis. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/frame.html.
Book version of the famous Apollo Lunar Surface Journal, the complete online transcripts of the Apollo explorations of the Moon. Book summarizes the principal exploration and discoveries of each mission.
Hoyt, W. G. 1987. Coon Mountain Controversies: Meteor Crater and the Development of Impact Theory. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
An exhaustive history of the study of Meteor Crater, Arizona, including much on the debate about the craters of the Moon. Highly recommended.
Johnson, N. L. 1995. The Soviet Reach for the Moon. New York: Cosmos Books. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/sovietReach/index.pdf.
Brief history of the Soviet lunar program, with emphasis on the building and fate of the N-1 superbooster.
The Value of the Moon Page 25