9. Fayetteville Daily Democrat, February 8, 1923; Imperial Night-Hawk, May 16, 1923; New York Times, December 31, 1923; Shotwell, “Public Hatred,” 110; Radio Digest, May 26, 1923.
10. Rudel, Hello Everybody! 10, 69, 79, 82, 85; Sterling, Stay Tuned, 146.
11. Wisconsin Kourier, February 27, 1925; National Kourier, March 13, 1925.
12. Emporia Daily Gazette, March 3, 1925; National Kourier, March 13, 1925; Kourier Magazine, April 1925; Bensman, Broadcast Regulation, 124.
13. Fellowship Forum, May 19, 1923, May 15, 1924; Kourier Magazine, April 1929, May 1929; American Standard, October 1, 1925; Kolorado Klan Kourier, undated clipping, Senter Family Papers, WH988, Box 36, Folder 18, Western History Collection, Denver Public Library.
14. Kourier Magazine, February 1929, June 1929; American Standard, October 1, 1925; March 1930 Realm Bulletin by Great Klaliff of Province 2, Women of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan 14 (Chippewa Falls, Wis.) Records, 1926–31, WIHV96-A393, Box 1, Folder 3, Eau Claire Research Center, Wisconsin Historical Society Archives.
15. Wisconsin Kourier, January 16, 1925; Searchlight, June 10, 1922, December 8, 1922; Fox, Everyday Klansfolk, 144.
16. Stetson also claimed that she was immortal and encouraged followers to prepare for Mary Baker Eddy’s resurrection.
17. Jaker et al., Airwaves of New York, 79–80; Doerksen, American Babel, 57–59; Hilmes, Radio Voices, 17.
18. Ford himself would be dismissed from jury service late in 1926 because of his prejudiced views, and his name struck from the state’s list of potential jurors. Ford appealed this decision to the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court, which reinstated him as a potential juror. The court’s unanimous decision argued that individuals “can not be removed from the jury list merely because of bigotry that runs counter to the fundamentals of religious toleration and freedom” (Jaker et al., Airwaves of New York, 80; Craig, Fireside Politics, 75; Doerksen, American Babel, 60, 62, 64–65, 66; The Sign, September 1926; New York Herald Tribune, August 26, 1926; New York Times, December 16, 1926, April 11, 1927, April 17, 1927; Ogden Standard-Examiner, December 16, 1926; Time, April 12, 1927).
19. New York Times, December 16, 1926, December 27, 1926; Ogden Standard-Examiner, December 16, 1926; Fellowship Forum, April 16, 1927, May 14, 1927, May 28, 1927, June 11, 1927, July 30, 1927.
20. New York Times, July 7, 1927, August 12, 1927; Fellowship Forum, August 20, 1927, January 7, 1928; Winter, What Price Tolerance, 53, 57–58, 60.
21. Fellowship Forum, October 23, 1926; Kourier Magazine, February 1929, June 1929.
22. Fellowship Forum, December 22, 1923, January 19, 1924, March 8, 1924; Rudel, Hello Everybody! 178–79; Sterling, Stay Tuned, 138; Hangen, Redeeming the Dial, 21–25; Himes, Radio Voices, 68, 83.
23. Rudel, Hello Everybody! 63–64, 165; Head, Broadcasting, 108, 116; Sterling, Stay Tuned, 71.
24. Oakland Tribune, July 5, 1925; Washington Evening Star, July 5, 1925; Broad Ax, July 11, 1925; Baltimore Afro-American, July 11, 1925.
25. New York Times, February 26, 1925, June 20, 1926; Iowa Broadcaster, February 24, 1927; Neymeyer, “Full Light of Day,” 59.
26. Rudel, Hello Everybody! 63–64, 165; Sterling, Stay Tuned, 116; Hilmes, Radio Voices, 68–69, 83.
27. Fellowship Forum, April 10, 1926, April 17, 1926, April 24, 1926.
28. Fellowship Forum, May 8, 1926, May 22, 1926; Minutes, September 7, 1927, Women of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan 14 (Chippewa Falls, Wis.) Records, 1926–31, WIHV96-A393, Box 1, Folder 1, Eau Claire Research Center, Wisconsin Historical Society Archives.
29. Fellowship Forum, May 15, 1926, July 3, 1926.
30. Fellowship Forum, July 31, 1926, August 21, 1926, October 9, 1926, October 23, 1926, October 30, 1926, January 29, 1927, April 30, 1927, May 21, 1927, June 18, 1927; Washington Post, January 29, 1927; Chicago Tribune, January 29, 1927; Chicago Defender, February 5, 1927, February 26, 1927.
31. Fellowship Forum, June 18, 1927; Los Angeles Times, June 28, 1927; Chicago Tribune, June 28, 1927; Washington Post, June 28, 1927; Craig, Fireside Politics, 56.
32. Hilmes, Radio Voices, 7–9; Craig, Fireside Politics, 60, 66–67, 71–74; Rudel, Hello Everybody! 102–3, 257, 261; Head, Broadcasting, 132; Sterling, Stay Tuned, 115, 141–44; Roscigno and Danaher, Southern Labor, 21, 24.
33. Rudel, Hello Everybody! 261; Los Angeles Times, June 28, 1927; New York Times, June 29, 1927; Danville Bee, June 29, 1927; Southwest Times, June 29, 1927; Douglas, Listening In, 91–92.
34. W. E. Downey to Baltimore Supervisor of Radio, April 21, 1927, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Correspondence Relating to Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32: WJMS to WJZ, Records of the Federal Communications Commission, Record Group 173, National Archives at College Park, MD; W. D. Terrell to Baltimore Supervisor of Radio, April 28, 1927, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP.
35. G. E. Sterling, Acting Supervisor of Radio, Baltimore, to Department of Commerce, Radio Division, April 19, 1927, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: License Applications, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP.
36. G.E. Sterling, Acting Supervisor of Radio, Baltimore, to Department of Commerce, Radio Division, April 19 1927, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP; G. E. Sterling, Acting Supervisor of Radio, Baltimore, to Department of Commerce, Radio Division, May 4, 1927, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP; Roscigno and Danaher, Southern Labor, 24; Razlogova, Listener’s Voice, 34.
37. New York Times, June 29, 1927; Fellowship Forum, July 2, 1927; Charles I. Stengle to Federal Radio Commission, July 20, 1927, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP; Richard Weber to Federal Radio Commission, July 21 1927, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP.
38. Application for Radio Station License, July 22, 1927, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP; Application for Radio Station Construction/Removal Permit, July 22, 1927, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP; James S. Vance to R. Y. Cadmus, July 23, 1927, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP.
39. G. E. Sterling to Department of Commerce, Radio Division, July 26 1927, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP; W. D. Terrell to Baltimore Supervisor of Radio, July 27, 1927, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP; Fellowship Forum, August 20, 1927; Gonzalez and Torres, News for All the People, 204–6; Doerksen, American Babel, 126.
40. Fellowship Forum, August 6, 1927, August 13, 1927; New York Times, July 27, 1927, August 3, 1927; Southwest Times, July 29, 1927; Washington Post, August 1, 1927, August 3, 1927.
41. Based on analysis of donation lists published in the Fellowship Forum, May 1, 1926–June 18, 1927.
42. Sandusky Star-Journal, October 1, 1927; Kokomo Daily Tribune, October 1, 1927; Manitowoc Herald-News, October 3, 1927; New York Times, October 9, 1927, October 28, 1927; Washington Post, October 9, 1927; Fellowship Forum, August 27, 1927, October 8, 1927, October 15, 1927, October 22, 1927; Chicago Tribune, October 23, 1927.
43. O. H. Caldwell to Independent Publishing Co., November 22, 1927, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP; New York Times, November 23, 1927; Fellowship Forum, November 26, 1927, December 3, 1927, December 17, 1927; Washington Post, December 19, 1927, January 1, 1928; Kourier Magazine, January 1928.
44. The three most powerful stations—KDKA of Pittsburgh, WGY of Schenectady, and WEAF of New York City—operated on 50,000 watts. WJZ, also of New York City, transmitted at 15,000 (Washin
gton Evening Star, January 1, 1928; Fellowship Forum, January 1, 1928, January 7, 1928, March 24, 1928; Kourier Magazine, February 1928; Washington Post, September 23, 1928; Hilmes, Radio Voices, 7).
45. Washington Evening Star, January 1, 1928; Application for Renewal of Radio Broadcasting Station License, January 10 1928, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP.
46. Miller, Supreme City, 317; Eberly, Music in the Air, 13, 17, 23–24; Razlogova, Listener’s Voice, 20.
47. It seems that the first politician to take advantage of WTFF’s power boost was Congressman Albert Johnson (R-Washington), a Klan favorite and cosponsor of the 1924 Immigration Restriction Act. He was followed in short measure by Congressmen Charles Brand (R-Ohio), Robert A. Green (D-Florida), John McSwain (D-South Carolina), Morgan Sanders (D-Texas), Alfred Bulwinkle (D-North Carolina), James Strong (R-Kansas), and Gale Stalker (R-New York). Washington Post, December 21, 1927; Fellowship Forum, October 15, 1927, February 4, 1928, March 3, 1928.
48. Washington Post, December 19, 1927, March 18, 1928; Fellowship Forum, January 14, 1928, March 10, 1928, April 14, 1928, June 9, 1928; Kourier Magazine, January 1928, February 1928.
49. Rudel, Hello Everybody! 202, 218; Sterling, Stay Tuned, 71, 75, 79, 80, 82–83, 86, 128; Craig, Fireside Politics, 19, 24.
50. Bradley, Culture, 184; Craig, Fireside Politics, 29–30.
51. Craig, Fireside Politics, 29; Bradley, Culture, 184; Fellowship Forum, April 14, 1928.
52. James S. Vance to Federal Radio Commission, October 29, 1928, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP; W. D. Terrell to James S. Vance, October 29, 1928, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP; Washington Post, November 9, 1928.
53. Kourier Magazine, November 1928; New York Times, November 18, 1928; Program for Radio Station WJSV, October 11, 1930, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP; James S. Vance to Federal Radio Commission, December 23, 1931, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP.
54. Washington Post, April 15, 1929, January 3, 1935, December 24, 1938; Application for Radio Broadcast Station Construction Permit or Modification Thereof, May 10, 1932, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP; Application for Consent to Assignment of License, n.d., Docket No. 1656, WJSV File, Box 457, Radio Division: Applications for Broadcast Station Licenses, 1928–32, RG 173, NACP; Gonzalez, News, 207; Doerksen, American Babel, 127; Miller, Supreme City, 324–26.
55. Miller, Supreme City, 325; Eberly, Music in the Air, 22; Razlogova, Listener’s Voice, 75–77; Hilmes, Radio Voices, 6, 32, 46, 67, 79–80, 85–86; Ely, Amos ’n’ Andy, 4, 60; Taylor and Austen, Darkest America, 145–46, 150.
Chapter Nine
1. Historian Bruce Evensen estimates that eight hundred newspaper correspondents filed over two million words on the fight (Evensen, Dempsey, x).
2. Lang, Prize-Fighting, 60–61, 69; Kaye, Pussycat of Prizefighting, 51; Evensen, Dempsey, ix–xi; Miller, Supreme City, 403–4, 419–21.
3. Bohn, Ballyhoo, 11; Lang, Prize-Fighting, 49, 53–54; Rodriguez, Regulation of Boxing, 35; Bodner, Jewish Sport, 9.
4. American Standard, April 1, 1925; Washington Post, September 20, 1923; Imperial Night-Hawk, January 30, 1924.
5. Bodner, Jewish Sport, 1, 7, 9; Levine, Ellis Island, 144–45, 153–54; Steven Riess, “Tough Jews,” in Riess, Sports and the American Jew, 65–75; American Standard, April 1, 1925.
6. Lindsay, Boxing in Black and White, 5, 7–8, 11–15.
7. Kaye, Pussycat of Prizefighting, 50; The Crisis, August 1914; Ward, Unforgivable Blackness, 381; Runstedtler, Jack Johnson, 110.
8. Lang, Prize-Fighting, 52–53; Fiery Cross, July 6, 1923.
9. Searchlight, September 27, 1924, October 11, 1924, November 8, 1924; Wisconsin Kourier, February 13, 1925.
10. The impetus for organizing the event remains unclear, although the fact that the organizer, Dale Deane, was the manager of a local tobacco and candy interest suggests that a financial motive cannot be ruled out.
11. Denver Post, January 15–29, 1925; Rocky Mountain News, January 14, 1925, June 27, 1925; Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920; Goldberg, Hooded Empire, 97; Jackson, Klan in the City, 230.
12. Denver Post, January 18, 1925, January 23, 1925.
13. For the most detailed history of the Herrin riots, see Angle, Bloody Williamson. Lisa McGirr adds valuable context to the incident in War on Alcohol.
14. Denver Post, January 25, 1925.
15. After a series of serious setbacks in the state, Imperial Wizard Evans demanded the resignation of Grand Dragon John Galen Locke in June 1925. Locke organized a new society, the Minute Men of America, and seceded from the Invisible Empire with a significant proportion of the state’s Klansmen, leaving Colorado’s Klan in turmoil (Denver Post, January 15–29, 1925, January 6, 1926; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 130; Laugen, Gospel of Progressivism, n.p.; Goldberg, Hooded Empire, 97, 105–9).
16. Johnson detailed the meeting in a 1927 autobiography. No other sources could be found to corroborate his account (Johnson, Jack Johnson, 245).
17. Literary Digest, December 2, 1922; Gems et al., Sports in American History, 229; Bohn, Ballyhoo, 5, 11; Lynd and Lynd, Middletown, 284; Price, Rounding the Bases, 110, 113; Riess, Touching Base, 15; Brazil, “Murder Trials,” 165; Gorn and Goldstein, American Sports, 188–90; Kyvig, Daily Life, 158; Miller, Supreme City, 377; Nash, Nervous Generation, 128–30; Mencken, Days Trilogy, 427, 677–78.
18. Lieb, Baseball, 57–58; Jenkinson, Ultimate Power, 202–3; Holmes, Cobb, 39; Ackmann, Curveball, 31; Gay, Speaker, 35; Alexander, Hornsby, 146–47; Los Angeles Times, January 3, 1929; New York Times, January 3, 1929; Searchlight, October 18, 1924.
19. Levine, Ellis Island, 25; Pope, Patriotic Games, 17; Alpert, Left Field, 6–7.
20. Lewiston Daily Sun, January 1, 1925; Colorado Springs Gazette, July 19, 1925, July 20, 1925; Los Angeles Times, July 19, 1925; “Ralph de Palma,” American National Biography Online; The Kluxer, October 20, 1923; Lubbock Avalanche, October 27, 1922; Nash, Nervous Generation, 129. For the best account of the Notre Dame riot, see Tucker, Notre Dame vs. the Klan.
21. Levine, Ellis Island, 27, 38; Hoose, Hoosiers, 38, 44; Grundman, Amateur Basketball, 1; Wisconsin Kourier, December 5, 1924, December 12, 1924; Fellowship Forum, February 27, 1926.
22. Moore, Citizen Klansman, 101; Logansport Morning Press, April 3, 1924, April 9, 1924; Kokomo Daily Tribune, March 28, 1924, April 3, 1924.
23. Logansport Pharos-Tribune, April 3, 1924, April 7, 1924; Logansport Morning Press, April 9, 1924; Wisconsin Kourier, December 12, 1924, January 16, 1925, January 30, 1925, February 6, 1925, February 13, 1925, March 20, 1925; National Kourier, May 16, 1925.
24. Logansport Morning Press, April 9, 1924; National Kourier, May 16, 1925; Kokomo Daily Tribune, December 29, 1924.
25. Xenia Evening Gazette, February 23, 1926, March 1, 1926; Lima Sunday News, April 3, 1927.
26. Xenia Evening Gazette, February 23, 1926, March 1, 1926, March 10, 1927.
27. Lynd and Lynd, Middletown, 485.
28. The Christian Israelites were on a mission to gather the lost tribes of Israel in preparation for the Millennium.
29. Levine, Ellis Island, 17; Price, Rounding, 46–47, 58, 66–67; Riess, Touching Base, 233; Kimball, Sports in Zion, 12; Gurock, Judaism’s Encounter, 17. See also Riess, Sports and the American Jew; Mormino, “Playing Fields of St. Louis.”
30. New York Times, February 7, 1924; Chicago Tribune, April 2, 1925; Chicago Defender, February 17, 1923; The Messenger, October 1923; Imperial Night-Hawk, April 4, 1923.
31. Jenkins, Steel Valley Klan, 106; Massillon Evening Independent, July 12, 1924; Steubenville Herald-Star, July
12, 1924.
32. Johnson, a native of Youngstown, was a second baseman in the Negro Leagues, having played for the New York Lincoln Stars and the Cleveland Tate Stars (seamheads.com/NegroLgs).
33. Chicago Defender, July 13, 1924; Charleston Daily Mail, July 13, 1924; Milford Mail, July 17, 1924; Youngstown Citizen, July 19, 1924.
34. Port Arthur News, March 10, 1925, March 13, 1925; Lubbock Morning Avalanche, March 7, 1925; Mexia Weekly Herald, March 27, 1925; Hutchinson News, March 6, 1925; Mexia Daily News, March 5, 1925; San Antonio Light, March 23, 1925.
35. Sterling Daily Gazette, July 16, 1925, August 3, 1925, August 22, 1925; Chicago Tribune, July 16, 1925; Baltimore Afro-American, July 25, 1925.
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