by Richard Toye
102 Lord Croft, My Life of Strife, Hutchinson, London, 1949, p. 224.
103 Lord Derby to Lord Lloyd, 18 June 1934, George Lloyd Papers, 19/5.
104 Rhodes James, Memoirs of a Conservative, p. 385.
105 Cazalet diary, 19 April 1933, in Rhodes James, Victor Cazalet: A Portrait, p. 154.
106 R. A. Butler to Lord Brabourne, 22 March, 1934, Brabourne Papers, MSS Eur. F97/20C, ff. 206–8.
107 Rhodes James, Memoirs of a Conservative, p. 385.
108 WSC to Hoare, 5 April 1933, CV V, part 2, p. 566.
109 Hoare to Willingdon, 6 April 1933, ibid., p. 567.
110 ‘Indian Constitutional Reform’, The Times, 3 Nov. 1933.
111 ‘Joint Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform’, p. 1810.
112 ‘Mr Churchill’s Message’, The Times, 28 Oct. 1922; G. D. Birla to MKG, 25 Aug. 1935, CV V, part 2, p. 1244.
113 ‘Joint Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform’, p. 1776.
114 R. H. A. Carter, ‘Note on some points in Mr Churchill’s Memorandum’, 21 Oct. 1933, IOR/L/PO/6/82.
115 Both quoted in ‘Mr Churchill’s Views on India’, The Times, 28 Oct. 1933. Similarly, see ‘Mr Churchill’s “Four Conditions” ’, Star of India, 28 Oct. 1933.
116 ‘India in Our Politics’, The Times, 30 Oct. 1933.
117 ‘Joint Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform’, p. 1843.
118 Quoted in ‘Mr Churchill’s Views on India’, The Times, 28 Oct. 1933.
119 ‘India in Our Politics’, The Times, 30 Oct. 1933.
120 George Stanley to Lord Stonehaven, 9 Aug. 1933, Baldwin Papers, vol. 16, ff. 135–6.
121 Victor Cazalet to Baldwin, 30 Jan. 1934, CV V, part 2, p. 715. Emphasis in original.
122 Brabourne to Hoare, 30 April 1934, Templewood Papers, VII/4, f. 83.
123 Telegram from Delhi to London, 18 April 1934, enclosed with letter of the same date from Geoffrey Dawson to Hoare, IOR/L/PO/11/14, ff. 150–1.
124 Thomas Jones diary, 28 April 1934, Thomas Jones Papers, Class Z.
125 For the debate see Andrew Muldoon, ‘ “An Unholy Row in Lancashire”: The Textile Lobby, Conservative Politics, and Indian Policy, 1931–1935’, Twentieth Century British History, 14 (2003), pp. 93–111, and Martin Pugh, ‘Lancashire, Cotton, and Indian Reform: Conservative Controversies in the 1930s’, Twentieth Century British History, 15 (2004), pp. 143–51.
126 ‘Report of the Committee of Privileges’, 6 June 1934, HMSO, London, 1934.
127 Carl Bridge, ‘Churchill, Hoare, Derby and the Committee of Privileges, April to June 1934’, Historical Journal, 22 (1979), pp. 215–27.
128 See Marguerite Dupree (ed.), Lancashire and Whitehall: The Diary of Raymond Streat, vol. I: 1931–39, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1987, p. 329 (entry for 4 May 1934).
129 See WSC, ‘My Fight For Lancashire’, Sunday Despatch, 1 July 1934, in Collected Essays, vol. II, pp. 344–7.
130 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 290, 13 June 1934, col. 1738.
131 ‘The Privilege Report’, The Times, 14 June 1934.
132 Randolph Churchill, address to the electors, 1 Feb. 1935, Randolph Churchill Papers 5/10.
133 Broadcast of 30 Jan. 1935, CV V, part 2, p. 1058 and n. 1 (see also n. 134); ‘The India Bill: Mr Churchill’s Criticism’, The Times, 30 Jan. 1935.
134 Churchill’s original typescript gave ‘shams’ but both the Listener and The Times reported ‘shame’. For his avowal of what he had said, see Nicholas Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1969, p. 267n.
135 Robert Bernays to Lucy Brereton, 6 June 1935, in Nick Smart (ed.), The Diaries and Letters of Robert Bernays, 1932–1939, Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston/Queenston/Lampeter, 1996, p. 201.
136 Speech of 5 June 1935.
137 ‘House of Commons’, The Times, 6 June 1935.
138 Louis Fischer, The life of Mahatma Gandhi, HarperCollins, London, 1997 (first published 1951), p. 466.
139 Birla to MKG, 25 Aug. 1935, CV V, part 2, pp. 1243–5.
140 Baldwin to William Bridgeman, 12 June 1935, in Williamson and Baldwin, Baldwin Papers, p. 333.
141 Interview to the press, 17 Nov. 1939, in Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, first series, 15 vols., Orient Longman/B. R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 1972–82, vol. IX, p. 203.
142 Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India, Meridian Books, London, 1946, p. 376.
143 Lord Tweedsmuir to Baldwin, 3 Feb. 1937, Baldwin Papers, vol. 97, f. 183.
144 ‘ “Winnie” For Sea Lord’, Time, 17 July 1939.
145 Roderick Macleod and Denis Kelly (eds.), The Ironside Diaries, 1937–1940, Constable, London, 1962, p. 42 (entry for 6 Dec. 1939).
146 Butler to Brabourne, 22 November 1937, Brabourne Papers, MSS Eur. F97/22B, f. 108.
147 Broadcast of 30 April 1937; ‘Defence of the Empire’ The Times, 1 May 1937.
148 Speech of 20 April 1939.
149 Paul Addison, ‘Winston Churchill’s Concept of “The English-Speaking Peoples” ’, in Attila Pók (ed.), The Fabric of Modern Europe: Essays in Honour of Éva Haraszti Taylor, Astra Press, Nottingham, 1999, pp. 103–17, at 105–6; Jason Tomes, Balfour and Foreign Policy: The International Thought of a Conservative Statesman, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997, esp. p. 190; Philip Williamson, ‘The Doctrinal Politics of Stanley Baldwin’, in Michael Bentley (ed.), Public and Private Doctrine: Essays in British History Presented to Maurice Cowling, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 181–208, at 199.
150 Wendy Webster, Englishness and Empire, 1939–1965, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005, pp. 16–17.
151 Richard S. Grayson, ‘Leo Amery’s Imperialist Alternative to Appeasement in the 1930s’, Twentieth Century British History, 17 (2006), pp. 489–515. For a trenchant statement by Churchill of his opposition to the return of colonies, see ‘The Colony Racket’, Collier’s, 19 Nov. 1938, Collected Essays, vol. II, pp. 406–14.
152 Broadcast of 16 Nov. 1934.
153 WSC to Baldwin, 15 Dec. 1924, CV V, part 1, p. 306.
154 Naval Programme Committee (27), 6th meeting, 2 Feb. 1928, NA, CAB 27/355, quoted in Christopher M. Bell, ‘Winston Churchill, Pacific Security, and the Limits of British Power, 1921–41’, in John H. Maurer (ed.), Churchill and Strategic Dilemmas before the World Wars, Frank Cass, London, 2003, pp. 51–87, at 51.
155 Broadcast of 30 April 1937.
156 Mackenzie King diary, l july 1939.
157 Ibid., 15 Sept. 1939.
158 Menzies’ 1935 diary, quoted in A. W. Martin and Patsy Hardy (eds.), Dark and Hurrying Days: Menzies’ 1941 Diary, National Library of Australia, Canberra, 1993, p. 4. See also David Day, Menzies & Churchill at War, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993 (first published 1986), pp. 6–8.
159 WSC to J. C. Smuts, 7 Sept. 1939, in Selections from the Smuts Papers, vol. VI, December 1934–August 1945, ed. Jean van der Poel, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1973, p. 191.
160 Mackenzie King diary, 28 Aug. 1939.
161 WSC, ‘Will the British Empire Last?’, Answers, 26 Oct. 1929, in Collected Essays, vol. II, pp. 172–5, at 175.
7. UNDISMAYED AGAINST DISASTER
1 Lady Blood to WSC, 7 Sept. 1939, CWP, vol. I, p. 50. Emphasis in original.
2 Speech to Lobby journalists, 29 Feb. 1940, CWP, vol. I, p. 832.
3 Broadcast of 1 Oct. 1939.
4 Charles Eade diary, n.d., describing a meeting on 6 Oct. 1939, Charles Eade Papers.
5 Nigel Nicolson (ed.), Harold Nicolson: Diaries and Letters 1939–1945, Collins, London, p. 37 (entry for 26 Sept. 1939).
6 WSC to Dudley Pound and others, 5 Sept. 1939, CWP, vol. I, pp. 28–9.
7 WSC to Lord Halifax, 20 Oct. 1939, CWP, vol. I, p. 270.
8 War Cabinet minutes, 24 Oct. 1939, WM (39) 58th, NA, CAB 65/1/58.
9 Nigel West (ed.), The Guy Liddell Diaries, vol. I: 1939–1942: MI5’s Director of Counter-Espionage in Worl
d War II, Routledge, London, 2005, p. 41 (entry for 2 Nov. 1939).
10 John Harvey (ed.), The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey, 1937–1940, Collins, London, 1970, p. 326 (entry for 30 Oct. 1939).
11 David Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, Abacus, London, 2000 (first published 1997), pp. 189–90.
12 WSC to Dudley Pound and others, 24 Sept. 1939, CWP, vol. I, p. 143.
13 Harvey, Diplomatic Diaries, p. 326 (entry for 30 Oct. 1939).
14 WSC to Charles Little, 14 Oct. 1939, CWP, vol. I, p. 240.
15 John Barnes and David Nicholson (eds.), The Empire at Bay: The Leo Amery Diaries, 1929–1945, Hutchinson, London, 1988, p. 842 (entry for 12 Nov. 1942).
16 Congress resolution of 20 March 1940, in ‘India and the War’, Cmd. 6196, April 1940, p. 5.
17 ‘Note of an interview between His Excellency the Viceroy and Mr M. A. Jinnah, at the Viceroy’s house, New Delhi, on 4th November 1939’, Lord Linlithgow Papers, MSS Eur. F25/8.
18 War Cabinet minutes, 2 Feb. 1940, WM (40) 30th, NA, CAB 65/5/30.
19 Muslim League resolution, 24 March 1940, in ‘India and the War’, Cmd. 6196, April 1940, p. 7.
20 War Cabinet minutes, 12 April 1940, WM (40) 89th, NA, CAB 65/6/34.
21 John Colville, The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1985, p. 103 (entry for 12 April 1940).
22 Quoted in David Reynolds, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War, Allen Lane, London, 2004, p. 126.
23 Barnes and Nicolson, Empire at Bay, p. 592 (entry for 7 May 1940); Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, 7 May 1940, col. 1150.
24 WSC, The Second World War, vol. I: The Gathering Storm [first published by Cassell, London, 1948], CW, vol. XXII, p. 428.
25 War Cabinet minutes, 14 May, at 7 p.m., WM (40) 122nd, NA, CAB 65/7/17.
26 As recalled by Harold Macmillan, quoted in Betty D. Vernon, Ellen Wilkinson, Croom Helm, London, 1982, p. 184.
27 Labour Party Annual Conference Report, Labour Party, London, 1940, pp. 128–9.
28 ‘Empire Unity in the War’, The Times, 17 May 1940.
29 W. L. Mackenzie King diary, 11 May 1940.
30 ‘We Shall Be Together’, Time, 27 May 1940.
31 ‘New Premier’, Daily Gleaner, 11 May 1940.
32 ‘New Pilot for the Storm’, Canberra Times, 13 May 1940.
33 ‘The New Leader’, Palestine Post, 13 May 1940.
34 ‘A Leader at Last’, Sunday Statesman, 12 May 1940.
35 Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Thy Hand, Great Anarch! India: 1921–1952, Chatto & Windus, London, 1987, p. 566.
36 S. D. Jupp, ‘Burma Press Abstract’, 23 May 1940, IOR/L/R/5/207.
37 Jawaharlal Nehru, ‘India, China and England’, National Herald, 21 July 1940, in Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, first series, 15 vols., Orient Longman/B. R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 1972–82, vol. XI, pp. 83–6.
38 Nehru, speech of 27 July 1940, in Selected Works, vol. XI, pp. 87–8.
39 Deutschlandsender, in German for Germany, 13 May 1940, quoted in Daily Digest of Foreign Broadcasts, 13–14 May 1940, BBC Written Archives.
40 Speech of 13 May 1940.
41 Speech of 19 May 1940.
42 Speech of 4 June 1940.
43 German medium-wave broadcast, in English for England, 22.15 BST, 5 June 1940, in Daily Digest of Foreign Broadcasts, 6 June 1940, BBC Written Archives.
44 Speech of 18 June 1940.
45 Broadcast of 14 July 1940. For the reaction, see ‘Australian Tribute’ and ‘Call to New Zealand’, Irish Times, 16 July 1940.
46 Speech of 20 Aug. 1940.
47 Speech of 9 Oct. 1940.
48 Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom, Abacus, London, 1995 (first published 1994), p. 58.
49 Ashley Jackson, The British Empire and the Second World War, Hambledon Continuum, London, 2006, p. 26.
50 Daily Telegraph, 20 Oct. 1950, quoted in R. Palme Dutt, The Crisis of Britain and the British Empire, Lawrence & Wishart, London, 1957, pp. 35–6. A variant retelling can be found in Lord Halifax, Fulness of Days, Collins, London, 1957, p. 273.
51 WSC, note of 27 May 1940, CWP, vol. II, p. 162.
52 Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 189; WSC to Peter Fraser and Robert Menzies, 11 Aug. 1940, in WSC The Second World War, vol. II: Their Finest Hour, CW XXIII [first published by Cassell, London, 1949], p. 281; David Day, The Politics of War, HarperCollins, Sydney, 2003, pp. 71–4.
53 George Orwell, letter to Partisan Review, 3 Jan. 1943, in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds.), The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, vol. II: My Country Right or Left, 1940–1943, Secker & Warburg, London, 1968, p. 280.
54 ‘Hitler Re-Tells the Old Story’, The Times, 20 July 1940.
55 ‘Demoralizing’, Time, 8 July 1940.
56 Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, Hutchinson, London, 1969 (first published in English 1933), p. 601.
57 ‘Minutes of the Conference in the Reich Chancellery, Berlin, November 5, 1937’ (the ‘Hossbach Memorandum’), Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918–1945, Series D, vol. I: From Neurath to Ribbentrop (September 1937–September 1938), HMSO, London, 1949, p. 33.
58 See Mark Mazower, Hitler’s Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe, Allen Lane, London, 2008.
59 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 365, 5 Sept. 1940, col. 40.
60 WSC to W. L. Mackenzie King, 5 June 1940, CWP, vol. II, p. 255.
61 Speech of 20 Aug. 1940.
62 Richard B. Moore, ‘The Passing of Churchill and Empire’, Liberator, March 1965, in W. Burghardt Turner and Joyce Moore Turner (eds.), Richard B. Moore, Caribbean Militant in Harlem: Collected Writings, 1920–1972, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1992, p. 247.
63 See WSC to FDR, 6 March 1941, in Warren F. Kimball (ed.), Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, vol. I: Alliance Emerging, October 1933–November 1942, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1984, p. 140.
64 War Cabinet minutes, 16 June 1940, at 10.15 a.m., WM (40) 168th, NA, CAB 65/7/63.
65 David Dilks (ed.), The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan O.M., 1938–1945, Cassell, London, 1971, p. 305 (entry for 20 June 1940).
66 War Cabinet minutes, 20 June 1940, WM (40) 173rd, NA, CAB 65/7/68.
67 Brian Girvin, The Emergency: Neutral Ireland, 1939–45, Macmillan, 2006, pp. 133–5.
68 WSC to FDR, 5 July 1940 (unsent draft), in Kimball, Complete Correspondence, vol. I, p. 54.
69 Jim Phelan, Churchill Can Unite Ireland, Victor Gollancz, London, 1940.
70 John Maffey to Lord Caldecote, 16 July 1940, NA, DO 130/12.
71 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 365, 5 Nov. 1940, col. 1243.
72 ‘Extracts from the British press following Mr Churchill’s reference to the Irish Ports on 5 November 1940’, National Archives of Ireland, DFA 2002/19/527.
73 Edward Corse, ‘British Propaganda in Neutral Eire after the Fall of France, 1940’, Contemporary British History, 22 (2008), pp. 163–80, at 166–7; Girvin, Emergency, pp. 169–70.
74 Joseph Walshe to Eamon De Valera, 13 Nov. 1940, National Archives of Ireland, DFA A/82, quoted in Girvin, Emergency, p. 171.
75 WSC, Gathering Storm, p. 174.
76 ‘Conscription Issue’, 22 May 1941, National Archives of Ireland, DFA P70.
77 Colville, Fringes of Power, p. 237 (entry for 1 Sept. 1940).
78 Lustige Blätte, 15 Nov. 1940, copy at http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ (consulted 15 Aug. 2008).
79 A. W. Martin and Patsy Hardy (eds.), Dark and Hurrying Days: Menzies’ 1941 Diary, National Library of Australia, Canberra, 1993, pp. 63–4 (entry for 22 Feb. 1941).
80 Andrew Stewart, Empire Lost: Britain, the Dominions and the Second World War, Continuum, London, 2008, pp. 44–5.
81 David Day, Menzies & Churchill at War, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993 (first pu
blished 1986), pp. 30–1; WSC to Lord Cranborne, 3 Jan. 1941, CWP, vol. III, p. 15; Menzies to S. M. Bruce, conveying message for WSC, 29 Sept. 1940, and note by Bruce of a conversation with WSC, 2 Oct. 1940, in DAFP, vol. IV, pp. 186, 198–200.