by Richard Toye
4 War Cabinet minutes, 7 Jan. 1943, WM (43) 4th, NA, CAB 195/2.
5 WSC to Lord Linlithgow, 13 Feb. 1943, TOPI, vol. III, p. 659.
6 Linlithgow to WSC, 15 Feb. 1943, ibid., p. 669.
7 WSC to Harry Hopkins, 24 Feb. 1943, Churchill Papers, CHAR 20/107, f. 21.
8 WSC to J. C. Smuts, 26 Feb. 1943, TOPI, vol. III, p. 738.
9 Unused speech notes for WSC’s broadcast of 21 March 1943, Churchill Papers, CHAR 9/193A, ff. 87–8.
10 Amartya Sen, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1981, pp. 52–83.
11 Cormac Ó Gráda, ‘The Ripple that Drowns? Twentieth-century Famines in China and India as Economic History’, Economic History Review, 61 (2008), pp. 5–37.
12 Lance Brennan, ‘Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943’, Journal of Asian Studies, 47 (1988), pp. 541–66.
13 Penderel Moon (ed.), Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1997, p. 19 (entry for 24 Sept. 1943); John Barnes and David Nicholson (eds.), The Empire at Bay: The Leo Amery Diaries, 1929–1945, Hutchinson, London, 1988, p. 950 (entry for 10 Nov. 1943).
14 Lord Wavell to Amery, 9 Feb. 1944, TOPI, vol. IV, pp. 706–7.
15 Wavell to Amery, 25 Feb. 1944, ibid., p. 758.
16 Amery to Wavell, 27 April 1944, ibid., pp. 933–4.
17 Barnes and Nicholson, Empire at Bay, pp. 839, 848, 874 (entries for 14 Oct. and 30 Nov. 1942, 27 Feb. 1943).
18 Moon, Viceroy’s Journal, p. 23 (entry for 8 Oct. 1943).
19 R. A. Butler, The Art of the Possible, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1971, p. 111.
20 William Phillips, Ventures in Diplomacy, John Murray, London, 1955, p. 253.
21 ‘Indian Leader Again Tells Britain to Quit’, Observer, 25 Dec. 1943.
22 ‘Statistical Material presented during the Washington Negotiations’, Cmd. 6707, Dec. 1945, p. 11, Table 7; B. R. Tomlinson, The Political Economy of the Raj, 1914–1947: The Economics of Decolonization in India, Macmillan, London, 1979, p. 140.
23 ‘Psywarrior’, ‘Axis Propaganda against Indian Troops’, http://www.psywarrior.com/AxisPropIndia.html, accessed 17 June 2009.
24 Barnes and Nicholson, Empire at Bay, p. 836 (entry for 24 Sept. 1942).
25 Ibid., p. 901 (entry for 27 July 1943).
26 Moon, Viceroy’s Journal, pp. 12–13 (entry for 27 July 1943).
27 ‘Agreement between the Governments of the United Kingdom and the United States of America on the principles applying to mutual aid’, Cmd. 6341, 1942, p. 3.
28 FDR to WSC, 11 Feb. 1942, in Warren F. Kimball (ed.), Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, vol. I: Alliance Emerging, October 1933–November 1942, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1984, p. 357.
29 E. F. Penrose, Economic Planning for the Peace, Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1953, p. 24.
30 Ben Pimlott (ed.), The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1940–45, Jonathan Cape, London, 1986, pp. 710–11 (entry for 23 Feb. 1944).
31 Wm. Roger Louis, In the Name of God, Go! Leo Amery and the British Empire in the Age of Churchill, W. W. Norton & Co., New York, 1992, p. 147.
32 Donald Moggridge (ed.), The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. XXIV: Activities, 1944–1946: The Transition to Peace, Macmillan, London, 1979, pp. 302–3.
33 John Morton Blum (ed.), From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, 1941–1945, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1967, p. 308 (entry for 19 Aug. 1944).
34 H. G. Nicholas (ed.), Washington Despatches, 1941–45: Weekly Political Reports from the British Embassy, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1981, p. 192 (24 May 1943).
35 Alan Watt to Colonel Hodgson, 24 May 1943, quoted in David Day, The Politics of War, HarperCollins, Sydney, 2003, p. 476.
36 WSC, The Second World War, vol. IV: The Hinge of Fate [first published by Cassell, London, 1951], CW, vol. XXV, p. 522.
37 John Morton Blum (ed.), The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, 1942–1946, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1973, p. 208 (entry for 22 May 1943).
38 Conversation recorded in W. L. Mackenzie King diary, 20 May 1943.
39 He used this phrase on a number of occasions, notably in his first broadcast as Prime Minister on 19 May 1940.
40 David Dilks, ‘The Great Dominion’: Winston Churchill in Canada, 1900–1954, Thomas Allen, Toronto, 2005, p. 270.
41 Note by S. M. Bruce, 22 March 1943, quoted in Day, Politics of War, p. 455.
42 Speech of 30 June 1943.
43 Dilks, ‘The Great Dominion’, p. 236.
44 David Reynolds, Rich Relations: The American Occupation of Britain, 1942–1945, HarperCollins, London, 1996, pp. 127–40; Ashley Jackson, The British Empire and the Second World War, Hambledon Continuum, London, 2006, p. 66.
45 Dilks, ‘The Great Dominion’, pp. 239–41.
46 Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (eds.), War Diaries, 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2001, p. 432 (entry for 21 July 1943).
47 W. L. Mackenzie King to Lord Moran, 9 June 1950, quoted in Lord Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965, Constable, London, 1966, p. 109n.
48 Mackenzie King diary, 10 Aug. 1943.
49 Dilks, ‘The Great Dominion’, p. 253.
50 Mackenzie King diary, 11 Aug. 1943.
51 Philip Ziegler, ‘Mountbatten, Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas, first Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1900–1979)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, Jan. 2008.
52 Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, p. 451 (entry for 30 Aug. 1943).
53 Wm. Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1977, pp. 281–2, 289–91, 307; Day, Politics of War, pp. 555–6.
54 Alexander Cadogan used this phrase about Stalin, Truman and Attlee at the close of the 1945 Potsdam conference, although this was presumably intended as a dig at the new Prime Minister: David Dilks (ed.), The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan O.M., 1938–1945, Cassell, London, 1971, p. 778 (entry for 2 Aug. 1945).
55 W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin. 1941–1946, Random House, New York, 1975, p. 265.
56 ‘Bohlen minutes’, 28 Nov. 1943, in FRUS, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, pp. 485–6.
57 Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, p. 268.
58 ‘Bohlen minutes’, 29 Nov. 1943, in FRUS, Cairo and Tehran, p. 554.
59 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. VII: Road to Victory, 1941–1945, Heinemann, London, 1986, p. 587.
60 Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, HarperColophon, New York, 1964 (first published 1946), p. 84.
61 ‘Baroness Asquith of Yarnbury [Violet Bonham Carter] in conversation with Kenneth Harris’, Listener, 17 Aug. 1967.
62 War Cabinet minutes, 7 Jan. 1943, WM (43) 4th, NA, CAB 195/2.
63 Louis, Imperialism at Bay, p. 310; WSC, Hinge of Fate, p. 520.
64 Charles W. Taussig memorandum, 16 Jan. 1945, quoted in Louis, Imperialism at Bay, pp. 437–8.
65 Ibid., pp. 348–9.
66 ‘Through German Eyes’, The Times, 13 May 1944.
67 As Wavell noted: Moon, Viceroy’s Journal, p. 79 (entry for 11 July 1944).
68 Day, Politics of War, pp. 586–7; Mackenzie King diary, 15 May 1944.
69 Mackenzie King diary, 11 May 1944.
70 Day, Politics of War, pp. 587–97, quoting (at p. 588) WSC to Hastings Ismay, 16 April 1944, NA, PREM 3/63/8.
71 Clem Lloyd and Richard Hall (eds.), Backroom Briefings: John Curtin’s War, National Library of Australia, Canberra, 1997, pp. 210–11 (briefing of 3 July 1944).
72 ‘Conference Results for Australia’, Canberra Times, 30 May 1944.
73 Day, Politics of War, pp. 594–5; Mackenzie King diary, 15 May 1944.
74 Reynolds, Rich Relations, pp. 218–19.
75 Ibid., p. 226;
War Cabinet minutes, 13 Oct. 1942, WM (42) 140th, NA, CAB 195/2.
76 Dilks, Cadogan Diaries, p. 483 (entry for 13 Oct. 1942).
77 R. A. C. Parker, The Second World War: A Short History, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997 (first published 1989), p. 198.
78 Moran, Struggle for Survival, p. 206.
79 Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, p. 589 (entry for 8 Sept. 1944).
80 John Colville, The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1985, p. 510 (entry for 7 Sept. 1944).
81 Joan Bright Astley, The Inner Circle: A View of War at the Top, Hutchinson, London, 1971, p. 153.
82 Mackenzie King diary, 12 Sept. 1944.
83 Ibid., 13 Sept. 1944.
84 See Brooke’s account of the conference in Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, esp. p. 592 (entry for 14 Sept. 1944).
85 Lord Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay, Heinemann, London, 1960, p. 375.
86 WSC to John Curtin, 15 Sept. 1944, in Dilks, ‘The Great Dominion’, p. 342.
87 Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, p. 309 (entry for 19 Aug. 1944).
88 Peter Clarke, The Last Thousand Days of the British Empire, Allen Lane, London, 2007, pp. 65–6.
89 Colville, Fringes of Power, p. 515 (entry for 14 Sept. 1944).
90 WSC to Smuts, 9 Oct. 1944, in WSC, The Second World War, vol. VI: Triumph and Tragedy [first published by Cassell, London, 1954], CW, vol. XXVII, p. 502.
91 Barnes and Nicholson, Empire at Bay, p. 1018 (entry for 6 Nov. 1944).
92 ‘Eden Statement on Moyne Murder’, Palestine Post, 10 Nov. 1944.
93 Clarke, Last Thousand Days, p. 91.
94 Quoted in ‘Yishuv Must Cast Out Pest’, Palestine Post, 9 Nov. 1944.
95 Barnes and Nicholson, Empire at Bay, p. 1018 (entry for 6 Nov. 1944).
96 ‘Mr Churchill Eulogizes Old Friend’, Palestine Post, 8 Nov. 1944.
97 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 404, 17 Nov. 1944, col. 2242.
98 Yehoshua Porath, ‘Weizmann, Churchill and the “Philby Plan”, 1937–1943’, Studies in Zionism, 5 (1984), pp. 239–72.
99 War Cabinet minutes, 2 July 1943, WM (43) 92nd, NA, CAB 195/2.
100 Michael J. Cohen, Churchill and the Jews, 2nd edition, Frank Cass, London, 2003, pp. 255–60; Harold B. Hoskins to Paul Alling, 5 March 1945, FRUS, 1945, vol. VIII, p. 690.
101 WSC to Oliver Stanley and the Chiefs of Staff, 1 July 1945, in WSC, Triumph and Tragedy, p. 502.
102 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 404, 17 Nov. 1944, col. 2243.
103 Minute by WSC, 31 Dec. 1944, NA, PREM 4/31/4, quoted in Louis, Imperialism at Bay, p. 433.
104 The account here of the Yalta episode owes much to Louis, Imperialism at Bay, pp. 458–60.
105 Dennis Angelo Castillo, The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta, Praeger Security International, Westport, CT, 2006, pp. 213–14; Douglas Austin, Churchill and Malta: A Special Relationship, Spellmount, Stroud, 2006, pp. 160–4.
106 ‘Bohlen minutes’, 9 Feb. 1945, in FRUS, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, p. 844.
107 James F. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1947, p. x.
108 Anthony Eden, The Reckoning, Cassell, London, 1965, p. 595.
109 Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, p. x.
110 Louis, Imperialism at Bay, p. 459.
111 War Cabinet minutes, 3 April 1945, WM (45) 38th, NA, CAB 195/2.
112 On the significance of UN pressure see Ronald Hyam, Britain’s Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonization, 1918–1968, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006, esp. pp. 93, 304–8.
113 Trefor E. Evans (ed.), The Killearn Diaries, 1934–1946, Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1972, p. 327 (entry for 17 Feb. 1945).
114 Ibn Saud’s account of the meeting is paraphrased in William A. Eddy to Edward Stettinius, 22 Feb. 1945, FRUS, 1945, vol. VIII, pp. 689–90.
115 Evans, Killearn Diaries, pp. 329–30 (entry for 17 Feb. 1945).
116 WSC to Killearn, 28 Jan. 1945, quoted in Gilbert, Road to Victory, p. 1053.
117 Amery to WSC, 4 May 1944, TOPI, vol. IV, p. 950; Moon, Viceroy’s Journal, p. 78 (entry for 5 June 1944).
118 The letter, of 17 July 1944, read: ‘Dear Prime Minister, You are reported to have the desire to crush the simple “naked fakir” as you are said to have described me. I have been long trying to be a fakir and that naked – a more difficult task. I, therefore, regard the expression as a compliment though unintended. I approach you then as such, and ask you to trust and use me for the sake of your people and mine and through them those of the world. Your sincere friend, M. K. Gandhi’ (MKG, Collected Works, 100 vols., Government of India Publications Division, New Delhi, 1960–94, vol. LXXVII, pp. 391–2). It initially miscarried and in September Gandhi asked that it be resent: ‘Though the psychological moment has passed, I attach very great importance to my letter which was written in answer to deep heart-searching’ (MKG to Evan M. Jenkins, 17 Sept. 1944, MKG, Collected Works, vol. LXXVIII, p. 109). Wavell wrote of the letter: ‘I think it shows that Gandhi’s mental powers are failing; and it will not improve the prospects of the P.M. approving any negotiations’ (Moon, Viceroy’s Journal, p. 91, entry for 21 Sept. 1944). He was certainly right about the latter point.
119 Barnes and Nicholson, Empire at Bay, pp. 993, 1018 (entries for 4 Aug. and 6 Nov. 1944).
120 WSC to Clementine Churchill, 1 Feb. 1945, in Mary Soames (ed.), Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill, Doubleday, London, 1998, p. 512.
121 Walter Layton, ‘Note of talk with Lord Wavell 19th April 1945’, Walter Layton Papers, Box 104/126.
122 Moon, Viceroy’s Journal, p. 120 (entry for 29 March 1945).
123 Ibid., p. 127 (entry for 26 April 1945).
124 Barnes and Nicholson, Empire at Bay, p. 1040 (entry for 30 April 1945).
125 Moon, Viceroy’s Journal, p. 134 (entry for 30 May 1945).
126 Barnes and Nicholson, Empire at Bay, p. 1045n (note of 2 Dec. 1947).
127 WSC to FDR, 13 Nov. 1943, in Warren F. Kimball (ed.), Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, vol. II: Alliance Forged, November 1942–February 1944, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1984, p. 599.
128 He had earlier written that ‘The removal of Spears at this juncture would destroy the confidence of the Syrians and Lebanese in our resolve to make good the pledges [about independence] into which we and the French jointly entered.’ WSC to Duff Cooper, 17 Aug. 1944, Duff Cooper Papers, 4/3. See also Max Egremont, Under Two Flags: The Life of Major-General Sir Edward Spears, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1997, pp. 257–62.
129 François Kersaudy, Churchill and de Gaulle, Collins, London, 1981, pp. 402–9.
130 John Julius Norwich (ed.), The Duff Cooper Diaries, 1915–1951, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2005, p. 369 (entry for 26 May 1945).
131 ‘British Election’, Washington Post, 23 May 1945, typed extract in Churchill Papers, CHAR 9/208C, f. 337.
132 Broadcast of 4 June 1945.
133 ‘Labour Case for Socialism’, The Times, 6 June 1945.
134 Barnes and Nicholson, Empire at Bay, p. 1046 (entries for 4 and 5 June 1945).
135 See, for example, F. A. Cooper, ‘Where Labour Has Ruled for 27 Years and They’ve Never Seen a Gestapo Man’, Reynolds News, 24 June 1945. This article discussed Queensland, of which Cooper was Premier.
136 John Ramsden, Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend since 1945, HarperCollins, London, 2002, esp. pp. 446–7. However, Chifley’s immediate reaction to the speech was a calm one. See ‘Objects to Slur by Mr Churchill’, Canberra Times, 6 June 1945.
137 Stuart Ball (ed.), Parliament and Politics in the Age of Churchill and Attlee: The Headlam Diaries, 1935–1951, Cambridge University Press for the Royal Historical Society, Cambridge, 1999, p. 466 (entry for 2 July 1945).
138 Broadcast of 13 June 1945. On pro-natalism during this period, see
John Toye, Keynes on Population, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000, pp. 208–13.
139 F. W. S. Craig (ed.), British General Election Manifestos, 1918–1966, Political Reference Publications, Chichester, 1970, pp. 88, 105–6.