Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made
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138 Memorandum by Lester B. Pearson, 9 Dec. 1951, in David Dilks, ‘The Great Dominion’: Winston Churchill in Canada, 1900–1954, Thomas Allen, Toronto, 2005, p. 376.
139 Broadcast of 13 May 1945.
140 The Earl of Longford and Thomas P. O’Neill, Eamon De Valera, Hutchinson, London, 1970, p. 443.
141 Ramsden, Man of the Century, p. 259.
142 Moran, Struggle for Survival, p. 473. De Valera appears to have extended an invitation to Churchill to visit Ireland. The latter ‘spoke very appreciatively’ of this offer, although he never took it up. Before returning to office, Churchill had thought of visiting Ireland in order to see Canyon Kid, a racehorse he owned, run in the Irish Derby, but the horse died of heart failure and the plan lapsed. Churchill told the Irish ambassador of his regrets: ‘You know I have had many invitations to visit Ulster but I have refused them all. I don’t want to go there at all, I would much rather go to Southern Ireland. Maybe I’ll buy another horse with an entry in the Irish Derby.’ (He never did.) Shane Leslie, undated note, Eamon De Valera Papers, P150/1507; F. H. Boland to the Secretary, Department of External Affairs, 9 May 1951, National Archives of Ireland, DFA P250.
143 This paragraph owes much to Andrew Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1994, ch. 4.
144 Moran, Struggle for Survival, pp. 651–2.
145 Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 3 Feb. 1954, CC (54) 7th, NA, CAB 195/11.
146 Peter Catterall (ed.), The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years, 1950–1957, Macmillan, London, 2003, p. 382 (entry for 20 Jan. 1955).
147 Ian Gilmour, Inside Right: A Study of Conservatism, Hutchinson, London, 1977, p. 134.
148 Winston James, ‘The Black Experience in Twentieth Century Britain’, in Philip D. Morgan and Sean Hawkins (eds.), Black Experience and the Empire, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004.
149 Zig Layton-Henry, The Politics of Immigration: Immigration, ‘Race’ and ‘Race’ Relations in Post-war Britain, Blackwell, Oxford, 1992, p. 31.
150 Hyam, Britain’s Declining Empire, p. 217.
151 Quotations in Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, p. 214.
152 ‘Change in World Outlook’, The Times, 22 April 1953; Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 28 April 1953, CC (53) 29th, NA, CAB 195/11.
153 WSC, ‘Report on visit to Natal’, 7 Oct. 1941, NA, PREM 4/44/1. Churchill’s purpose in writing this note was to defend the British inhabitants of Natal against the aspersions he thought had been cast on them by Lord Harlech, the High Commissioner to South Africa, in a report on his visit to the territory. Harlech had criticized them for being indifferent to the need for cooperation between races.
154 Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 10 March 1954, CC (54) 17th, NA, CAB 195/12.
155 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 526, 13 April 1954, col. 966.
156 WSC, minute of 30 Aug. 1954, NA, PREM 11/1765.
157 Hyam, Britain’s Declining Empire, p. 220.
158 See ibid., pp. 168–70, 217.
159 Kwame Nkrumah, The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah, Thomas Nelson & Sons, Edinburgh, 1957, p. 103.
160 Hyam, Britain’s Declining Empire, p. 182.
161 Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 27 May 1953, CC (53) 34th, NA, CAB 195/11.
162 David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged: Britain’s Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2005, esp. pp. 1, 5, 7, 84, 152.
163 Philip Murphy, Alan Lennox-Boyd: A Biography, I. B. Tauris, London, 1999, p. 149.
164 ‘Irony of Churchill’s Nobel Prize and Kenyans’ Sufferings’, East African Standard, 3 Feb. 2007.
165 Anderson, Histories of the Hanged, p. 62.
166 Lord Alexander to WSC, 30 Oct. 1952, NA, PREM 11/472.
167 WSC to Alexander and Oliver Lyttelton, 12 Nov. 1952, ibid.
168 WSC to Lyttelton, 26 Nov. 1952, ibid.
169 Churchill was properly sceptical of a news report, published within a few days of the massacre, which said that of a thousand people rounded up afterwards two or three hundred had been identified as perpetrators. How, he wondered, could they have been identified so quickly? See Anthony Montague Brown to P. J. Kitcatt, 29 March 1953, ibid.
170 WSC to Anthony Eden, 28 March 1953, ibid.
171 Anderson, Histories of the Hanged, p. 105.
172 WSC to Lord Swinton, 20 April 1953, NA, DO 35/5340, in David Goldsworthy (ed.), The Conservative Government and the End of Empire, 1951–1957, Series A, vol. III, part 1: International Relations, HMSO, London, 1994, p. 132.
173 Quoted in Caroline Elkins, Britain’s Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya, Jonathan Cape, London, 2005, p. 52.
174 Ibid., p. 53.
175 Paul Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 1900–1955, Pimlico, London, 1993 (first published by Jonathan Cape, 1992), pp. 119–20.
176 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 434, 3 March 1947, col. 42.
177 For the details of the case see Richard Rathbone, ‘A Murder in the Colonial Gold Coast: Law and Politics in the 1940s’, Journal of African History, 30 (1989), pp. 445–61, and Stacey Hynd, ‘Imperial Gallows: Capital Punishment, Violence and Colonial Rule in Britain’s African Territories, c. 1903–68’, unpublished D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford, 2007, pp. 205–14.
178 Anderson, Histories of the Hanged, p. 154.
179 Cabinet minutes, 21 May 1953, CC (53) 33rd, NA, CAB 128/26.
180 Lyttelton to Evelyn Baring, 28 May 1953, NA, CO 822/702, quoted in Anderson, Histories of the Hanged, p. 154.
181 Anderson, Histories of the Hanged, p. 154.
182 Ibid., pp. 230–4.
183 Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 10 Feb. 1954, CC (54) 8th, NA, CAB 195/11.
184 Cabinet minutes, 10 Feb. 1954, CC (54) 8th, NA, CAB/128/27.
185 Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 10 Feb. 1954, CC (54) 8th, NA, CAB 195/11.
186 Telegram from Baring, 1 March 1954, NA, PREM 11/696.
187 Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 17 Feb. 1954, CC (54) 9th, NA, CAB 195/11.
188 Cabinet minutes, 1 March 1954, CC (54) 13th, NA, CAB 128/27.
189 Anderson, Histories of the Hanged, p. 234.
190 ‘Action in Kenya Criticized’, The Times, 5 March 1954.
191 Anderson, Histories of the Hanged, pp. 275–6.
192 Michael Blundell, A Love Affair with the Sun: A Memoir of Seventy Years in Kenya, Kenway Publications, Nairobi, 1994, p. 109.
193 Elkins, Britain’s Gulag, p. 280.
194 Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 13 Jan. 1955, CC (55) 3rd, and 13 Jan. 1955, CC (55) 4th, NA, CAB 195/13.
195 Quoted in D. J. Morgan, The Official History of Colonial Development, vol. V: Guidance Towards Self-Government in British Colonies, 1941–1971, Macmillan, London, 1980, p. 59.
196 K. P. S. Menon, The Flying Troika, Oxford University Press, London, 1963, p. 45 (entry for 16 May 1953).
197 Dwight Eisenhower to WSC, 22 July, 1954, in Peter G. Boyle (ed.), The Churchill–Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953–1955, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London, 1990, p. 164.
198 WSC to Eisenhower, 8 Aug. 1954, ibid., p. 167.
199 Catterall, Macmillan Diaries, p. 338 (entry for 23 July 1954).
200 Nemon, unpublished memoirs, p. 72.
201 Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Thy Hand, Great Anarch! India: 1921–1952, Chatto & Windus, London, 1987, p. 757.
202 Amery diary, 5 April 1955, Leo Amery Papers, 7/49.
203 ‘Sir W. Churchill on “Great Patriot” ’, The Times, 17 Sept. 1955.
204 Quoted in Gilbert, ‘Never Despair’, p. 1121.
205 F. A. Ridley, ‘The Last of the Victorians’, Socialist Leader, 16 April 1955. The Daily Worker was also unaffected by the strike, as were local newspapers outside London.
206 ‘Churchill démissione’, l’Humanité, 6 April 1955.
207 ‘Sir Anthony to Succeed Sir Winston’, Daily Graphic, 7 April 1955.
EPILOGUE
1 Anita Leslie, Cousin Clare: The Tempestuous Career of Clare Sheridan, Hutchinson, London, 1976, p. 263. Emphasis in original.
2 John Colville, The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1985, p. 708.
3 Daily Telegraph, 3 Jan. 1956, quoted in D. R. Thorpe, Eden: The Life and Times of Anthony Eden, First Earl of Avon, 1897–1977, Chatto & Windus, London, 2003, p. 459.
4 WSC to Clementine Churchill, 3 Aug. 1956, in Mary Soames (ed.), Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill, Doubleday, London, 1998, p. 610.
5 Peter Catterall (ed.), The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years, 1950–1957, Macmillan, London, 2003, p. 584 (entry for 6 Aug. 1956).
6 Clarissa Eden, A Memoir: From Churchill to Eden, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2007, p. 237.
7 Catterall, Macmillan Diaries, p. 585 (entry for 7 Aug. 1956).
8 Andrew J. Goodpaster, ‘Memorandum of a Conference with the President, 30 Oct. 1956’, FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. XVI, p. 853.
9 ‘Sir W. Churchill’s Support’, The Times, 5 Nov. 1956.
10 Colville, Fringes of Power, p. 721.
11 Mark Pottle (ed.), Daring to Hope: The Diaries and Letters of Violet Bonham Carter, 1946–1969, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2000, p. 185 (entry for 15 Jan. 1957). Emphasis in original.
12 Clementine Churchill to Harold Wilson, 15 Feb. 1965, quoted in Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. VIII: ‘Never Despair’, 1945–1965, Heinemann, London, 1988, p. 1225.
13 WSC to Lionel Curtis, 25 April 1933, Lionel Curtis Papers, MSS Curtis 9, f. 26.
14 Anthony Montague Browne, Long Sunset: Memoirs of Winston Churchill’s Last Private Secretary, Cassell, London, 1995, pp. 191–2.
15 Statement of 9 April 1963.
16 WSC to Jack Churchill, 2 Dec. [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 836.
17 ‘Mr Macmillan’s Appeal to South Africans’, The Times, 4 Feb. 1960.
18 Norman Brook to Harold Macmillan, 3 March 1960, NA, PREM 11/3073.
19 Pottle, Daring to Hope, p. 224 (entry for 17 Feb. 1960).
20 WSC to Robert Menzies, 30 Oct. 1961, quoted in John Ramsden, Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend since 1945, HarperCollins, London, 2002, p. 500.
21 ‘Lord Montgomery Sees Sir Winston’, The Times, 15 Aug. 1962.
22 Some of the details of this episode can be found in David Anderson, ‘Mau Mau at the Movies: Contemporary Representations of an Anti-Colonial War’, South African Historical Journal, 48 (2003), pp. 71–89, at 80–5.
23 Patrick McGilligan, Backstory 2: Interviews with Screenwriters of the 1940s and 1950s, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1991, pp. 54–6.
24 Ibid., p. 56.
25 The prologue was later restored to the VHS version, but was omitted from the recent DVD release.
26 Al-Thawra al-Arabiyya, 19 Jan. 1965, copy (with accompanying translation) in NA, FO 371/180673.
27 Quoted in Ramsden, Man of the Century, p. 262.
28 When criticized in the press, Lemass said, ‘The arrangements made to associate this country with his [Churchill’s] funeral were strictly in order, even if they did not represent the cap-in-hand attitude which these newspaper commentators seem to think is the appropriate posture for Irishmen in their relations with Britain.’ Dáil Éireann Debates, vol. 214, 17 Feb. 1965, col. 585.
29 ‘Britain’s Unique Honour for Great War Leader’, Irish Independent, 1 Feb. 1965.
30 ‘Leader with Magic Personality’ and ‘Tributes from Many Lands’, The Times, 25 Jan. 1965; Malcolm MacDonald, Titans & Others, Collins, London, 1972, pp. 124–6.
31 ‘Tributes to a Great Leader’, Daily Times, 25 Jan. 1965.
32 Quoted in Wendy Webster, Englishness and Empire, 1939–1965, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005, p. 187.
33 Radio Talk for USA and Canada, 16 Jan. 1965, Harold Macmillan Papers, MS Dep. C. 535, ff. 42–5.
34 ‘Sir Robert Speaks of a Friend’, Guardian, 1 Feb. 1965.
35 National Geographic, Aug. 1965, quoted in Webster, Englishness and Empire, p. 188.
36 The State Funeral of Sir Winston Churchill, quoted ibid., pp. 186–7.
37 Alan Megahey, Humphrey Gibbs: Beleaguered Governor: Southern Rhodesia, 1929–69, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1998, p. 93.
38 Sunday Times, 6 Nov. 1966, quoted in Webster, Englishness and Empire, p. 185.
39 John Grigg, ‘Churchill and After’, Guardian, 25 Jan. 1965.
40 John Charmley, Churchill, The End of Glory: A Political Biography, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1993.
41 ‘Churchill: Defender of Empire and Commonwealth’, Round Table, 218 (March 1965), pp. 103–5, at 103.
42 Richard B. Moore, ‘The Passing of Churchill and Empire’, Liberator, March 1965, in W. Burghardt Turner and Joyce Moore Turner (eds.), Richard B. Moore, Caribbean Militant in Harlem: Collected Writings, 1920–1972, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1992, pp. 245–6.
43 Speech of 16 July 2001, quoted in Richard Toye, ‘The Churchill Syndrome: Reputational Entrepreneurship and the Rhetoric of Foreign Policy since 1945’, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 10 (2008), pp. 364–78, at 364.
44 Joe Klein, ‘Even Churchill Couldn’t Figure Out Iraq’, Time, 30 July 2006.
45 Rory Carroll, ‘Mbeki Attacks “Racist” Churchill’, Guardian, 5 Jan. 2005.
46 Anonymous letter postmarked 27 Jan. 1990, Churchill Additional Papers, WCHL 2/9.
47 ‘Churchill Calls for Unity’, Canberra Times, 30 April 1953.
48 Speech notes prepared for debate on India, 30 March 1943, Churchill Papers, CHAR 9/191A, ff. 3–10. Piers Brendon draws attention to this important document in The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997, Jonathan Cape, London, 2007, p. 397.
49 John Barnes and David Nicholson (eds.), The Empire at Bay: The Leo Amery Diaries, 1929–1945, Hutchinson, London, 1988, p. 879 (entry for 29 March 1945).
50 Charles de Gaulle, Memoires de Guerre: Le Salut, 1944–1946 (1959), quoted in François Kersaudy, Churchill and de Gaulle, Collins, London, 1981, p. 382.
51 ‘Pater’s Chats with the Boys’, Otago Witness, 16 Aug. 1900.
52 Speech notes for debate on India, 30 March 1943, Churchill Papers, CHAR 9/191A, f. 10.
53 Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom, Abacus, London, 1995 (first published 1994), p. 110.
Bibliography
ARCHIVAL SOURCES
BBC Written Archives Centre, Caversham
Daily Digests of Foreign Broadcasts
Bodleian Library, Oxford
H. H. Asquith Papers
Violet Bonham Carter Papers
Harry Crookshank diary
Lionel Curtis Papers
Harcourt Papers
Harold Macmillan Papers
Alfred Milner Papers
John Morley Papers
Selborne Papers
Lord Southborough Papers
Laming Worthington-Evans Papers
British Library, London
C. P. Scott Papers
J. A. Spender Papers
British Library, Oriental and India Office Collections, London
Lord Brabourne Papers
Harcourt Butler Papers
Lord Curzon Papers
India Office Records
Gilbert Laithwaite Papers
Lord Linlithgow Papers
Lord Reading Papers
British Library of Political and Economic Science, London
Hugh Dalton Papers
Cambridge University Library
Stanley Baldwin Papers
Lord Randolph Churchill Papers
Templewood Papers
Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge
Leo Amery Papers
Julian Amery Papers
Broadwater Collection (Churchill-related press cuttings)
Alexander Cadogan Papers
Winston Churchill Papers
Winst
on Churchill Additional Papers
Alfred Duff Cooper Papers
Charles Eade Papers
Lord Halifax Papers
Maurice Hankey Papers
George Lloyd Papers
Oscar Nemon Papers
Edward Spears Papers
Lord Swinton Papers
Thurso Papers